Jibāl ( Arabic : جبال ), also al-Jabal ( Arabic : الجبل ), was the name given by the Arabs to a region and province located in western Iran , under the Umayyad and Abbasid Caliphates .
113-580: Its name means "the Mountains", being the plural of jabal ("mountain, hill"), highlighting the region's mountainous nature in the Zagros . Between the 12th and 14th centuries, the name Jibal was progressively abandoned, and it came to be mistakenly referred to as ʿIrāq ʿAjamī (" Persian Iraq ") to distinguish it from "Arab Iraq" in Mesopotamia . The region never had any precisely defined boundaries, but
226-513: A Lur tribe from Iran , primarily inhabiting the Central and South Zagros. Major cities inhabited by Bakhtiaris include Masjed Soleyman , Izeh and Shahr-e Kord . A significant number of Bakhtiari still practice nomadic pastoralism. Kurds are another Iranic group found in the northwestern and the eastern Zagros Taurus mountain ranges , which spans southeastern Turkey, northwestern Iran, northern Iraq, and northern Syria. The high altitude of
339-674: A common feature of the Zagros Mountains. Salt domes are an important target for petroleum exploration , as the impermeable salt frequently traps petroleum beneath other rock layers. There is also much water-soluble gypsum in the region. The mountains are completely of sedimentary origin and are made primarily of limestone . In the Elevated Zagros or the Higher Zagros, the Paleozoic rocks can be found mainly in
452-580: A famous Sufi , founded the Kazeruniyeh sufism in this city and started spreading Islam and fighting against Zoroastrians . His actions caused the Zoroastrian majority of the people of Kazarun to convert to Islam. At the end of the 10th Century AD, the migration of people from the old city (in the east of Kazerun), which was called Balad al-Atigh in Arabic, intensified to the city of Kazerun. With
565-467: A million people have visited the historical monuments of Kazerun. Also, according to the statistics of this department, in 1395 Solar Hijri (2016-2017), more than two million and 200 thousand people visited the historical attractions of Kazerun. The ancient city of Bishapur, with an area of 200 hectares, was one of the capitals of Iran during the Sassanid Empire , and with its destruction after
678-639: A person named Fadluya , who was the head of the Shabankara clan and had killed Abu Mansur Fulad Sutun , the Amir of Buyid dynasty, became the ruler of the Fars region, and from that time for many years, the rule of the Shabankara family was established over these regions. In 1078 AD, Mahmud I came to power and made his cousin, Turan Shah I the governor of Fars. Turan Shah also entrusted Kazerun and Shapur to
791-760: A telegraph to Tehran that as he had predicted, the revolution in Fars had started. General Percy Sykes , one of the British officials and the founder of the South Persia Rifles, upon hearing the news of this incident, sent his troops to Kazerun. But before the English forces arrived in Kazerun, the Kazerun riflemen blocked the way for the British in the Dasht-e Arzhan area. Clashes accompanied between
904-413: A while, he was afraid that the city of Kazerun would be destroyed and innocent people would be killed. Therefore, after one or two days, he evacuated Kazerun at night and went to the village of Davan , and they rushed to the city the next day and looted it. In one of the British reports regarding the reopening of Kazerun road, it is stated as follows: In this way, the road to Bushehr was safe and opened,
1017-455: Is a collection of houses, mosques , baths, archways ( Persian : ساباط romanized : Sābāt) and other historic buildings, which mainly belong to the Safavid , Zand dynasty and Qajar periods. According to the latest investigations, more than 420 houses with historical value and 9 Sābāt (archway) have remained in the historic district of Kazerun city, several of which have been registered in
1130-701: Is also home to populations of Assyrians , Turkic peoples and Farsi speaking Iranians . The mountains contain several ecosystems . Prominent among them are the forest and forest steppe areas with a semi-arid climate . As defined by the World Wildlife Fund and used in their Wildfinder, the particular terrestrial ecoregion of the mid to high mountain area is Zagros Mountains forest steppe (PA0446). The annual precipitation ranges from 400–800 mm (16–31 in) and falls mostly in winter and spring. Winters are severe, with low temperatures often below −25 °C (−13 °F). The region exemplifies
1243-586: Is considered one of the main tourist attractions in Kazerun. Daffodil farms of Kazerun ( Persian : نرگسزار کازرون romanized : Nargeszăr-e Kāzerun) with an area of 140 hectares is the largest natural narcissus plain in Iran and is known as the Home of narcissus in Iran . Every year in January and February, the narcissus flower festival is held in this narcissus garden. The mausoleum of Imamzade Seyyed Hossein,
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#17327732072421356-544: Is located at an altitude of 800 meters above the ground and the statue of Shapur I , the Sassanid king, is located at a height of 7 meters at its entrance. This statue is considered the biggest statue of ancient Iran. Shapur cave is also included in the list of world Heritage Sites. Chogan valley ( romanized : Tang-e Chowgān) is a collection of 6 magnificent Reliefs of the Sasanian period that have been registered in
1469-479: Is one of the few indoor bazaars in Iran, part of its new building is Safavid and part Qajar. Kazerun Grand Bazaar includes the subcategories of Shah Hamzeh Bazaar, Moein Al-Tojjar Bazaar, Mokhi Bazaar, Felt Makers Bazaar, Gold Sellers Bazaar, Clothing Sellers Bazaar, Shoe Sellers Bazaar, Brothers Bazaar, Coppersmiths Bazaar (Abafath) and several other small Bazaars. The historic district of Kazerun city
1582-557: Is so large that this book (Fars-Nama) cannot contain it. The influence and fame of the Kazeruniyeh sufism during the 10th to the 10th century AD reached such an extent that many people and kings of Iran, as well as many people and emperors of India and Ottoman, and part of the Chinese people were disciples of the Kazeruniyeh sufism and made their offerings to the branches of this sufism in Cities and countries used to pay for it to be sent to
