Jilin City is the second-largest city and former capital of Jilin province in northeast China . As of the 2020 census, 3,623,713 people resided within its administrative area of 27,166.37 square kilometres (10,488.99 sq mi) and 1,895,865 in its built-up ( or metro ) area consisting of four urban districts. A prefecture-level city , it is the only major city nationally that shares its name with its province.
51-850: Jilin City is also known as the River City because of the Songhua River surrounding much of the city. In 2007, it co-hosted the Asian Winter Games . Jilin City is one of the oldest cities in Northeast China. During the reign of the Yongle Emperor in the Ming dynasty , efforts were made to expand Ming control throughout all of Manchuria . Mighty river fleets were built and sailed several times from Jilin City, getting
102-601: A sturgeon that is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, attaining a length as great as 5.6 m (18 ft). It is also home to the northernmost populations of the Amur softshell turtle and Indian lotus . The Russian name Amur may come from the Tungusic term for “river”. Tungusic peoples are an ethno-linguistic group formed by the speakers of Tungusic languages (or Manchu–Tungus languages). They are native to Siberia and Northeast Asia . The etymology of
153-574: A Yuan-era temple have been excavated near the village of Tyr . During the reigns of the Yongle and Xuande Emperors (early-15th century), the Ming dynasty reached the Amur in their drive to establish control over the lands adjacent to the Ming Empire to the northeast, which would later become known as Manchuria. Expeditions headed by the eunuch Yishiha reached Tyr several times between 1411 and
204-607: A fort city in 1673 when Anzhuhu ( 安珠瑚 ), the Deputy Lieutenant-General ( 副都统 ), was ordered to build a castle in Jilin. In 1676, the Military Governor of Ninguta was transferred to Jilin City because of its more convenient location and increasing military importance, while the former Deputy Lieutenant-General was transferred in the opposite direction to Ninguta. Since then Jilin City has developed at
255-575: A prevailing southeasterly wind due to the East Asian monsoon; July averages 23.3 °C (73.9 °F). Snow is usually light during the winter, and annual rainfall is heavily concentrated from June to August. The Jilin chemical plant explosions were a series of explosions which occurred on November 13, 2005, in the No.101 Petrochemical Plant in Jilin City, killing six. The explosion severely polluted
306-628: A rapid pace. The nickname of Jilin City is River City ( 江城 ), which originates from one sentence " 连樯接舰屯江城 " of a poem written by Kangxi Emperor when he was visiting Jilin City in 1682. Jilin retained its importance into the 18th and 19th century as one of the few cities existing beyond the Willow Palisade, along with Qiqihar , Ninguta and Mukden . After Manchukuo established their capital in Xinjing (present-day Changchun ), Jilin City's importance decreased. By 1940, Jilin's population
357-647: A short military campaign in 1685. The Treaty of Nerchinsk , concluded in 1689, marked the end of the hostilities: it left the entire Amur valley, from the convergence of the Shilka and the Ergune downstream, in Chinese hands. Fedor Soimonov was sent to map the then little explored area of the Amur in 1757. He mapped the Shilka, which was partly in Chinese territory, but was turned back when he reached its confluence with
408-656: Is a perennial river in Northeast Asia , forming the natural border between the Russian Far East and Northeast China (historically the Outer and Inner Manchuria ). The Amur proper is 2,824 km (1,755 mi) long, and has a drainage basin of 1,855,000 km (716,000 sq mi). If including its main stem tributary , the Argun , the Amur is 4,444 km (2,761 mi) long, making it
459-509: Is a popular destination for tourists to come each winter to view the magnificent rime ice ( 雾凇 ; 霧凇 ) on trees along the banks of the Songhua River, (the river is the only river in the region that does not freeze in winter). The rime ice is a natural phenomenon that occurs every year during January and February. It is a result of water vapor rising up from the warm Songhua River to meet the cold −20 °C (−4 °F) night air, causing
510-575: Is believed there are at least 123 species of fish from 23 families inhabiting the Amur. The majority are of the Gobioninae subfamily of Cypriniformes , followed in number by Salmonidae . Several of the species are endemic . Pseudaspius and Mesocottus are monotypic genera found only in the Amur and some nearby coastal rivers. Other animals inhabiting this region include the Amur falcon , Amur leopard and Amur tiger ; while some notable local flora include Amur cork tree , Amur maple and
