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67-477: Jiangjunmiao is located in the Junggar Basin near the border with Mongolia , on a mesa and at the top of an alluvial slope . There is a single dirt road which connects the ruins to the nearby city of Qitai , and the Ürümqi–Dzungaria railway connects the site to Zhundong but offers no passenger service. The closest inhabited area is a remote nature park maintained by the county government which hosts

134-443: A component—either a character or a sub-component called a radical —usually involves either a reduction in its total number of strokes , or an apparent streamlining of which strokes are chosen in what places—for example, the ⼓   ' WRAP ' radical used in the traditional character 沒 is simplified to ⼏   ' TABLE ' to form the simplified character 没 . By systematically simplifying radicals, large swaths of

201-434: A conversion table. While exercising such derivation, the following rules should be observed: Sample Derivations : The Series One List of Variant Characters reduces the number of total standard characters. First, amongst each set of variant characters sharing identical pronunciation and meaning, one character (usually the simplest in form) is elevated to the standard character set, and the rest are made obsolete. Then amongst

268-407: A few revised forms, and was implemented for official use by China's State Council on 5 June 2013. In Chinese, simplified characters are referred to by their official name 简化字 ; jiǎnhuàzì , or colloquially as 简体字 ; jiǎntǐzì . The latter term refers broadly to all character variants featuring simplifications of character form or structure, a practice which has always been present as

335-610: A newly coined phono-semantic compound : Removing radicals Only retaining single radicals Replacing with ancient forms or variants : Adopting ancient vulgar variants : Readopting abandoned phonetic-loan characters : Copying and modifying another traditional character : Based on 132 characters and 14 components listed in Chart 2 of the Complete List , the 1,753 derived characters found in Chart 3 can be created by systematically simplifying components using Chart 2 as

402-573: A part of the Chinese writing system. The official name tends to refer to the specific, systematic set published by the Chinese government, which includes not only simplifications of individual characters, but also a substantial reduction in the total number of characters through the merger of formerly distinct forms. According to Chinese palaeographer Qiu Xigui , the broadest trend in the evolution of Chinese characters over their history has been simplification, both in graphical shape ( 字形 ; zìxíng ),

469-472: A warm and wet climate due to the effect of continental monsoonal climate. From middle to late Jurassic, the climate shifted as a seasonal arid climate that initiated from the northeast and then widespread to the whole basin. This is because the Pangea started to break apart that halted the effect from the mega-monsoon system. Therefore, the basin became affected by westerlies . The westerlies contained

536-533: Is 30.62 metres (100.5 ft). Jiangjunmiao serves as a locality of the Shishugou Formation , a Late Jurassic formation . Beginning in 1981, Jiangjunmiao has served as an important palaeontological dig site and many dinosaur fossils have been discovered in the area, though the earliest finds date back to 1928 when Tienshanosaurus was discovered by Yuan Fu . The holotype specimens of Monolophosaurus and Sinraptor were discovered in

603-440: Is actually more complex than eliminated ones. An example is the character 搾 which is eliminated in favor of the variant form 榨 . The 扌   'HAND' with three strokes on the left of the eliminated 搾 is now seen as more complex, appearing as the ⽊   'TREE' radical 木 , with four strokes, in the chosen variant 榨 . Not all characters standardised in the simplified set consist of fewer strokes. For instance,

670-454: Is derived. Merging homophonous characters: Adapting cursive shapes ( 草書楷化 ): Replacing a component with a simple arbitrary symbol (such as 又 and 乂 ): Omitting entire components : Omitting components, then applying further alterations : Structural changes that preserve the basic shape Replacing the phonetic component of phono-semantic compounds : Replacing an uncommon phonetic component : Replacing entirely with

737-700: Is dominant in Karamay , Baikouquan, Urho, Dushanzi , and Qigu . The oil and gas fields can be found on Tertiary Dushanzi sandstone. Besides, gas fields are found in the Karamay as well as the inland region of the basin. Besides, Tian Shan Foredeep in the southern Junggar Basin (including Urumqi ) is also available for the petroleum resources. The petroleum there were formed due to rapid subsidence, regional ductile with mobile intrusion , and cross-cutting on anticlines by orogenic activity (probably in Neogene) from