1695-567: Is still active and the resulting deformation is distributed non-uniformly in the country, mainly taken up in the major mountain belts like Alborz and Zagros. A relatively dense GPS network which covered the Iranian Zagros also proves a high rate of deformation within the Zagros. The GPS results show that the current rate of shortening in the southeast Zagros is ~10 mm/a (0.39 in/year), dropping to ~5 mm/a (0.20 in/year) in
1808-602: The Arab conquest of Persia , its people gradually migrated to the city of Kazerun. This city is one of the registered works of Iran in the UNESCO World Heritage Site . Bishapur, which was built with the Greek urban planning method, includes a collection of magnificent works such as Anahita Temple, Valerian Palace, Ivan-e Mosaic, Ceremonial Hall, inscriptions, castles and other historical monuments. Shapur Cave
1921-695: The Arabian Plate . This collision mainly happened during the Miocene (about 25–5 mya or million years ago ) and folded the entirety of the rocks that had been deposited from the Paleozoic (541–242 mya) to the Cenozoic (66 mya – present) in the passive continental margin on the Arabian Plate. However, the obduction of Neotethys oceanic crust during the Cretaceous (145–66 mya), and
2034-650: The Arg of Karim Khan of Shiraz on charges of unworthiness. khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni also provoked the nobles of Zand to escape from prison and escaped from prison with tricks. He and other fugitives secretly went to the Harem of Jafar Khan Zand and killed this king. Following this incident, Sayed Morad Khan Zand, who was imprisoned in the Arg of Karim Khan along with Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni, became king and immediately elected Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazaruni as
2147-574: The China Sea , when there is a storm or insecurity, they make vows in the name of the sheykh, and when the ship reaches the shore safely, Servants of Sufi lodges gets on the ship and takes control of the ship. Everyone pays the vows that he has made in his heart to Servants of Sufi lodges, and no ship comes from India or China, unless he has brought thousands of dinars of these vows with him, and all these amounts are collected by envoys appointed by Sufi lodges of Kazeruniyeh sufism. The fame and prestige of
2260-766: The Fars Province have somewhat lower summits, reaching 4,000 metres (13,000 feet). They contain some limestone rocks showing abundant marine fossils. The peaks that are at least 3800 meters high and have a topographic prominence of at least 300 meters: The Zagros Mountains have significant ancient history. They were occupied by early humans since the Lower Paleolithic Period. The earliest human fossils discovered in Zagros belongs to Neanderthals and come from Shanidar Cave , Bisitun Cave , and Wezmeh Cave. The remains of ten Neanderthals , dating from around 65,000–35,000 years ago, have been found in
2373-585: The Human evolution around 20,000 years ago. Pishdadian dynasty are the first rulers of Iran land in myths. In Fars-Nama , Ibn Balkhi considers Tahmuras , the Pishdadi king, to be the founder of the city of Kazerun. Although there is not much information about the status of Kazerun during the Achaemenid Empire , but according to some writings, Kazerun was a small and sparsely populated area of
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#17327732072422486-631: The Iran National Heritage List , including the world collection of Bishapur, Shapur Cave and Tang-e Chogan and other historical monuments such as the Historic district of Kazerun, the tomb of famous people, caravanserais and fire temples, significant natural monuments such as Parishan Lake, Dasht-e Barm Forest, Daffodil farms of Kazerun, rivers and springs, religious attractions such as Imamzade Seyyed Hossein, mountain parks and historical gardens, museums and unique souvenirs are among
2599-455: The Iran-Iraq war , 1,300 fighters of Kazerun were martyred. Kazerun had the highest number of martyrs among all Iranian cities in the two operations to Liberation of Susangerd and Karbala-4 . In 2018, the people of Kazerun gathered in protest against the division of Kazerun County and demanded the formation of a new province centered on the city of Kazerun. In 2019, Kazerun governorate
2712-562: The Neolithic period . The DNA from this bone fragment shows that it is from a distinct genetic group, which was not known to scientists before. He belongs to the Y-DNA haplogroup G2b, specifically its branch G-Y37100 , and mitochondrial haplogroup J1d6. He had brown eyes, relatively dark skin, and black hair, although Neolithic pre Indo-European Iranians carried reduced pigmentation-associated alleles in several genes and derived alleles at 7 of
2825-689: The Paleogene (66–23 mya) rocks south of the Cretaceous rocks and then the Neogene (23–2.6 mya) rocks south of the Paleogene rocks. The mountains are divided into many parallel sub-ranges (up to 10 or 250 km (6.2 or 155.3 miles) wide), and orogenically have the same age as the Alps . Iran's main oilfields lie in the western central foothills of the Zagros mountain range. The southern ranges of
2938-530: The Qajar dynasty came to power, the Afshar clan, who had previously fought alongside Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar for his rise to power, were again assigned to the government of Kazerun. The last person of this dynasty who ruled Kazerun was a person named Khajeh Abbas Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni who was deposed in 1844 and the rule of Kazerun was removed from the hands of the Afshar dynasty after about 350 years. After that,
3051-643: The Sumerian , Akkadian and Assyrian cities of Mesopotamia . The mountains create a geographic barrier between the Mesopotamian Plain, which is in modern Iraq , and the Iranian plateau . A small archive of clay tablets detailing the complex interactions of these groups in the early second millennium BC has been found at Tell Shemshara along the Little Zab . Tell Bazmusian , near Shemshara,
3164-585: The Zagros Mountains mouse-like hamster ( Calomyscus bailwardi ), the Basra reed-warbler ( Acrocephalus griseldis ) and the striped hyena ( Hyena hyena ). The Persian fallow deer ( Dama dama mesopotamica ), an ancient domesticate once thought extinct, was rediscovered in the late 20th century in Khuzestan Province, in the southern Zagros. Also, wild goats can be found almost all over