561-1464: Is on the East-West Changchun-Tumen Railway mainline and provides convenient access to many cities around China, including Beijing , Tianjin , Dalian, Jinan, Hangzhou . Services to Harbin , Changchun and Shenyang are also frequent and convenient through the Harbin-Dalian high-speed rail and its branch from Changchun to Jilin. Jilin City is twinned with: Direct-administered municipalities . Sub-provincial cities as provincial capitals . Separate state-planning cities . Special economic-zone cities . Open coastal cities . Prefecture capital status established by Heilongjiang Province and not recognized by Ministry of Civil Affairs. Disputed by Oroqen Autonomous Banner , Hulunbuir, Inner Mongolia as part of it. Only administers islands and waters in South China Sea and have no urban core comparable to typical cities in China. The claimed province of Taiwan no longer have any internal division announced by Ministry of Civil Affairs of PRC, due to lack of actual jurisdiction. See Template:Administrative divisions of Taiwan instead. Songhua River The Songhua or Sunghwa River (also Haixi or Xingal , Russian : Сунгари Sungari )
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#1732773258784612-519: Is one of the primary rivers of China , and the longest tributary of the Amur . It flows about 1,897 km (1,179 mi) from Changbai Mountains on the China–North Korea border through China's northeastern Jilin and Heilongjiang provinces. The river drains 557,180 km (215,130 sq mi) of land, and has an annual discharge of 76.2 km /a (2,410 m /s) to 81.77 km /a (2,591 m /s). The extreme flatness of
663-559: Is situated in a hilly area near the Songhua River . There are four famous mountains surrounding Jilin City, which is North Mountain in the west, Long Tan Mountain in the east, Zhuque Mountain in the North, and Turtle Mountain in the south, plus Songhua River, it forms a bagua in Taiji pattern. North Mountain, called Beishan, is the most famous mountain in Jilin City and is home to several Buddhist Temples. The Qianlong Emperor reportedly visited
714-586: The Amur honeysuckle . Four species of the Acipenseridae family can be found: the kaluga , Amur sturgeon , Sakhalin sturgeon and sterlet . The Kaluga and Amur sturgeon are endemic. The sterlet was introduced from the Ob in the 1950s. This region is home to the Kaluga fish ( Acipenseriformes ). Flowing across northeast Asia for over 4,444 kilometres (2,761 mi) (including its two tributaries), from
765-581: The Argun . The Russian proselytization of Orthodox Christianity to the indigenous peoples along the Amur was viewed as a threat by the Qing. The Amur region remained a relative backwater of the Qing Empire for the next century and a half, with Aigun being practically the only major town on the river. Russians re-appeared on the river in the mid-19th century, forcing the Manchus to yield all lands north of
816-692: The Han Chinese , who sometimes collectively described them as the Wild Jurchens . The Chinese-language term Yúpí Dázi 魚皮韃子 ("Fish-skin Tatars") came to apply to the Nanais and related groups as well, owing to their traditional clothes made of fish skins. The Mongols, ruling the region as the Yuan dynasty , established a tenuous military presence on the lower Amur in the 13th and 14th centuries; ruins of
867-622: The Kangxi era of 1661–1722, they turned their attention to their north-Manchurian backyard. Aigun was re-established near the supposed Ming site in about 1683–84, and a military expeditions went upstream to dislodge the Russians, whose Albazin establishment deprived the Manchu rulers of the tribute of sable pelts that the Solons and Daurs of the area would supply otherwise. Albazin fell during
918-617: The Northeast China Plain has caused the river to meander over time, filling the wide plain with oxbow lakes , as remnants of the previous paths of the river. The Songhua rises south of Heaven Lake , near the China - North Korea border. From there it flows north, to be interrupted by the Baishan , Hongshi and Fengman hydroelectric dams. The Fengman Dam forms a lake that stretches for 62 kilometers (39 mi). Below
969-617: The Sino–Soviet political split of 1956–1966. For many centuries, inhabitants of the Amur Valley comprised the Tungusic ( Evenki , Solon , Ducher , Jurchen , Nanai , Ulch ), Mongol ( Daur ) people, some Ainu and, near its mouth, the Nivkhs . For many of these groups, fishing in the Amur and its tributaries was the main source of their livelihood. Until the 17th century these peoples were not known to Europeans, and little known to
