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36-511: Jinzhou (锦州) is a prefecture-level city in Liaoning , China . Jinzhou —an atonal pinyin romanization of various Chinese prefectures or prefectural seats—may also refer to: Jinzhou Jinzhou ( / ˈ dʒ ɪ n ˈ dʒ oʊ / , simplified Chinese : 锦 州 ; traditional Chinese : 錦州 ; pinyin : Jǐnzhōu ), formerly Chinchow , is a coastal prefecture-level city in central-west Liaoning province , China. It

72-641: A height of 14 metres (46 feet), and are seven metres (23 feet) thick. The east, south and north sides are surrounded by a deep, wide moat with drawbridges over it. In the middle of the pass stands a tall bell tower. All four sides of the Shanhai Pass once possessed a gate ( 門 ; mén ), with the Zhèndōng Gate ( 鎮東門 ) in the east wall, the Yíng'ēn Gate ( 迎恩門 ) in the west, the Wàngyáng Gate ( 望洋門 ) in

108-417: A population of 2,703,853 (2020 census), of whom 1,524,362 reside in the built-up (or metro) area encompassing the 3 urban urban districts and Linghai City largely being conurbated. The total area under the jurisdiction of Jinzhou is 9,989 square kilometers (3,857 sq mi), most of which is rural. Jinzhou is an ancient city with over a thousand years of history. Originally known as Tuhe ( 徒河 ), it

144-537: A wide range of industries. Major traditional industries include petrochemistry , metallurgy , textiles, pharmacy and building materials. Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone  : The Jinzhou Economic and Technical Development Zone was established in 1992. It is among the first province-level development zones approved by Liaoning Province. The development zone enjoys convenient transportation with easy access to Jinzhou Seaport, Jinzhou airport and several state highways. Shopping and Services  : Within

180-608: Is a geographically strategic city located in the Liaoxi Corridor , which connects most of the land transports between North China and Northeast China , and is the economic center of western Liaoning. Located on the northern shore of Liaodong Bay , Jinzhou encompasses a coastline of 97.7 km (60.7 mi), with the Port of Jinzhou being China's northernmost seaport. It is the fifth-most populous city in Liaoning, with

216-523: Is a tall stone pavilion, which resembles a gigantic pen resting on a pen holder, hence the name "Bijiashan", meaning the "Pen Holder Mountain". Guangji Pagoda ( traditional Chinese : 廣濟寺塔 ; simplified Chinese : 广济寺塔 ): The Guangji Pagoda is located in Guta Park situated at the heart of Jinzhou. The 72-meter-tall tower is an example of beautiful Liao -style architecture, with thirteen levels in an octagonal shape. A quiet temple beneath completes

252-472: Is an island in the Bohai Sea south of Jinzhou on which is located a Chinese Buddhist temple. During most of the day, Mount Bijia can only be accessed by boat, but when the tide wanes, a natural causeway connects Mount Bijia to the mainland. People can walk to Mount Bijia from the seafront on foot and local people have named this natural wonder Tian Qiao , ( lit : Sky Bridge). On the top of the mountain there

288-459: Is hot-summer humid continental with a monsoon pattern ( Dwa ). The annual average temperature is 11.2 °C (52.2 °F), with an average daily minimum temperature of 5.7 °C (42.3 °F) and an average daily maximum temperature of 16.8 °C (62.2 °F). The average annual precipitation is 613.2 millimetres (24.14 in). The Shanhai Pass is built as a square, with a perimeter of around four kilometres (2.5 mi). The walls reach

324-663: Is linked via the Jingshen Expressway that runs northeastward to Shenyang . Throughout Chinese history, the pass served as a frontline defensive outpost against ethnic groups from Northeast China ( Manchuria ), including the Khitan and Jurchen ( Manchus ). Shanhai Pass is the eastern end of the Great Wall , and is the first barrier for guarding the frontier, therefore it is called the "First Pass Under Heaven" (天下第一关). Located south of Yan Mountain , and north of

360-638: Is located in the southwestern portion of Liaoning, and borders Panjin , Anshan , and Shenyang to the east, and Huludao on the west. The city's southern coast is the Liaodong Bay . On the north are Chaoyang and Fuxin . Jinzhou has a monsoon -influenced humid continental climate ( Köppen Dwa ), with four distinct seasons; winters are cold but very dry while summers are hot and humid. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from −7.9 °C (17.8 °F) to 24.3 °C (75.7 °F) in July, with

396-545: Is located in the west of Beizhen City of Jinzhou. It is one of the three sacred mountains in Northeast China. Wanghai Mountain is the main peak, with a height of 867 meters above the sea level, and tourist spots such as Beizhen Temple, Shenshui Bridge, Fish Pool, Guanyin Pavilion, Sijiao Pavilion, Kuangguang Pavilion, Lotus Stone, Cloud Pass and Wanghai Temple are scattered throughout the mountain range. Mount Bijia