3277-566: The continental arc collision in the Eocene (56–34 mya) both had major effects on uplifts in the northeastern parts of the belt. The process of collision continues to the present, and as the Arabian Plate is being pushed against the Eurasian Plate, the Zagros Mountains and the Iranian plateau are getting higher and higher. Recent GPS measurements in Iran have shown that this collision
3390-500: The pet trade and habitat destruction . Climate change is predicted to strongly impact this species. The entrance to the ancient Mesopotamian underworld was believed to be located in the Zagros Mountains in the far east. A staircase led down to the gates of the underworld. The underworld itself is usually located even deeper below ground than the Abzu , the body of freshwater which the ancient Mesopotamians believed lay deep beneath
3503-550: The 12 loci, showing the strongest signatures of selection in ancient Eurasians. He did not contribute to the genetic makeup of early European farmers or modern Europeans . Instead, he was the most genetically similar to modern Iranian Zoroastrians , followed by Fars , Balochi , Brahui , Kalash and Georgians . Gallego-Llorente et al. (2016) believes that the Zagros Mountain was a plausible source of Eurasian ancestry in Central and South Asia, along with Kotias , which
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3616-425: The British and fought with them for years. During these years, the city of Kazerun and its surroundings were the scene of many battles. In the first action in 1907, Naser Divan Kazeruni and a group of riflemen from Kazerun blocked the way of British troops who were planning to leave for Shiraz and delayed their stay in Kazerun and Shiraz for several years. In 1911, after an unsuccessful attempt to arrest Naser Divan by
3729-457: The British, which led to the killing of Captain Ohlson and Nasser Divan's departure from the city, an English officer named Colonel Medil became the temporary ruler of Kazerun, who executed some of the fighters of Kazerun and He imprisoned some people, which angered the people of Kazerun. However, with the appointment of Ahmad Akhgar as the commander of the gendarmerie forces of Kazerun, who himself
3842-541: The Iran National Heritage List. The architecture of the historic district of Kazerun is an example of the continuation of Sasanian architecture in combination with Islamic architecture . Parishan Lake with an area of 4300 hectares was considered the largest fresh water lake in the Middle East until the drought in 2008. As an international wetland and a protected area , this lake was
3955-675: The Kazeruniyeh sufism continued until the 16th century AD and the Safavids came to power. One of the most important events of Kazerun in the 13th century AD is the Mongol attack on Kazerun in 1263. Seljuq Shah bin Salghor, the Atabeg of Fars who had revolted against the Mongols, took refuge in the tomb of Abu Ishaq in Kazerun, and the people of Kazerun, who hated the Mongols, welcomed him and made
4068-650: The Last Glacial Period they had been glaciated to a depth in excess of 1,900 metres (1.2 miles), and during the Last Glacial Period to a depth in excess of 2,160 metres (7,090 feet). Evidence exists of a 20 km (12 miles) wide glacier fed along a 17 km (11 miles) long valley dropping approximately 1,600 m (5,200 ft) along its length on the north side of Kuh-i-Jupar with a thickness of 350–550 m (1,150–1,800 ft). Under conditions of precipitation comparable to current climatic record-keeping, this size of glacier could be expected to form where
4181-547: The Qebleh mountain range located in the south of Kazerun city towards Dashtestan and Bushehr . Lotf Ali Khan Zand returned to Kazerun after gathering forces in that area and during a battle, arrested Khajeh Reza Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni and blinded him and his children for revenge. In June 1824, a severe earthquake occurred in Kazerun that killed a few thousand people. Following the Persian famine between 1870 to 1872, out of
4294-467: The Ruler of Fars region . But the kingdom of Sayed Morad Khan Zand lasted only for a short time and Lotf Ali Khan Zand, the son of Jafar Khan Zand rose against him and killed him and all the people who were involved in his father's murder. However, with the mediation of Haj Ebrahim Kalantar , the sheriff of Fars and other nobles and elders of Fars forgave the guilt of Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar, who played
4407-514: The SE Zagros is deforming above a layer of rock salt (acting as a ductile decollement with a low basal friction ), whereas in the NW Zagros the salt layer is missing or is very thin. This different basal friction is partly responsible for the different topographies on either side of the Kazerun fault. Higher topography and narrower zone of deformation in the NW Zagros is observed whereas in
4520-559: The SE, deformation was spread more and a wider zone of deformation with lower topography was formed. Stresses induced in the Earth's crust by the collision caused extensive folding of the preexisting layered sedimentary rocks . Subsequent erosion removed softer rocks, such as mudstone (rock formed by consolidated mud) and siltstone (a slightly coarser-grained mudstone) while leaving harder rocks, such as limestone (calcium-rich rock consisting of
4633-601: The Shanidar Cave. The cave also contains two later " proto-Neolithic " cemeteries, one of which dates back about 10,600 years and contains 35 individuals. Evidence from later Upper Paleolithic and Epipaleolithic occupations come from Yafteh Cave, Kaldar Cave near Khoramabad , and Warwasi , Malaverd near Kermanshah , Kenacheh Cave in Kurdistan, Boof Cave in Fars and a number of other caves and rock shelters. Signs of early agriculture date back as far as 9000 BC in
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4746-583: The Thunderbolt and Mehmed the Conqueror , were also devotees of the Kazeruniyeh sufism and built buildings in the name of this sufism in Ottoman. Ibn Battuta , a Moroccan traveler who also traveled to Kazerun and visited the tomb of Abu Ishaq of Kazerun, in this regard, writes in the book Rihla : Sheykh Abu Ishaq has great dignity and respect among the people of India and China. People who travel in