1020-468: The Songhua River by the floods from two chemical plants based in Jilin. There were reports that some barrels exploded on contact with water. By late afternoon on August 1, 6,387 barrels had been retrieved from the river. Officials stated that tests show the water in the river remains safe to drink. Three soldiers of the People's Liberation Army in Jilin drowned after working to remove the barrels and control
1071-480: The Songhua River , with an estimated 100 tons of pollutants containing benzene and nitrobenzene entering into the river. The benzene level recorded was at one point 108 times above national safety levels. This caused downstream major cities including Harbin, Songyuan and Khabarovsk suspending their water supply for almost one week. Chinese leaders later had to apologize to the Russian government over its handling of
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#17327732587841122-576: The arroyo of Mutnaya Protoka, and the water will meet the Argun River (Ergune) after about 30 kilometres (19 mi). The Amur Basin of the Kherlen − Argun −Amur River system has a total length of 5,052 km (3,139 mi) to its river mouth on the Sea of Okhotsk . The largest tributaries of the Amur are, from source to mouth: There are also numerous lakes in the floodplain of the Amur. Some of
1173-526: The mountains of northeastern China to the Sea of Okhotsk (near Nikolayevsk-na-Amure ), it drains a remarkable watershed that includes diverse landscapes of desert , steppe , tundra , and taiga , eventually emptying into the Pacific Ocean through the Strait of Tartary, where the mouth of the river faces the northern end of the island of Sakhalin . The Amur has always been closely associated with
1224-403: The world's tenth longest river . The Amur is an important river for the aquatic fauna of Northeast Asia. The river basin is home to a variety of large predatory fish such as northern snakehead , Amur pike , taimen , Amur catfish , predatory carp and yellowcheek , as well as several species of trout and anadromous salmonids . The largest fish species in the Amur is the kaluga ,
1275-541: The Amur (Heilong) River on the China–Russia border . On July 28, 2010, several thousand barrels from two chemical plants in China's Jilin City were washed away by floods . Some of them contained 170 kilograms (370 lb) of explosive material like trimethylsilyl chloride and hexamethyldisiloxane . In 2016, the part near the city of Jilin was affected by a minor flood. Amur River The Amur River ( Russian : река Амур ) or Heilong River ( Chinese : 黑龙江 )
1326-605: The Amur in writings about his journey to Sakhalin Island in 1890. The average annual discharge varies from 6,000 cubic metres per second (210,000 cu ft/s) (1980) to 12,000 cubic metres per second (420,000 cu ft/s) (1957), leading to an average 9,819 cubic metres per second (346,800 cu ft/s) or 310 cubic kilometres (74 cu mi) per year. The maximum runoff measured occurred in Oct 1951 with 30,700 cubic metres per second (1,080,000 cu ft/s) whereas
1377-711: The Amur will connect Tongjiang with Nizhneleninskoye , a village in the Jewish Autonomous Oblast . The Chinese portion of the bridge was finished in July 2016. In December 2016, work began on the Russian portion of the bridge. Completion of structural link between the two sides of the bridge was completed in March 2019. Opening to rail traffic has been repeatedly delayed, with the December 2019 estimate being "the end of 2020", and then 3rd quarter of 2021. It
1428-533: The Dadingshan Reservoir, which is named after the scenic area on the south bank ( Chinese : 大頂山 ; pinyin : dàdǐngshān ; lit. 'Big Topped Mountain'). The river flows onward through Jiamusi and south of the Lesser Xing'an Range, to eventually join the Amur at Tongjiang, Heilongjiang . The river freezes from late November until March. It has its highest flows when
1479-521: The Udeghes, Ulchis, and Nanais. Russian Cossack expeditions led by Vassili Poyarkov and Yerofey Khabarov explored the Amur and its tributaries in 1643–44 and 1649–51, respectively. The Cossacks established the fort of Albazin on the upper Amur, at the site of the former capital of the Solons . At the time, the Manchus were busy with conquering China ; but a few decades later, during
1530-641: The chieftains of the local tribes to swear allegiance to the Ming rulers. Soon after the establishment of the Manchu-led Qing dynasty , the territory of today's Primorsky Kray was put under the administration of Jilin. As the Russian Empire advanced eastward to the Pacific coast, the Qing government ordered a naval shipbuilding factory to be set up here in 1661. Jilin was officially established as
