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33-685: The character jian ( 監 / 监 ) is usually read as jiān , but is read as the less-commonly encountered pronunciation jiàn when used in the name Jianli. Jianli center city name is Rongcheng ( 容城 镇 ), the native people prefer to call Chengguan. Jianli has one Yangtze River crossing , the Jingyue Yangtze River Bridge , located in Bailuo ( 白螺 镇 ). Jianli is rich in fresh water products, most of which are crayfish , and rice products. Eighteen towns: Three townships: Two other areas: This Hubei location article

66-845: A rhotic accent. Ethnic groups are comparatively more diverse in southern regions. Rhotic accent is usually absent from the Mandarin spoken there. Different dialects are less mutually intelligible, and additional languages such as Cantonese or Hokkien are spoken. Patrilineage organizations are larger and more integrated in rural southern regions, possibly due to merges and competition for territory. A series of studies on regional differences in China suggest that people from places that grow wheat have different social styles and thought styles from those in rice-growing regions. Respondents from northern China are found to be more individualistic, think more analytically, and more open to strangers. Those from

99-1282: A crack was discovered in one girder of the Luzhou Yangtze River Bridge, leading to bridge closure and emergency repairs. Bridges over the Yangtze including some of the longest and tallest bridges in the world. [REDACTED] Tonghu Railway , Tongsujiayong Railway main bridge north stream south stream south stream 6,772 m (22,218 ft) (railway part) main bridge [REDACTED] S001 left strean right stream 10,521 m (34,518 ft) (railway part) [REDACTED] Shanghang HSR Wuhu metro line 1 [REDACTED] Hefu HSR Lutong Railway 望东长江大桥 7,675 m (25,180 ft) (railway part) 武穴长江大桥 棋盘洲长江大桥 [REDACTED] G50 [REDACTED] G70 黄冈长江大桥 [REDACTED] G4201 Northern and southern China Northern China ( Chinese : 中国北方 or 中国北部 ; lit. 'China's North') and Southern China (Chinese: 中国南方 or 中国南部 ; lit. 'China's South') are two approximate regions that display certain differences in terms of their geography, demographics, economy, and culture. The Qinling–Daba Mountains serve as

132-586: A dozen other bridges are now under construction. In December 2020 a new bridge is planned to be opened, the Wufengshan Yangtze River Bridge with 4 + 4 highway lanes on the upper deck and 4 railway tracks in the lower deck. In the upper reaches of the Yangtze above Yibin, the Jinsha (Gold Sands) , Tongtian , and Tuotuo sections of the river are narrower and bridges are more numerous. As of December 2014, Yibin had 10 bridges across

165-765: A frontier command office in the town called the Shenchuan Iron Bridge jiedushi . The bridge facilitated trade between the two countries until 794 when the Nanzhao realigned with the Tang dynasty and destroyed the bridge in a war with the Tibetan Empire. The oldest bridge still in use on the Yangtze is the Jinlong Bridge in Lijiang , a simple iron chain suspension bridge first built during

198-483: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Yangtze River bridges and tunnels The bridges and tunnels across the Yangtze River carry rail and road traffic across China 's longest and largest river and form a vital part of the country's transportation infrastructure. The river bisects China proper from west to east, and every major north–south bound highway and railway must cross

231-624: Is simple and not resilient to droughts. Many southern regions are subtropical and green year round. The winters are short. They often experience typhoons and the East Asian monsoon in the summer. The ecology is complex, and floods are more common. The northern regions are easier to cultivate . Hardy crops such as corn , sorghum , soybeans , and wheat are grown, and one to two crops are produced each year. The growing season lasts four to six months. Wheat-based food such as bread, dumplings , and noodles are more common. Cultivation of

264-651: The Chang Jiang section of the river was the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge , built from 1955 to 1957. The dual-use road-rail bridge was a major infrastructural project in the early years of the People's Republic and was completed with Soviet assistance. The second bridge was a single-track railway bridge built in Chongqing in 1959. The Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge , also a road-rail bridge,

297-451: The Qing dynasty from 1876 to 1880. It was destroyed in a flood in 1935 and rebuilt the following year. The bridge was named a National Historical Site in 2006. Iron chain bridges are more durable than pontoon bridges and allow for year-round use, although when the river level is high during the flood season, boards on the bridge deck must be removed. The first permanent bridge to cross

330-507: The highest and tallest bridges . Upriver from Yibin, bridge spans are more common along the Jinsha and Tongtian sections where the Yangtze is much narrower, although numerous new bridges are being added. The oldest bridge still in use is the Jinlong, a simple suspension bridge over the Jinsha section of the river in Lijiang , Yunnan that was originally built in 1880 and rebuilt in