4859-494: The Zagros mountain range. In the late 19th century, the Asiatic lion ( Panthera leo persica ) inhabited the southwestern part of the mountains. It is now extinct in this region. The Luristan newt ( Neurergus kaiseri ) is a salamander endemic to a small section of the central Zagros Mountains in Iran. It lives in highland streams and is primarily aquatic. This newt is considered vulnerable to extinction due to poaching for
4972-480: The Zagros mountains produces a series of choke points and valleys perfect for agriculture and human development. It has also long defended the Kurds in times of war by acting as a natural barrier . Qashqai people are a tribal confederation in Iran mostly of Turkic origin. Significant populations can be found in Central and South Zagros, especially around the city of Shiraz in the Fars province . The Zagros
5085-514: The ancient city of Bishapur at the same time as the prosperity of Kazerun, and they were able to restore prosperity to this city to some extent after several centuries. The coins minted in Bishapur in this period also confirm this. Kazerun was considered one of the important centers of Textile production during the time of Buyid dynasty, and for this reason, it was known as Damietta of Ajam ( Persia ). During this period, Abu Ishaq of Kazerun ,
5198-653: The ancient city of Dindella ( Persian : دیندلا), which was destroyed in the attack of Alexander the Great on Iran. In the following centuries, a city named Bishapur was built on the site of this ancient city. The period of the Sasanian Empire is the peak period of prosperity of the Kazerun region. At this time, Shapur I , the Sassanid king, after defeating the Roman Empire in the Battle of Edessa , ordered
5311-454: The annual average temperature was between 10.5 and 11.2 °C (50.9 and 52.2 °F), but since conditions are expected to have been dryer during the period in which this glacier was formed, the temperature must have been lower. Although currently degraded through overgrazing and deforestation , the Zagros region is home to a rich and complex flora. Remnants of the originally widespread oak -dominated woodland can still be found, as can
5424-464: The central Sufi lodge in Kazerun, and this issue created world fame for the city of Kazerun. Among the kings of Iran who were followers of the Kazeruniyeh sufism, we can mention Shahrukh , who used to visit the tomb of Abu Ishaq of Kazerun during his trip to the south of Iran. Among the kings of India who were disciples of the Kazeruniyeh sufism, we can mention Balban , Alauddin Khalji and Muhammad bin Tughluq . The two Ottoman emperors, Bayezid
5537-434: The city of Kazerun and expanded it. Until the Arab conquest of Persia , Bishapur was a prosperous city with a population between 50,000 and 80,000 people. During the Arab conquest of Persia in 638 AD, Umar assigned one of his commanders named Mojashe bin Masoud to conquer Shapur-Khwarrah . Despite the great resistance of the people of Shapur-Khwarrah, the Arabs conquered Bishapur. In the year 639 AD, Uthman bin Abi al-As
5650-434: The city of Kazerun, this city was in a communication deadlock, and this issue caused a severe economic blow to the city and the widespread migration of the people of Kazerun to other cities. The representatives of Kazerun in the National Consultative Assembly included Khosrowparviz, Zabihi Soltan Ahmadi, Tabatabaei, Sadeghi, Jabbari and Behnia, each of whom represented Kazerun in this parliament for one or more terms. During
5763-411: The construction of a city called Bishapur in 266 AD. and for this reason, the city of Bishapur was built according to the Roman city-building method ( Hippodamus ) and by Roman prisoners. At that time, two cities named Kazerun and Old City ( romanized : Shahr-e Kohneh) were also located near Bishapur, which were merged with each other under the name of Kazerun in later centuries. At the same time as
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#17327732072425876-433: The continental variation of the Mediterranean climate pattern, with a snowy winter and mild, rainy spring, followed by a dry summer and autumn. The mountains of the East-Zagros, the Kuh-i-Jupar (4,135 m (13,566 ft)), Kuh-i-Lalezar (4,374 m (14,350 ft)) and Kuh-i-Hezar (4,469 m (14,662 ft)) do not currently have glaciers. Only at Zard Kuh and Dena some glaciers still survive. However, before
5989-428: The country's tourism hubs. Kazerun is also one of the cities with the most Sasanian period Historical monuments in the country. One of the nicknames of Kazerun is the Green city , which is due to the greenery of this city, especially in the mild seasons of the year. According to the head of the Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts Department of Kazerun, in the Nowruz of 1403 Solar Hijri (2024), more than half
6102-435: The county and the district. The history of the origin of Kazerun, like other ancient cities of Iran, is in obscure and sometimes it is mixed with myths. However, sources such as Fars-Nama attribute the foundation of Kazerun to the Pishdadian dynasty . The first signs of habitation in the city known today as Kazerun were found in the caves known as Tikab in the northern mountain of Kazerun. These caves were inhabited by
6215-427: The current counties of Mamasani , Rostam , Kuhchenar , as well as Arzhan District of Shiraz County and parts of Dashtestan County , all of which in the following years became independent or separated from the body of Kazerun County. In the 1960s, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province was part of the Kazerun County, which later became an independent province. The population of Kazerun city (without suburbs) in
6328-440: The dark at night and occupied it, and once they shelled the city of Kazerun, and especially the house of Naser Divan, which they considered their enemy, and which was in the middle of the city, was targeted by bullets. Of course, Kazerun riflemen also responded to their shooting; But what's the use?! Because firstly, they had cannons and artillery, but Naser Divan didn't have it, and secondly, although Naser Divan could resist them for
6441-424: The early 10th century. For most of the 9th century, however, the area was ruled by an autonomous local dynasty, the Dulafids . In the late 10th and early 11th century, the larger portion of Jibal became one of the Buyid emirates, while the south passed to the Kakuyids . The language spoken in Jibal was known as Pahlavi, known as Fahla or Bahla in Arabic records. Although Pahlavi literally means Parthian ,