1581-633: The cities of Blagoveshchensk in Russia and Heihe in China, it widens significantly as it is joined by one of its most important tributaries the Zeya . The Amur arcs to the east and turns southeast again at the confluence with the Bureya , then does not receive another significant tributary for nearly 250 kilometres (160 mi) before its confluence with its largest tributary, the Songhua , at Tongjiang . At
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1632-499: The confluence of its two major affluents, the Shilka and the Argun (or Ergune) , at an elevation of 303 metres (994 ft). It flows east forming the border between China and Russia, and slowly makes a great arc to the southeast for about 400 kilometres (250 mi), receiving many tributaries and passing many small towns. At Huma, it is joined by a major tributary, the Huma He . Afterwards it continues to flow south until, between
1683-567: The confluence with the Songhua the river turns northeast, now flowing towards Khabarovsk , where it joins the Ussuri and ceases to define the Russia–China border. Now the river spreads out dramatically into a braided character, flowing north-northeast through a wide valley in eastern Russia, passing Amursk and Komsomolsk-on-Amur . The valley narrows after about 200 kilometres (120 mi) and
1734-539: The crystallisation of water vapour on willows branches. Attractions: The winter sports in Jilin City include skiing , skating , sledding , snowboarding , and winter swim . Winter swimming is widely practiced in Jilin city. Ski resorts: The city used to be served by the Jilin Ertaizi Airport ( IATA : JIL , ICAO : ZYJL ), a joint-use airport for commercial and military. But by October 3, 2005, all of its commercial flights were transferred to
1785-666: The dam, the Second Songhua flows north through Jilin , then northwest until it is joined by its largest tributary, the Nen River , near Da'an , to create the Songhua proper. The Songhua turns east through Harbin , and after the city, it is joined from the south by the Ashi River , and then by the Hulan River from the north. A new dam was constructed in 2007 near Bayan (50 km northeast of Harbin ), creating
1836-604: The early 1430s, re-building (twice) the Yongning Temple and obtaining at least the nominal allegiance of the lower Amur's tribes to the Ming government. Some sources report also a Chinese presence during the same period on the middle Amur – a fort existed at Aigun for about 20 years during the Yongle era on the left (northwestern) shore of the Amur downstream from the mouth of the Zeya River. This Ming Dynasty Aigun
1887-502: The flooding. The Dahe Dam in Changshan Township was breached on July 28, spilling 4 million m of water, destroying five villages downstream and leaving 40 people dead or missing. Over 100 were dead or missing after floods devastated Jilin prefecture. Workers started repairing fifty-one damaged small reservoirs and fortifying riverbanks in the province after the Songhua River surged to levels twice as high as normal. Jilin City
1938-443: The incident as the pollutants finally flowed into the Amur (Heilong) River , the major boundary river between China and Russia. Jilin was one of the worst-hit regions in China by rain and landslides in the 2010 summer China floods . On July 28, 2010, several thousand barrels, which contained toxic chemicals including trimethylsilyl chloride and hexamethyldisiloxane , about 170 kg of a poisonous substance in each, were washed into
1989-496: The island of Sakhalin at its mouth, and most names for the island, even in the languages of the indigenous peoples of the region, are derived from the name of the river: "Sakhalin" derives from a Tungusic dialectal form cognate with Manchu sahaliyan ("black", as in sahaliyan ula , "Black River"), while Ainu and Japanese "Karaputo" or " Karafuto " is derived from the Ainu name of the Amur or its mouth. Anton Chekhov vividly described
2040-513: The largest ones are Bolon , Khummi and Udyl . The main tributaries from the mouth: tributary tributary (km) (km ) (m /s) Amur– Shilka – Onon : 4,354 km; Amur– Argun – Hailar –Dayan: 4,444 km; Amur–Argun– Dalan Orom – Kherlen : 5,052 km; Many historical references distinguish two geopolitical entities in the area of the Amur: Manchuria ( Northeast China ) and Outer Manchuria . The Chinese province of Heilongjiang on
2091-523: The latter name, meaning "black water", being the basis of the modern Chinese name Heilongjiang or " Black Dragon River", while the Manchurian name Sahaliyan Ula , the Mongolian names "Amar mörön" (Cyrillic: Амар мөрөн) originates from the name "Amar" meaning to rest and Khar mörön (Cyrillic: Хар мөрөн) mean Black River. The river rises in the hills in the western part of Northeast China at