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804-813: Is now discouraged. A State Language Commission official cited "oversimplification" as the reason for restoring some characters. The language authority declared an open comment period until 31 August 2009, for feedback from the public. In 2013, the List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters was published as a revision of the 1988 lists; it included a total of 8105 characters. It included 45 newly recognized standard characters that were previously considered variant forms, as well as official approval of 226 characters that had been simplified by analogy and had seen wide use but were not explicitly given in previous lists or documents. Singapore underwent three successive rounds of character simplification , eventually arriving at

871-623: Is referred to as the " big seal script ". The traditional narrative, as also attested in the Shuowen Jiezi dictionary ( c.  100 AD ), is that the Qin small seal script that would later be imposed across China was originally derived from the Zhou big seal script with few modifications. However, the body of epigraphic evidence comparing the character forms used by scribes gives no indication of any real consolidation in character forms prior to

938-547: Is used instead of 叠 in regions using traditional characters. The Chinese government stated that it wished to keep Chinese orthography stable. The Chart of Generally Utilized Characters of Modern Chinese was published in 1988 and included 7000 simplified and unsimplified characters. Of these, half were also included in the revised List of Commonly Used Characters in Modern Chinese , which specified 2500 common characters and 1000 less common characters. In 2009,

1005-670: The Chinese language , with the other being traditional characters . Their mass standardization during the 20th century was part of an initiative by the People's Republic of China (PRC) to promote literacy, and their use in ordinary circumstances on the mainland has been encouraged by the Chinese government since the 1950s. They are the official forms used in mainland China and Singapore , while traditional characters are officially used in Hong Kong , Macau , and Taiwan . Simplification of

1072-814: The Guangdong Museum , the Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology , the National Autonomous University of Mexico , Northern Arizona University , and the Royal Tyrrell Museum of Palaeontology . Junggar Basin The Junggar Basin ( simplified Chinese : 准噶尔盆地 ; traditional Chinese : 準噶爾盆地 ), also known as the Dzungarian Basin or Zungarian Basin , is one of

1139-459: The "external appearances of individual graphs", and in graphical form ( 字体 ; 字體 ; zìtǐ ), "overall changes in the distinguishing features of graphic[al] shape and calligraphic style, [...] in most cases refer[ring] to rather obvious and rather substantial changes". The initiatives following the founding of the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) to universalize the use of their small seal script across

1206-482: The 1986 General List of Simplified Chinese Characters , hereafter the General List . All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Chart 1 and Chart 2 in the 1986 Complete List . Characters in both charts are structurally simplified based on similar set of principles. They are separated into two charts to clearly mark those in Chart 2 as 'usable as simplified character components', based on which Chart 3

1273-520: The 1986 mainland China revisions. Unlike in mainland China, Singapore parents have the option of registering their children's names in traditional characters. Malaysia also promulgated a set of simplified characters in 1981, though completely identical to the mainland Chinese set. They are used in Chinese-language schools. All characters simplified this way are enumerated in Charts 1 and 2 of

1340-537: The 19th or 20th century. A number of structures including a wooden inn remained standing when palaeontologist Zhao Xijin visited the ruins in 1981, and by 2004 the only remaining structures in the village were a series of damaged mud walls. Jiangjunmiao lends its name to the Jiangjunmiao mining area, which is part of the East Junggar coalfield . The average thickness of coal seams at and around Jiangjunmiao

1407-535: The 45x90 point where the 45th parallel north and 90th meridian east converge. Temperatures in the area can reach 120 °F (49 °C) in the summer months as westward winds blow hot air in from the Gobi Desert . Jiangjunmiao was originally established as a temple memorializing Yang Xigu ( 楊襲古 ), a Tang dynasty general who led an army against Turkic nomads in defence of the Silk Road and served as

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1474-470: The Chinese government published a major revision to the list which included a total of 8300 characters. No new simplifications were introduced. In addition, slight modifications to the orthography of 44 characters to fit traditional calligraphic rules were initially proposed, but were not implemented due to negative public response. Also, the practice of unrestricted simplification of rare and archaic characters by analogy using simplified radicals or components

1541-590: The Karamay-Urho monocline area. There was formed in Carboniferous deep-sea sedimentary rocks and lake sedimentary layers from Permian to Tertiary. For Carboniferous oil and gas deposits in this area, they were moved upward and accumulated in the Permian period and Mesozoic era sandstones . Then, the layers altered as the structural trap locations by tectonic activities in the later stage. Petroleum