6554-489: The earth. The region was influenced by Mesopotamian and Hurrian religion in the Bronze and Iron Ages, and later by Zoroastrianism and Syriac Christianity . Today the vast majority of the population are Iranic and Turkic Muslims , with small numbers of Christians , mainly Assyrians and Armenians also extant. Kazerun Kazerun ( Persian : کازرون ) is a city in the Central District of Kazerun County , Fars province, Iran , serving as capital of both
6667-430: The elders of Shabankara clan. But people of the Shabankara tribe were constantly killing and looting in Fars, especially in Kazerun and Shapur. Among in one of the cases, Abu Saeed Shabankara set fire to the city of Bishapur in 1101 AD and razed it to the ground and shot the last arrow to the city. After Muhammad I Tapar came to power, in 1108 AD, he chose a person named Jalaluddin Chawoli as Atabeg of Fars and thus ended
6780-584: The end, with the threat of the fall of Kazerun intensifying, Naser Divan left Shiraz and returned to Kazerun. Finally, the British attacked Kazerun in 1919. Following this incident, Naser Divan Kazeruni was arrested and exiled, and his comrades were also imprisoned. The north-south road of the country was reopened after more than 3 years and with the presence of 20 thousand people. Ali Naghi Behrouzi, an author from Kazerun who witnessed this incident in his childhood, wrote about this incident years later: We were sleeping comfortably at night when we suddenly woke up from
6893-402: The establishment of official political divisions in 1937, Iran was divided into 10 provinces, and Kazerun was placed in the seventh province (Fars and Ports). In 1946, this province was divided into 7 counties, including Kazerun. In this year, the governorate of Kazerun County was established with the center of Kazerun city. At that time, Kazerun County, in addition to the current area, included
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#17327732072427006-467: The first cities in Iran to have a Baladiyeh (Municipality). during the Qajar dynasty many people from Kazerun migrated to Bahrain , today there are many people with the surname Kazeruni. With the beginning of the Pahlavi rule, the sovereignty of Kazerun remained in the hands of Naser Divan Kazeruni, who had returned from exile, until 1941. In 1931, following the change of the administrative system, Baladiyeh of Kazerun became Kazerun Municipality. Following
7119-429: The first official census of Iran in 1956 was about 31,000 people. In this year, Kazerun was considered as the second largest and most populous city in Fars and Ports province and one of the 30 most populous cities in Iran. During the 1953 Iranian coup d'état , the people of Kazerun supported Mohammad Mosaddegh . In 1964, with the construction of a new road from the north to the south of the country, which passed through
7232-506: The foothills of the Zagros mountains, including Sulaymaniyah , Kermanshah , Khorramabad , and Shiraz . The Lurs are an Iranic tribe, primarily inhabiting the Central, Western, and Southern Zagros. Cities inhibited by Lurs include Khorramabad , Borujerd , Malayer , Izeh , Shahr-e Kord , Yasuj . Lurs speak Luri and span across many provinces in Iran including Lorestan , Khuzestan , Chaharmahal and Bakthiari , Ilam , Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad , and Hamedan . The Bakhtiaris are
7345-464: The foothills of the mountains. Some settlements later grew into cities, eventually named Anshan and Susa ; Jarmo is one archaeological site in this area. Some of the earliest evidence of wine production has been discovered in the mountains; both the settlements of Hajji Firuz Tepe and Godin Tepe have given evidence of wine storage dating between 3500 and 5400 BC. A human metatarsal bone fragment from Wezmeh Cave has been analyzed and dated to
7458-459: The foundation of the city of Bishapur, Shapur I also began to develop the city of Kazerun. The city of Bishapur was one of the capitals of the Sasanian Empire and the center of the Shapur-Khwarrah , and Kazerun and the Old City were also considered its subsidiaries. At that time, the city of Kazerun included three districts: Nowred, Raheban and Derist, and the Old City was located in an area between today's Kazerun and Lake Parishan . Bishapur
7571-408: The founder of the Buyid dynasty , sent his brother Rukn al-Dawla to this region to capture Kazerun and Bishapur. Rukn al-Dawla defeated Yaqut, the governor of Kazerun, and captured this region. Buyid dynasty's rule in the 10th century AD was associated with religious tolerance. In the second half of the 10th century AD, the majority of the people of Kazerun remained in Zoroastrianism religion due to
7684-418: The freedom fighters of Kazerun, together with the fighters of some other regions, decided to attack the British forces in Bushehr and liberate this city. But finally, Wilhelm Wassmuss dissuades them from attacking and suggests that they leave the liberation of this city to the people of the same region and wait for bigger battles. After the revolt of the Fars gendarmerie forces and despite the fact that Kazerun
7797-431: The government of Kazerun to the son of Khajeh Mohammad Reza, Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni. Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan, in the position of governor of Kazerun, made many efforts in the direction of the development and settlement of this city. Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni, the then ruler of Kazerun, played an important role in the establishment and stabilization of the Zand dynasty . In 1753, when Karim Khan Zand
7910-405: The great-grandson of the fourth Imam Shia Islam , is one of the most prominent religious shrines in the south of the country. Nazar Garden is one of the 300-year-old historical gardens of Kazerun, which was built by Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar of Kazerun, the ruler of Kazerun during the Afsharid period in this city. Tikab valley ( Persian : تنگ تیکاب romanized : Tang-e Tikāb) is considered
8023-424: The habitat of all kinds of fish and migratory birds. The most basic project proposed for the restoration of this lake was the transfer of water from the Nargesi dam of Kazerun. Dasht-e Barm (Barm plain) Forest with an area of more than 25,000 hectares, is the largest Oak forest in the Middle East, a UNESCO Nature reserve and the habitat of various rare animal species, including the Persian fallow deer , and