363-486: The 1936. Due to changes in the designation of the source of the Yangtze, various sections of the river have been thought of as distinct rivers with different names. The bridges and tunnels of the Yangtze have compound names consisting of the location name and the river section name. Today, the river has four sectional names in (in Chinese)  : (1) Tuotuo, (2) Tongtian, (3) Jinsha and (4) Chang Jiang . For example,

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396-800: The 2000s were built in Chongqing Municipality, which became a directly controlled municipality in 1997 to facilitate the construction of the Three Gorges and experienced a building boom. By 2005, there were over 50 bridges across the Yangtze River between Yibin and Shanghai. The rapid pace of bridge construction has continued. The first tunnel under the Yangtze opened in Wuhan in 2008. As of December 2014, urban Chongqing has 18 bridges, Wuhan has nine bridges and three tunnels, and Nanjing has five bridges and two tunnels. About

429-541: The Jinsha and Panzhihua had 16. The Taku Jinsha River Bridge , under construction in Lijiang, is set to become the highest bridge in the world with a bridge deck that is 512 m (1,680 ft) above the surface of the river. With the advent of economic growth around the country and widespread use of heavy freight trucks , bridges along the Yangtze have been bearing greater load, leading to greater strain on older bridge structures. The Jiujiang Yangtze River Bridge

462-643: The Nanjing Chang Jiang Bridge is translated as the Nanjing Yangtze River Bridge. The Taku Jinsha River Bridge is a bridge along the Jinsha section of the Yangtze. The Yangtze River forms a major geographic barrier dividing northern and southern China . For millennia, travelers crossed the Yangtze by ferry. In the first half of the 20th century, rail passengers from Beijing to Guangzhou and Shanghai had to disembark, respectively, at Hanyang and Pukou , and cross

495-814: The Yangtze in the Three Gorges to block invading armies. Notable examples include the iron chain defense of the Wu Kingdom in the Xiling Gorge against the Jin dynasty in 280, the Former Shu 's chain across Kuimen in the Qutang Gorge against the Jingnan in 925, and Song general Xu Zongwu's seven-link chain at the same location against the Mongols in 1264. The first documented iron chain bridge across

528-631: The Yangtze in their campaign against the Qing dynasty in the Yangtze Basin. On 30 December 1852, they built two pontoons nearly 3,000 meters long in a fortnight's time at Baishazhou and Yingwuzhou in Wuhan to move troops from Hanyang on the north bank to the Wuchang on the south bank. The Taipings tied together small boats into twos and threes and steered these preassembled pieces simultaneously into

561-444: The Yangtze. Large urban centers along the river such as Chongqing , Wuhan , and Nanjing also have urban mass transit rail lines crossing the Yangtze. Pontoon bridges have been used by militaries for two thousand years on the Yangtze, but until the completion of the Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge in 1957, there were no permanent bridges along the main stretch of the river known as Chang Jiang (the " Long River "), from Yibin to

594-754: The fancy diets of the Southerners, who are physically frail, live in a different environment, and have different stomachs and bowels. During the Republican period , Lu Xun , a major Chinese writer, wrote: According to my observation, Northerners are sincere and honest; Southerners are skilled and quick-minded. These are their respective virtues. Yet sincerity and honesty lead to stupidity, whereas skillfulness and quick-mindedness lead to duplicity. Northern regions of China have long winters that are cold and dry, often below freezing, and long summers that are hot and humid. Transitional periods are short. The ecology

627-518: The north initially developed faster due to planned economic policies , Soviet aid , and its concentration of construction and resource extraction industries. After market reforms , however, the south took the lead due to manufacturing and eventually high-tech industries, as well as continued internal migration into the region. A research showed that life expectancy was slightly higher in Southern China compared to Northern China. In 2018, it

660-667: The north to the south, especially its coastal areas and along major rivers. After the fall of the Han dynasty , The Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589) ruled their respective part of China before re-uniting under the Tang dynasty . During the Qing dynasty , regional differences and identification in China fostered the growth of regional stereotypes. Such stereotypes often appeared in historic chronicles and gazetteers and were based on geographic circumstances, historical and literary associations (e.g. people from Shandong , were considered upright and honest) and Chinese cosmology (as

693-713: The river by steam ferry before resuming journeys by train. The earliest recorded pontoon bridge over the Yangtze was the Jiangguan Pontoon Bridge built in AD 35 by Gongsun Shu , the ruler of Sichuan , in the war with the Han Emperor Liu Xiu . Gongsun Shu built the pontoon across a narrow part of the river between Jingmen and Yichang in (modern Hubei Province ) to block the Han Emperor's navy from sailing upriver into Sichuan. The pontoon