1608-708: The Tian Shan. Part of the oil-bearing sedimentary rocks was deposited in the salty oxygen-deficient lake environment during Permian. The crude oil in this sedimentary rocks formed by remains of algae and humus. Bituminous coal was found in Tian Shan Foredeep. It was deposited in the lake or swamp environment in the Early to Middle Jurassic periods. For example, Badaowan, Sangonghe, and Xishanyao Formation. About 18 gigatonnes of coal can be recovered in Tian Shan Foredeep. Apart from Tian Shan Foredeep,

1675-583: The area's petrified forest . The area around the ruins is known as the "Jiangjun Gobi" in reference to the ruin. The site is located only 33.4 kilometres (20.8 mi) from one of the 45×90 points , four sites on Earth located exactly between a geographical pole (the North Pole ) and the Equator , as well as the Prime Meridian and 180th meridian . Jiangjunmiao is the closest named location to

1742-467: The basement which indicated trapped late Paleozoic oceanic crust that came from the mantle. The sedimentary facies started to be dominant in Permian. The layers continuously deposited fluvial and lacustrine facies until the present day, mostly containing conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, and mudstone. Major stratigraphic units in the Junggar basin from Carboniferous are shown in ascending order in

1809-458: The basin was largely formed during the development of the Pangea supercontinent during complex tectonic events from Precambrian to late Paleozoic time. The basin developed as a series of foreland basins – in other words, basins developing immediately in front of growing mountain ranges – from Permian time to the Quaternary period. The basin's preserved sedimentary records show that

1876-523: The basin was rising, finer deposits covered widespread the basin with denudation . This also marked as the end of the foreland basin cycle. From Jurassic to Palaeogene , the Junggar Basin undergone intra-continental depression. There was covered in braided delta with few lakes and increasing subsidence rate towards the south from 20 to 120 m/Ma during Jurassic. The collision of the Lhasa block from

1943-428: The character set are altered. Some simplifications were based on popular cursive forms that embody graphic or phonetic simplifications of the traditional forms. In addition, variant characters with identical pronunciation and meaning were reduced to a single standardized character, usually the simplest among all variants in form. Finally, many characters were left untouched by simplification and are thus identical between

2010-500: The chief imperial censor ( 御史大夫 , yushidafu ) of the Beiting Protectorate around 789. According to legend, the army was successful in securing the area but while returning eastward all of the soldiers died of dehydration passing through the desert; Yangxigu and his men were buried where they were found, and Jiangjunmiao ("General Temple") was established at the burial site. Jiangjunmiao was abandoned some time during

2077-407: The chosen variants, those that appear in the "Complete List of Simplified Characters" are also simplified in character structure accordingly. Some examples follow: Sample reduction of equivalent variants : Ancient variants with simple structure are preferred : Simpler vulgar forms are also chosen : The chosen variant was already simplified in Chart 1 : In some instances, the chosen variant

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2144-486: The climate during the Mesozoic era was marked by a transition from humid to arid conditions as monsoonal climatic effects waned. The Junggar basin is rich in geological resources (e.g. petroleum , coal and ore deposits ) due to effects of volcanism and sedimentary deposition. According to Guinness World Records it is a land location remotest from open sea with great-circle distance of 2,648 km (1,645 miles) from

2211-608: The coal can be found in the base of alluvial fan and nearby the margin of lakes in the eastern and western margin of Junggar Basin. Ore deposits in the Junggar Basin were mainly formed in the Paleozoic era which was related to tectonic development. The followings are the available ore deposits in Junggar Basin: Simplified Chinese characters Simplified Chinese characters are one of two standardized character sets widely used to write

2278-780: The converged plates. This revealed the partial melting of the oceanic crust. This also marked as the last subduction event following the post-collisional stage in Late-Carboniferous. Besides, Such intrusive rocks demonstrated that this was the last melting episode of oceanic crust. As part of the Eurasian plate started to combine continental crusts for the three plates, to consolidate them as another modern stable continental block . The mafic-ultramafic igneous rocks formed due to underplating with crustal stretching during Carboniferous to Permian. The magma underplating during Carboniferous to Permian (330-250 Ma) period heated up

2345-473: The country's writing system as a serious impediment to its modernization. In 1916, a multi-part English-language article entitled "The Problem of the Chinese Language" co-authored by the Chinese linguist Yuen Ren Chao (1892–1982) and poet Hu Shih (1891–1962) has been identified as a turning point in the history of the Chinese script—as it was one of the first clear calls for China to move away from