8136-612: The help of Ibn al-Ash'ath in a rebellion against Hajjaj ibn Yusuf and defeated the Hajjaj army and captured the city of Kufa . However, with the arrival of reinforcements, the rebels were defeated and Shapur-Khwarrah was again under the control of the Army Umayyads . Bishapur gradually lost its prosperity in the 8th and 9th centuries of AD, and with the migration of its residents to Kazerun and its surroundings, it transferred its prosperity to this city. In 933 AD, Imad al-Dawla ,
8249-654: The killing of the elders of this sufism and destroyed their buildings in Iran. He personally marched to Kazerun and in addition to killing many Sufi elders in this city, he also destroyed their prominent buildings. During this period, King Ismail I appointed a family of elders from the Afshar people to rule Kazerun. The first person from this family who became the ruler of Kazerun was Khajeh Pir Badagh Afshar. After him, his children, Khajeh Pir Vali Afshar and Khajeh Hassan Ali Afshar, and then Khajeh Hossein Ali Afshar, became
8362-614: The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. This Valley was the place where Sasanian kings played polo ( Persian : چوگان romanized : Chowgān). The reilefs of Tang-e Chogan include the description of events such as the victory of Shapur I over three Roman emperors , the victory of Bahram II over the Arabs, the ceremony of receiving the Khvarenah by Shapur I from Ahura Mazda , the victory of Shapur II over rebels and other historical events. The historical grand bazaar of Kazerun
8475-476: The main role in the murder of his father. Apparently, after these events, Khajeh Reza Qoli Khan Afshar, the brother of Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar, becomes the ruler of Kazerun in his place. In 1790, after the capture of Shiraz by Haj Ibrahim Kalantar and the prevention of Lotf Ali Khan Zand's entry into Shiraz, and at the same time as Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and his army of 60,000 men moved towards Fars, Khajeh Reza Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni, along with his brother,
8588-498: The migration of the people of Bishapur, Old City and other areas, the city of Kazerun prospered and became the area of population concentration. After the establishment of the Kazeruniyeh sufism by Abu Ishaq of Kazerun, the city of Kazerun found a different situation. The religious attraction of this sufism established the position of Kazerun as the center of Shapur region. After the Seljuk Empire came to power, Alp Arslan ,
8701-448: The mountain range include: Allium iranicum , Astragalus crenophila , Bellevalia kurdistanica , Cousinia carduchorum , Cousinia odontolepis , Echinops rectangularis , Erysimum boissieri , Iris barnumiae , Ornithogalum iraqense , Scrophularia atroglandulosa , Scorzonera kurdistanica , Tragopogon rechingeri , and Tulipa kurdica . The Zagros are home to many threatened and endangered species, including
8814-609: The name had come to mean "heroic, old, ancient". "Pahlavi" most likely referred to a group of northwestern Iranian languages and dialects , which are still spoken today, such as Talysh , Southern Tati , or variants of Adhari . Zagros The Zagros Mountains are a long mountain range in Iran , northern Iraq , and southeastern Turkey . The mountain range has a total length of 1,600 km (990 miles). The Zagros range begins in northwestern Iran and roughly follows Iran's western border while covering much of southeastern Turkey and northeastern Iraq. From this border region,
8927-449: The northwest Zagros. The north–south Kazerun strike-slip fault divides the Zagros into two distinct zones of deformation. The GPS results also show different shortening directions along the belt, normal shortening in the southeast, and oblique shortening in the northwest Zagros. The Zagros mountains were created around the time of the second ice age, which caused the tectonic collision, leading to its uniqueness. The sedimentary cover in
9040-453: The objectives of Bushehr's field forces were fulfilled in every way. However, the task force remained in Kazerun for another three months. A very modern fort was built in Kazerun and the Indian infantry were stationed in a series of outposts along the road. After capturing Kazerun, the British appointed a person named Salar Mo'tazed to govern Kazerun temporarily. In 1918, Kazerun became one of
9153-422: The other hand, the enemy showed will and skill He revealed that it surprised the South Persia Rifles. It is certain that they had much more favorable positions and apparently their number was not more than 400 people, they proved to be very skilled snipers who did not waste a bullet. After that, Naser Divan Kazeruni and his riflemen attacked Shiraz in alliance with Qashqai warriors and captured this city. But in
9266-416: The park-like pistachio / almond steppelands. The ancestors of many familiar foods, including wheat, barley , lentil , almond, walnut , pistachio, apricot , plum , pomegranate and grape can be found growing wild throughout the mountains. Quercus brantii (covering more than 50% of the Zagros forest area) is the most important tree species of the Zagros in Iran. Other floral endemics found within
9379-492: The payment of Jizya , and Kazerun was considered one of the largest Zoroastrian cities in Iran. The ruler of the city was also a Zoroastrian named Khorshīd Marzbān. After 'Adud al-Dawla came to power, this king paid special attention to Kazerun, the main reason for which was the location of this city on the commercial highway of the back shore of the Persian Gulf and Siraf Port. Buyid dynasty rulers tried to revive
9492-415: The population of about 10,000 people in the city of Kazerun, about 4,000 people were killed and about 4,000 people were forced to emigrate, and the population of the city of Kazerun decreased to about 2,000 people, which is considered one of the biggest tragedies and demographic shocks in the history of this city. Kazerun was one of the cities with the highest percentage of people killed in this famine. After
9605-592: The range continues southeast to the waters of the Persian Gulf . It spans the southern parts of the Armenian highlands , and the whole length of the western and southwestern Iranian plateau , ending at the Strait of Hormuz . The highest point is Mount Dena , at 4,409 metres (14,465 ft). The Zagros fold and thrust belt was mainly formed by the collision of two tectonic plates , the Eurasian Plate and