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432-412: Is situated at the point where the range of hills carrying the Great Wall of China dips to the sea, leaving a kwon or pass of limited extent between China proper and Manchuria. It is thus an important military station, and the thoroughfare of trade between Manchuria and the great plain of China. The Imperial Northern railway from Tientsin and Taku, 174 m. from the former, runs through the pass, and skirts

468-578: The Bohai Sea , for centuries the pass guarded the narrow passage between Northeast and Central East China. The Northern Qi dynasty , Sui dynasty and the Tang dynasty constructed passes here. The site was called Yuguan during the Tang dynasty and by 785, a garrison was established there. Eight more garrisons were established from Yuguan to Jinniukou. During the Later Tang and Five Dynasties periods,

504-679: The Chinese Civil War , the city became a destination for refugees fleeing the Liaoshen campaign . In 1644, Li Zicheng led a rebel army into the Ming dynasty capital of Beijing, marking the end of the Ming dynasty . After occupying the capital, Li attempted to enlist the support of Ming general Wu Sangui , commander of the powerful Ningyuan garrison north of the Great Wall. Rather than submit to Li's new Shun dynasty , Wu contacted

540-624: The Daling River 30 kilometers north of the city. The Communists commanded by Lin Biao captured the city in September 1948. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Liaoxi Province was founded and Jinzhou became its provincial capital. Jinzhou came back under the administration of Liaoning Province in 1954, when Liaoxi and Liaodong provinces re-merged. Jinzhou

576-737: The Eight-Nation Alliance , prior to marching on Beijing to relieve the Siege of the International Legations by the Boxers . A pre-landing bombardment of the area was unnecessary as few Chinese troops were present. Inter-allied relations were dealt a blow when a drunken fracas occurred at the Shanhai Pass between Japanese and French troops. In the fighting three French and seven Japanese soldiers were killed, and five French and 12 Japanese were wounded. In November 1945,

612-648: The Imperial Japanese Army , and the Jireliao Military Region (冀热辽军区). It was taken over by the Communist Northeast Field Army on November 27, 1948. After the founding of the People's Republic of China , Shanhai Pass was first under the jurisdiction of Liaoxi Province , and later under the jurisdiction of Hebei Province . Shanhai Pass is one of the best preserved passes in the Great Wall. During

648-561: The Liaoshen Campaign of 1948. It is a large museum that holds and displays over 16,000 pieces of equipment used during the campaign, including rifles, machine guns, mortars, cannons, and tanks. It also holds thousands of pictures and documents. The best known exhibit inside the museum is the Panoramic Picture Hall, which reproduces the complete Battle of Jinzhou on a rotating circular screen. Yiwulü Mountain

684-790: The Sui dynasty and Tang dynasty . During the Tang, it was the seat of the Andong Protectorate . The name "Jinzhou" came into use in the Liao dynasty , when it belonged to Zhongjing prefecture . In the Jin dynasty , it was part of Dongjing Prefecture and Beijing Prefecture. It belonged to Liaoyang Xingzhongshu in the Mongol Empire / Yuan dynasty and to Liaodong township in the Ming dynasty . It

720-519: The Communists to agree to a temporary ceasefire that lasted several months. During the Liaoshen campaign , in which the People's Liberation Army began to consolidate control of Northeast China , refugees tried to escape to the city to flee further south. The Republic of China Army , under orders from Chiang Kai-shek not to allow refugees to escape the region, shot at them as they tried to cross

756-653: The Manchu Qing dynasty , suggesting that they combine forces to drive the rebels from the capital. Dorgon , regent of the Qing, marched his army to Shanhai Pass to receive Wu's surrender. Together, Wu and the Manchus defeated Li Zicheng's army near the pass, and Li was forced to abandon the capital. The Qing victory enabled their army to enter Beijing unopposed, and established them as the dominant power in China. The climate

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792-550: The North Eastern People's Liberation Army (PLA) attempted to hold Shanhaiguan against Kuomintang forces attacking from the south. They sought to keep Chiang Kai-shek 's Nationalist government out of Manchuria. The People's Liberation Army forces of 10,000 were under equipped and too few to defend the position and retreated to Siping . Later, after the Communist Party began to gain the upper hand in

828-516: The Qing era, the Shanhai Pass, situated between Shenyang and Beijing , was referred to as the "Key to the Capitals". During the Republican era , as well as during the Eight-Nation Alliance and World War II , the pass witnessed many conflicts. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica noted: "SHANHAI-KWAN, a garrison town in the extreme east of the province of Chih-li, China. Pop. about 30,000. It