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726-517: The river mouth in Shanghai , a distance of 2,884 km (1,792 mi). Since then, over 75 bridges and six tunnels have been built over this stretch, the overwhelming majority since 1990. They reflect a broad array of bridge designs and, in many cases, represent significant achievements in modern bridge engineering. Several rank among the world's longest suspension , cable-stayed , arch bridges , truss and box girder bridges as well as some of

759-701: The river was built in the 7th century by the Tibetan Empire over the Jinsha. The Shenchuan Iron Bridge, a simple suspension bridge, stood at what is today Tacun of Weixi Lisu Autonomous County in the Dêqên Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture of northwestern Yunnan Province , and was probably built to help the Tibetan military advance against the Kingdom of Nanzhao during its invasions between 682 and 704. The Tibetans stationed

792-522: The river, and used iron anchors to set the pontoons instead of chains. They added leather-covered walls to the bridges and added towers and firing positions. Pontoon bridges have not been a feasible long-term solution to cross river transport because they block boat traffic on the Yangtze, a major conduit for travelers and cargo between the coast and the Chinese interior. Dating back to 3rd century, militaries of antiquity have stretched iron chains across

825-596: The south was associated with the fire element, Southerners were considered hot-tempered). These differences were reflected in Qing dynasty policies, such as the prohibition on local officials to serve their home areas, as well as conduct of personal and commercial relations. In 1730, the Kangxi Emperor made the observation in the Tingxun Geyan (庭訓格言): The people of the North are strong; they must not copy

858-401: The southern regions are more likely to think holistically, interdependent, and draw a larger distinction between friends and strangers. The difference was attributed to the growing of rice, which often requires the sharing labor and managing shared irrigation infrastructure. Traveling between places tends to be easier in northern regions where the terrain is more even. As China modernized,

891-651: The southern regions began later in history. Warm temperatures and abundant rainfall help produce rice and tropical fruits . Two to three crops can be grown each year, and the growing season lasts nine to twelve months. Rice-based food is more common. Jones Lamprey, a British army surgeon in 1868, writes that northerners have lighter skin tones than southerners, although the shade can change greatly from season to season depending on an individual's exposure to sunlight when performing manual labor outdoors. Northerners are often taller than southerners. Variants of Mandarin are widely spoken in northern regions and often with

924-656: The time. Bridge-building resumed in the 1990s and accelerated in the first decade of the 21st century due to the rapid growth of the Chinese economy . Jiangxi Province had its first bridge in 1993 with the opening of the Jiujiang Bridge . The first bridge in Anhui Province , the Tongling Bridge , opened in 1995. Six of the 11 bridges built in the 1990s and half of the 40 bridge crossings added in

957-522: The transition zone between northern and southern China. They approximately coincide with the 0 degree Celsius isotherm in January, the 800 millimetres (31 in) isohyet , and the 2,000-hour sunshine duration contour. The Huai River basin serves a similar role, and the course of the Huaihe has been used to set different policies to the north and the south. Historically, populations migrated from

990-832: Was built in Sangouzhen in the Qutang Gorge in 619. In 974, during the Song Emperor Zhao Kuangyin 's conquest of the Southern Tang , a pontoon over 1,000 meters long linked together by bamboo chains was erected in just three days at Caishiji ( Ma'anshan , Anhui Province ) and enabled the Song Army to advance swiftly across the river and capture Nanjing , the Southern Tang capital. The Taiping rebels made extensive use of pontoons on

1023-576: Was burned in battle and Liu Xiu went on to capture Sichuan. In 570, the Northern Zhou general Chen Teng built a crude suspension bridge across the Xiling Gorge using thick rope and reeds to carry food and provisions for his troops on the south bank. The bridge was cut apart by boats lined with sharp knives sent down river by the Chen general Zhang Shaoda. During the Tang dynasty, a pontoon bridge

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1056-443: Was originally designed to carry trucks weighing up to 30 t (33 short tons). In 2008, the tonnage limit was raised to 55 t (61 short tons). In November 2011, a crack was discovered in the bridge's steel structure and forced the authorities to close the bridge to freight traffic. In February 2012, the tonnage limit was lowered to 20 t (22 short tons). Truck traffic had to be re-routed to neighboring provinces. In 2012,

1089-651: Was the first bridge to cross the lower reaches of the Yangtze. It was built from 1960 to 1968, after the Sino-Soviet split , and did not receive foreign assistance. The Zhicheng Road-Rail Bridge followed in 1971. Only two bridges opened in the 1980s, the Chongqing's First Shibanpo Bridge in 1980 and the Luzhou Road Bridge in 1982. Both were in the upper reaches of Changjiang in Sichuan Province, to which Chongqing Municipality belonged at

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