9718-561: The religious appeal of Abu Ishaq of Kazerun . With the beginning of the 10th century, a large network of merchants of Kazerun city entered all over Iran and the countries of India, China, and the Ottoman Empire and started trading. Along with trade, these merchants were the representatives of the central Sufi lodge of Kazeruniyeh sufism in the city of Kazerun and promoted this sufism. Hasan Fasa'i narrates about this in his book Fars-Nama-ye Naseri : The number of merchants of Kazerun
9831-418: The remains of marine organisms) and dolomite (rocks similar to limestone containing calcium and magnesium ). This differential erosion formed the linear ridges of the Zagros Mountains. The depositional environment and tectonic history of the rocks were conducive to the formation and trapping of petroleum, and the Zagros region is an important area for oil production. Salt domes and salt glaciers are
9944-455: The revolt of Jandaq Arabs led by Mohammad Hasan Khan Arab Ameli. But he promised him the security of his life and sent him to Isfahan, to Jafar Khan Zand. But Jafar Khan, contrary to his promise, ordered the murder of Mohammad Hasan Khan Arab Ameli and his entourage. This issue made Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar very angry, and he left the government of Qom and Kashan and returned to his hometown Kazerun. After returning to Kazerun, he gathered some of
10057-469: The rule of Shabankara clan in Fars. Chawoli arrested and killed Abu Saeed Shabankara. He also revitalized the city of Kazerun. The 13th to 16th century AD was the peak period of prosperity and fame of the city of Kazerun throughout its history. This fame was due to the expansion of the Kazeruniyeh sufism and its Sufi lodges in Iran, India , China , and the Ottoman Empire , and was influenced by
10170-492: The ruler of Kazerun is sentenced to be blinded. But with the intercession of Mirza Mohammad Kalantar, the Fars Sheriff, Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar, the ruler of Kazerun is forgiven. In 1784, when Jafar Khan Zand conquered Isfahan, the ruler of Kazerun was also one of his companions. After that, Jafar Khan Zand appointed him to ruler of Qom and Kashan , and in the same year, Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni suppressed
10283-473: The ruler of Kazerun was appointed by the central government and different people ruled in Kazerun. For example, in 1856 and during the time of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar , Ali Mohammad Khan Qavam al-Mulk was appointed to the government of Kazerun. At one time, Teymur Mirza, the grandson of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar , was in charge of Kazerun. After that, Amir Azodi's family came to power in Kazerun. Khajeh Hassan Ali
10396-511: The ruler of Kazerun, and after him, Khajeh Mohammad Reza Afshar became the ruler of Kazerun, until in 1146 AH, Nader Shah came to Kazerun in pursuit of Mohammad Khan Baloch during his rebellion against Nader Shah . But Khajeh Mohammad Reza Afshar fought in support of Mohammad Khan Baloch against Nader Shah and was killed in this battle. After that, Nader Shah blinded Khajeh Mohammad Reza's nephew, Khajeh Abul Hasan Afshar. Nader Shah later regretted his act and to appease him, in 1733, he handed over
10509-535: The rulers of Kazerun. The last ruler of Kazerun during the Safavid era was a person named Khajeh Hessamuddin Afshar. Despite the decline in prosperity due to the destruction of the Kazeruniyeh sufism, Kazerun still maintained its prosperity to a large extent and was considered one of the centers of minting coins during the Safavid era. After Nader Shah Afshar came to power, the rule of Afshar family continued in Kazerun. At that time, Khajeh Hessamuddin Afshar remained
10622-521: The siege of this city, Uthman bin Abi al-As finally conquered Bishapur, Now Bandegan and Jereh again with peace and receiving the wealth and tribute. The people of Shapur broke their agreement again in 646 AD and Uthman conquered the city again with Abu Musa al-Ash'ari . The resistance of the people of Shapur-Khwarrah against the Arabs was so great that Abida, the Arab general, was seriously injured and when he
10735-554: The south of the country, including Kazerun. Naser Divan and the freedom fighters of Kazerun, who were dissatisfied with this issue, declared war on them in 1916 and disarmed the South Persia Rifles headquarters in Kazerun. They also arrested Amir Nosrat Nouri, the then governor of Kazerun. For more than 3 years, forces from Kazerun also blocked the main north-south road between the Persian Gulf and Shiraz. Following this incident, Abdol-Hossein Farman Farma , Governor of Fars wrote in
10848-462: The thunderous sound of cannons, rifles and machine guns that shook the city. Children and women began to cry and mourn, and men held Qurans in their hands and turned to the sky, so that God would protect them from the harm of bullets. In the east of Kazerun, where the road to Shiraz starts, there is a hill that used to have a tower and a castle on top of it, and it completely dominates the city of Kazerun. The South Persia Rifles forces reached that fort in
10961-502: The tomb of Abu Ishaq a bastion against the Mongols. In this battle, Seljuq Shah was captured and killed, and the people of Kazerun, who sheltered him, were massacred by the Mongols. In the 10th century AD, the Balyaniyeh sufism was also founded by the famous Sufi of that time, Sheykh Abdollah Balyani in Kazerun. When King Ismail I of Safavid dynasty came to power, he saw the Kazeruniyeh sufism as his rival and enemy, and ordered
11074-425: The troops of Kuhmareh region and the nomads around Kazerun and encouraged them to overthrow Jafar Khan Zand from the kingdom. Jafar Khan, the king of Zand, after learning about this issue, sent some nobles to Kazerun to console him and invited him to Shiraz. But after the departure of Khajeh Ali Qoli Khan Afshar Kazeruni to Shiraz, Jafar Khan Zand broke his promise and imprisoned him along with a number of Zand nobles in
11187-619: The trusted and very close people to Karim Khan Zand. However, in 1761, when Karim Khan Zand sent some of the nobles of Fars region , including the ruler of Kazerun, to suppress the rebellion of Fath-Ali Khan Afshar in Azerbaijan , the Fars army was defeated by the army of Fath-Ali Khan Afshar in Qareh Chaman near Tabriz , and some of these nobles from The rule of Kazerun is that they escape from battle. They are arrested in Isfahan and