2412-476: The early 20th century. In 1909, the educator and linguist Lufei Kui formally proposed the use of simplified characters in education for the first time. Over the following years—marked by the 1911 Xinhai Revolution that toppled the Qing dynasty , followed by growing social and political discontent that further erupted into the 1919 May Fourth Movement —many anti-imperialist intellectuals throughout China began to see

2479-634: The first official list of simplified forms was published, consisting of 324 characters collated by Peking University professor Qian Xuantong . However, fierce opposition within the KMT resulted in the list being rescinded in 1936. Work throughout the 1950s resulted in the 1956 promulgation of the Chinese Character Simplification Scheme , a draft of 515 simplified characters and 54 simplified components, whose simplifications would be present in most compound characters. Over

2546-463: The first round—but was massively unpopular and never saw consistent use. The second round of simplifications was ultimately retracted officially in 1986, well after they had largely ceased to be used due to their unpopularity and the confusion they caused. In August 2009, China began collecting public comments for a revised list of simplified characters; the resulting List of Commonly Used Standard Chinese Characters lists 8,105 characters, including

2613-399: The fluvial and lake depositional environment. The climate in the late Permian showed the fluctuation between dry- or wet-dominated climate. The pieces of evidence included the presence of both organic beds and red beds. In the early Triassic, reddish sedimentary rocks formed that indicated the dominance of semi-arid climate . During Late Triassic-Early Jurassic, the Junggar basin was in

2680-475: The following decade, the Script Reform Committee deliberated on characters in the 1956 scheme, collecting public input regarding the recognizability of variants, and often approving forms in small batches. Parallel to simplification, there were also initiatives aimed at eliminating the use of characters entirely and replacing them with pinyin as an official Chinese alphabet, but this possibility

2747-895: The following table: (Dark-brown mudstone, siltstone & sandstone with thin conglomerate & limestone) (Thickly-bed shale interbedded with sandstone & calcite grains) (Mudstone, sandstone) (Shale with ostracods, dolomitic sandstone) (Orange-red sandy mudstone) (quartzose sandstone & mudstone) (Green shale with marls) (medium-grained sandstone & mudstone) (Orange-red sandy shale) (Mudstone at upper unit but conglomerate at lower unit) (Sandy shale, siltstone, sandstone & conglomerate, some calcite nodules) (Sandstone with marls, but mudstone and shale dominated in southern part. Conglomerate with cross-bedding structure at lowest unit. Presence of gypsum and fossil fish.) (Sandy mudstone to sandstone, with calcite materials and dinosaur fossils.) (Presence of mudcracks in lower unit, coal red beds and dinosaur tracks at

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2814-511: The founding of the Qin. The Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD) that inherited the Qin administration coincided with the perfection of clerical script through the process of libian . Eastward spread of Western learning Though most closely associated with the People's Republic, the idea of a mass simplification of character forms first gained traction in China during

2881-466: The increased usage of 朙 was followed by proliferation of a third variant: 眀 , with 目 'eye' on the left—likely derived as a contraction of 朙 . Ultimately, 明 became the character's standard form. The Book of Han (111 AD) describes an earlier attempt made by King Xuan of Zhou ( d.  782 BC ) to unify character forms across the states of ancient China , with his chief chronicler having "[written] fifteen chapters describing" what

2948-472: The influence of Variscan orogeny , Early Permian marine facies changed into the terrestrial environment during Late Permian. This is because orogenic compression and crustal thickening resulted in higher sedimentation and withdrawn of the sea. At that time, widespread uplift occurred with subsidence formed a graben at first. Then, the area gradually became a mountain-trapped peripheral foreland basin due to high-temperature and relaxing subsidence from

3015-762: The largest sedimentary basins in Northwest China . It is located in Dzungaria in northern Xinjiang , and enclosed by the Tarbagatai Mountains of Kazakhstan in the northwest, the Altai Mountains of Mongolia in the northeast, and the Heavenly Mountains (Tian Shan) in the south. The geology of Junggar Basin mainly consists of sedimentary rocks underlain by igneous and metamorphic basement rocks. The basement of