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2142-412: The mountain snow melts during the spring thaw. The river is navigable up to Harbin by medium-sized ships. Smaller craft can navigate the Songhua up to Jilin and the Nen River up to Qiqihar . Cities along the river include: In November 2005, the river was contaminated with benzene , leading to a shutdown of Harbin's water supply. The spill stretched 80 kilometers (50 mi) and eventually reached
2193-451: The mountain. Jilin City has a four-season, monsoon-influenced, humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ). Winters are long (lasting from November to March), cold, and windy, but dry, due to the influence of the Siberian anticyclone , with a January mean temperature of −15.4 °C (4.3 °F). Spring and autumn are somewhat short transitional periods, with some precipitation, but are usually dry and windy. Summers are hot and humid, with
2244-517: The name Amur is unknown. One theory dictates that it comes to Russian through either the Evenki word amur or the Even word amar , both meaning "river" in their respective Tungusic languages. However, it is unclear whether Russian borrowed the name Amur from either Tungusic language rather than the other way around. An alternative theory suggests that Amur comes from the Mongolic language Dagur's , word for "big river," mur . Its ancient Chinese names were Yushui , Wanshui and Heishui , with
2295-403: The newly opened Changchun Longjia International Airport while Jilin Airport halted commercial operation. The airport is located about 76 km (47 mi) away from the Jilin City and has flights to many cities from the airport. China Southern Airlines also provide some international connections directly from Changchun. Jilin is served by the Jilin railway station . Jilin railway station
2346-487: The river again flows north onto plains at the confluence with the Amgun . Shortly after, the Amur turns sharply east and into an estuary at Nikolayevsk-on-Amur , about 20 kilometres (12 mi) downstream of which it flows into the Strait of Tartary . During years with heavy precipitation, the Amur river system is connected with the Kherlen river. The normally exit−less endorheic lake Hulun Lake , into which Kherlen flows, will overflow at its northern shore through
2397-425: The river ice. In 1941 a railway tunnel was added as well. Later, a combined road and rail bridge over the Amur at Komsomolsk-on-Amur (1975; 1400 m) and the road and rail Khabarovsk Bridge (1999; 3890 m) were constructed. The Tongjiang-Nizhneleninskoye railway bridge was proposed in 2007 by Valery Solomonovich Gurevich , the vice-chairman of the Jewish Autonomous Oblast in Russia . The railway bridge over
2448-462: The river to the Russian Empire by the Treaty of Aigun (1858). Lands east of the Ussuri and the lower Amur were acquired by Russia as well, by the Convention of Peking (1860). The first permanent bridge across the Amur, the Khabarovsk Bridge with an overall length of 2,590 metres (8,500 ft), was completed in 1916, allowing the trains on the Trans-Siberian Railway to cross the river year-round without using ferries or rail tracks on top of
2499-401: The south bank of the river takes its name from the river, as does the Russian Amur Oblast on the north bank. The native Manchu people and their Qing Empire of China, who regarded this river as sacred, use the name Sahaliyan Ula (Black River). The Amur is an important symbol of, and geopolitical factor in, Chinese–Russian relations . The Amur became especially prominent in the period of
2550-488: Was 173,624, while Xinjing's population reached 544,202 at the same time. Soviet forces captured Jilin during the August Storm operation. Jilin became the provincial capital of Jilin Province after the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, until Changchun took this position in 1956. Jilin City, which is located in central Jilin Province spanning from 125° 40' to 127° 56' E longitude and 42° 31' to 44° 40' N latitude. Neighbouring prefectures are: Jilin City
2601-553: Was located on the opposite bank to the later Aigun that was later relocated during the Qing Dynasty . In any event, the Ming presence on the Amur was as short-lived as it was tenuous; soon after the end of the Yongle era, the Ming dynasty's frontiers retreated to southern Manchuria. Chinese cultural and religious influence such as Chinese New Year, the "Chinese god", Chinese motifs like the dragon, spirals, scrolls, and material goods like agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking-pots, silk, and cotton spread among Amur natives such as
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