11300-527: The two sides caused the British to retreat towards Shiraz. In this battle, Captain Vetikogol, one of the British officials, was also killed. The author of the book "Police of Southern Iran" wrote as follows: There was nothing left for all of them to be surrounded by the enemy (Fighters from Kazerun) in the plain, who escaped from the encirclement ring with a quick and shameful escape and from there returned to Khaneh Zenyan and entered Shiraz on December 28. On
11413-438: The upper and higher sections of the peaks of the Zagros Mountains, along the Zagros main fault. On both sides of this fault, there are Mesozoic rocks, a combination of Triassic (252–201 mya) and Jurassic (201–145 mya) rocks that are surrounded by Cretaceous rocks on both sides. The Folded Zagros (the mountains south of the Elevated Zagros and almost parallel to the main Zagros fault) is formed mainly of Tertiary rocks, with
11526-401: Was also the birthplace of Hormizd I and Bahram I , two Sassanid kings. Valerian , the captured emperor of Rome , lived in the palace he built for him in the city of Bishapur on the orders of Shapur I . According to some accounts, he also died in this city. Shapur I, the Sassanid king also died in 270 AD in the city of Bishapur. In the 5th and 6th centuries AD, Kavad I tried to settle
11639-516: Was commissioned by Mojashe bin Masoud to conquer Kazerun and captured this city. After that, the people of Kazerun and Bishapur continuously rebelled against the Arabs. Among in the year 643 AD and after the caliphate of Uthman , the people of Shapur-Khwarrah, under the command of Shahrag 's brother, one of the Sassanid nobles declared independence. But in the end, after the Great battle of Bishapur and
11752-432: Was considered a pro-liberation figure, and the return of Naser Divan Kazeruni to the city, the anger of the people subsided. The sensitivity of the people of Kazerun on the actions of the British in other cities, made Megerdich, the British telegrapher who was in charge of the Kazerun telegraph office, cut the telegraph wire on the order of the British, which caused him to be arrested by the Kazerun freedom fighters. In 1915,
11865-615: Was dying, he requested the Arab troops to massacre the people of this region for the sake of killing him, and the same thing happened. In 687 AD, the people of Shapur-Khwarrah revolted against the Arabs once again, and this time they were suppressed by Umar bin Ubaidullah bin Muammar. In the year 702 AD and during the rule of Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf , the displaced people in Shapur-Khwarrah, who were waiting for revenge, rushed with
11978-675: Was held to be bounded by the Maranjab Desert in the east, by Fars and Khuzistan in the south, by Iraq in the south-west and west, by Adharbayjan in the north-west and by the Alborz Mountains in the north, making it roughly coterminous with the ancient country of Media . Under the Abbasid Caliphate , Jibal formed a separate province, with its capital usually at Rayy , until the Abbasids lost control in
12091-530: Was inhabited by Caucasus Hunter-Gatherers. He cites archaeological evidence of eastward Neolithic expansions from the Near East. During early ancient times, the Zagros was the home of various Pre Indo-European peoples such as the Hurrians , Guti , Kassites , Elamites , Turukku and Lullubi , (together with Semitic peoples such as Assyrians and Amorites on the western side) who periodically invaded
12204-625: Was monitored and controlled by the British in every way, Naser Divan Kazeruni sent 700 fighting riflemen with the help of the Shiraz gendarmerie forces and 200 riflemen to help the people of Dashtestan. Finally, the rebellion of the Fars Gendarmerie was suppressed and this organization became the South Persia Rifles , under the supervision of the British. The British deployed the South Persia Rifles in several important cities in
12317-410: Was occupied between 5000 BCE and 800 CE, although not continuously. The Zagros mountains have been inhabited by different groups of pastoralists and farmers for thousands of years. Current Pastoralist groups such as Lurs , Bakhtiari Lurs , Kurds or Qashqais move from their herds from the east slopes in summer ( Yeylāgh ) to the west slopes in winter ( Gheshlāgh ). Some major cities are located on
12430-512: Was preparing to fight Azad Khan Afghan and his representative, Fath-Ali Khan Afshar , in Khesht , 60 kilometers from today's Kazerun, Ruler of Kazerun joined Karim Khan Zand's army with riflemen from Kazerun. Karim Khan, who was defeated by Azad Khan in the previous battle, was able to defeat the Azad Khan's army with the help of forces of Kazerun. After that, the ruler of Kazerun became one of
12543-492: Was promoted to a special governorate. At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 84,594 in 20,810 households. The following census in 2011 counted 89,685 people in 25,034 households. The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 96,683 people in 28,988 households. It is the fifth-largest city in Fars. Kazerun has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification : BSh ). Kazerun, having more than 300 historical monuments registered in
12656-537: Was the sheriff of Kazerun for a while, and after him, his son, Khajeh Ebrahim Kalantar was the sheriff. After the death of Khajeh Ebrahim, his brother Khajeh Abdollah Amir Azodi, known as Naser Divan Kazeruni , became the sheriff of Kazerun. The end of the Qajar rule coincided with the First World War and the occupation of southern Iran by the British. Naser Divan Kazeruni, the sheriff of Kazerun, declared war on
12769-474: Was united with Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and Haj Ebrahim Kalantar. The ruler of Kazerun became a close friend of Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar and participated in his wars against Lotf Ali Khan Zand. Finally, when Lotf Ali Khan Zand was on his way to the south from Kazerun, the ruler of Kazerun surrounded him and his forces and planned to arrest Lotf Ali Khan and hand him over to Agha Mohammad Khan Qajar. Lotf Ali Khan Zand and his forces left their horses and fled from
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