3082-465: The left, with the 月 'Moon' component on the right. Li Si ( d.  208 BC ), the Chancellor of Qin, attempted to universalize the Qin small seal script across China following the wars that had politically unified the country for the first time. Li prescribed the 朙 form of the word for 'bright', but some scribes ignored this and continued to write the character as 明 . However,

3149-516: The lesser moisture that has come from the northwest since the marine areas gradually minimized to the recent Caspian Sea . With the continuous uplift along the Tian Shan , the orographic effect around the basin intensifies the rain-shadow effect . The prominent rain-shadow effect results in a warmer seasonal arid climate in the basin. At the same time, the lakes in the basin had higher salinity and lower sedimentation influx. Xinjiang paleocraton

3216-463: The lower crust and thus the crust got hotter. The following cooling crustal episode led to part of the mountain belt sink by thermal subsidence , which ended up forming the Junggar Basin. Another magma underplating event occurred in the Mesozoic era. This was forming heterogenic silica-rich igneous rocks due to the partial melting of numerous oceanic crusts contaminated with mantle wedge . With

3283-402: The most prominent Chinese authors of the 20th century, stated that "if Chinese characters are not destroyed, then China will die" ( 漢字不滅，中國必亡 ). During the 1930s and 1940s, discussions regarding simplification took place within the ruling Kuomintang (KMT) party. Many members of the Chinese intelligentsia maintained that simplification would increase literacy rates throughout the country. In 1935,

3350-498: The nearest open sea at 46°16′8″N 86°40′2″E  /  46.26889°N 86.66722°E  / 46.26889; 86.66722  ( Land farthest from sea ) . The major structural components of the Junggar Basin divided into six parts: In Precambrian section was made up of felsic - intermediate granite with the inclusion of greenstones and ophiolites , where the Paleozoic section consists of mainly potassium- and sodium-deficient extrusive rocks . The basalts in

3417-399: The presence of stromatolite) (Grey mudstone, sandstone, conglomerate) (Organe-red conglomerate, and fossil plant-bearing sandstone & volcanic flows) (pyroclastic turbidite, locally thinly-bedded limestone) (Conglomerate, sandstone, calcareous shale) (Grey tuff with regional limestone included brachiopod fossils, and pillow lava) Throughout Mesozoic, Junggar Basin was mainly in

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3484-430: The public and quickly fell out of official use. It was ultimately formally rescinded in 1986. The second-round simplifications were unpopular in large part because most of the forms were completely new, in contrast to the familiar variants comprising the majority of the first round. With the rescission of the second round, work toward further character simplification largely came to an end. In 1986, authorities retracted

3551-465: The recently conquered parts of the empire is generally seen as being the first real attempt at script reform in Chinese history. Before the 20th century, variation in character shape on the part of scribes, which would continue with the later invention of woodblock printing , was ubiquitous. For example, prior to the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) the character meaning 'bright' was written as either 明 or 朙 —with either 日 'Sun' or 囧 'window' on

3618-400: The regional extension. Some also suggested this landform caused by the combined effect of shearing and extension or thrusting from crustal shortening. Starting from Permian, Junggar Basin was formed to initiate the foreland basin cycle. There presented extensional shearing and continuous deposition of non-marine foreland basin-fill till Triassic . Since the level of the trapped lake in

3685-481: The same set of simplified characters as mainland China. The first round was promulgated by the Ministry of Education in 1969, consisting of 498 simplified characters derived from 502 traditional characters. A second round of 2287 simplified characters was promulgated in 1974. The second set contained 49 differences from the mainland China system; these were removed in the final round in 1976. In 1993, Singapore adopted

3752-467: The second round completely, though they had been largely fallen out of use within a year of their initial introduction. That year, the authorities also promulgated a final version of the General List of Simplified Chinese Characters . It was identical to the 1964 list save for 6 changes—including the restoration of 3 characters that had been simplified in the first round: 叠 , 覆 , 像 ; the form 疊

3819-477: The south resulted that the delta formed along the margin of the basin. Also, the deeper lake was at the basin centre during Lower Cretaceous . Afterward, the southward lake depression leading the basin centre shift to the south in the Upper Cretaceous period. In Paleogene, braid-delta developed over the basin where sediments entered from the mountains of the surrounding basin. Starting from Neogene ,

3886-558: The third rifting event during lower-mid Devonian . Eventually, the Junggar ocean and Kulumudi Ocean moved towards the north and undergone the subduction from upper Devonian to Late- Carboniferous . At the same time, several volcanic arcs were developed during subduction. Three plates (Tarim, Kazakhstan, and Siberian) converged together to form a trapped ocean that surrounded volcanic arc and orogens in Mid-Carboniferous. Alkali-rich granites with gold deposits intruded

3953-482: The thrust fault in the Junggar Basin was reactivated. At the same time, there was rapid uplift of Tian Shan since Himalayan orogeny formed by the collision between Indo-plate and Eurasian Plate . This developed an alluvial-rich delta system around shallow lakes with the clastic sediments influx from uplifted Tian Shan and the northern part of the basin. Junggar Basin contains the third-largest petroleum reservoirs in China. About two-thirds of oil can be found in

4020-903: The top unit. Petrified woods were preserved. ) (Conglomerates in southern and eastern part. Massive mudstone beds and soft-sediment deformation in northwest. Widespread coals were present. Petrified woods and plant fossils were preserved. ) (Yellow silty shale with some coal) (Yellow conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone & shale) (Greyish-green sandstone & mudstone) (Conglomerate, sandstone with graded bedding) (Red conglomerate, sandstone & mudstone) (orange-red conglomerate with red mudstone) (siltstone, sandstone & conglomerate) (Greyish-green mudstone with sandstone, with some purple-red conglomerate and plant fossils) (orange-red alluvial sandstone & conglomerate, with shale) (Greyish-green feldspathic sandstone & mudstone, some fossiliferous limestone and black oil-shale) (orange-red clastic sedimentary rocks) (limestone with

4087-497: The traditional and simplified Chinese orthographies. The Chinese government has never officially announced the completion of the simplification process after the bulk of characters were introduced by the 1960s. In the wake of the Cultural Revolution , a second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977—largely composed of entirely new variants intended to artificially lower the stroke count, in contrast to

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4154-833: The traditional character 強 , with 11 strokes is standardised as 强 , with 12 strokes, which is a variant character. Such characters do not constitute simplified characters. The new standardized character forms shown in the Characters for Publishing and revised through the Common Modern Characters list tend to adopt vulgar variant character forms. Since the new forms take vulgar variants, many characters now appear slightly simpler compared to old forms, and as such are often mistaken as structurally simplified characters. Some examples follow: The traditional component 釆 becomes 米 : The traditional component 囚 becomes 日 : The traditional "Break" stroke becomes

4221-522: The use of characters entirely. Instead, Chao proposed that the language be written with an alphabet, which he saw as more logical and efficient. The alphabetization and simplification campaigns would exist alongside one another among the Republican intelligentsia for the next several decades. Recent commentators have echoed some contemporary claims that Chinese characters were blamed for the economic problems in China during that time. Lu Xun , one of

4288-574: The vicinity by researchers from the China-Canada Dinosaur Project . Fossils of Mamenchisaurus have also been found at the site. Before its name was finalized, Monolophosaurus was known alternatively as " Jiangjunmiaosaurus " and " Monolophosaurus jiangjunmiaoi " in reference to the ruins where it was found. Jiangjunosaurus was named in 2007 in reference to Jiangjunmiao. Various institutions have participated in digs at Jiangjunmiao including George Washington University ,

4355-464: Was abandoned, confirmed by a speech given by Zhou Enlai in 1958. In 1965, the PRC published the List of Commonly Used Characters for Printing  [ zh ] (hereafter Characters for Printing ), which included standard printed forms for 6196 characters, including all of the forms from the 1956 scheme. A second round of simplified characters was promulgated in 1977, but was poorly received by

4422-562: Was over passive margin . Another rifting event established the Mayilashan ocean basin and back-arc basin in east Junggar during Silurian . However, the compressional environment restricted the two landforms so that they ended up shut and folded in the late Silurian. This eventually led to the convergence of Tarim , Kazakhstan and Siberian paleo-plates. They were from the original Xinjiang paleocraton that puzzled each other again. Junggar Ocean and Kulumudi Ocean were produced from

4489-584: Was pulled apart for a continental rifting episode to form extensional basins in Late Cambrian . The continuous divergence of the continental crust during late Cambrian to Ordovician shaped the West Junggar Ocean. The West Junggar Ocean presented as the present Tangbale and Honguleleng ophiolites from intra-plate volcanism, and then this volcanism shut in mid-upper Ordovician. The Ordovician first ocean basin indicated that eastern Junggar

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