864-500: The ancient Chinese setting. Visitors will see locals gather for early morning rituals, exercise and various other activities. There is no fee for admission to the temple grounds. One of the bestselling nonfiction novels of the 1990s, " Wild Swans :Three Daughters of China" , provides some detailed descriptions of Jinzhou both before and after the " 1949 Liberation of China ". Jinzhou has one sister city , as designated by Sister Cities International . Shanhai Pass In 1961,

900-436: The annual mean being 9.50 °C (49.1 °F). The annual average precipitation is between 540 and 640 millimeters (21 and 25 in), the majority of which usually occurs in July and August alone. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 45% in July to 68% in three months, the city receives 2,682 hours of bright sunshine annually, with autumn and winter being especially sunny. Fossil-bearing rocks are exposed in

936-543: The city and provide the most economical means of transportation, but are not always reliable. Jinzhou is headquarters of the 40th Group Army of the People's Liberation Army , one of the three group armies that comprise the Shenyang Military Region responsible for defending China's northeastern borders with Russia and North Korea . The Liaoshen Campaign Memorial ( traditional Chinese : 遼沈戰役紀念館 ; simplified Chinese : 辽沈战役纪念馆 ) commemorates

972-488: The city's vicinity, including the Yixian Formation . A genus of Early Cretaceous birds has been named Jinzhouornis in honor of the locality, but it appears to be a junior synonym of Confuciusornis which was found in the same formation some years earlier. Jinzhou has eight immediate sub-municipal divisions: The above eight are subdivided into 43 towns, 69 townships, and 1680 villages. Jinzhou has

1008-523: The city, some western franchises have set up shop, most notably KFC , which has a long established foothold in Chinese markets. RT-Mart , New-Mart and Do-Do Express are major food and sundries retailers. Bank of Jinzhou ( Jinzhou Yinhang ) is the only bank in Jinzhou upon this writing with native English speaking staff, while Western Union , Bank of China and many other banking service are also present in

1044-466: The city. Visa and MasterCard are not accepted in Jinzhou, aside from a few large bank branches with access to these networks. Jinzhou Jinzhouwan Airport provides air transport to major airports in China. There are two railway stations in the city, one designated for long trips and one for shorter routes. The most popular way to get around Jinzhou is on foot or by bicycle. Taxis crowd the streets and start at 6 RMB per trip. Bus routes also blanket

1080-639: The most heavily fortified passes in China. During the Qianlong Emperor 's reign under the Qing dynasty , Shanhai Pass became the seat of Linyu County (临榆县城) under the jurisdiction of Yongping Mansion (永平府). In the late Qing dynasty, many forts were built to strengthen coastal defense. During the period of the Republic of China, the pass was successively under the control of Zhang Zuolin 's Fengtian clique , Chiang Kai-shek 's Nationalist government ,

1116-411: The old Yongping (永平) and Jieling (界岭) passes. From this, they constructed the present pass, which was named Shanhaiguan (literally "mountain-sea-pass") because of its location between the mountains and the sea. In the late 16th century, Ming general Qi Jiguang began fortification and construction of a military city around the pass, building cities and forts to the east, south and north, making it one of

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1152-671: The pass was selected as a Major Historical and Cultural Site Protected at the National Level by the State Council of China , and it was listed as a World Heritage Site as part of the Great Wall by UNESCO in 1987. The pass is a popular tourist destination at the eastern terminus of the Ming Great Wall . The location where the wall meets the Bohai Sea is nicknamed " Old Dragon's Head " (老龙头). The pass lies nearly 300 kilometres (190 mi) east of Beijing and

1188-580: The shore of the Gulf of Liao-tung as far as the treaty port of Niu-chwang, where it connects with the railways leading from Port Arthur to the Siberian main line. The pass formed the southern limit of the Russian sphere of influence as defined in the convention between Great Britain and Russia of the 28th of April 1899." In July   1900, 15,000 Imperial Japanese Army troops landed at Shanhai Pass as part of

1224-524: The territory was controlled by autonomous governors. No garrisons (except Yuguan) remained by the Five Dynasties period. The area and the passes were then controlled by the Liao dynasty . The Liao founded Qianmin County east of Yuguan in present-day Shanhaiguan. Garrisons were built in the area under the Jin and Yuan dynasties . In 1381, Ming general Xu Da and his soldiers were ordered to repair

1260-651: Was part of Yan in the Warring States period . Under the Qin dynasty , the majority of what is now Jinzhou became part of Liaodong Commandery . It was part of Changli Commandery in the province of Youzhou during the Han dynasty and Three Kingdoms periods , but fell under the jurisdiction of Yingzhou in the Beiwei , Dongwei , and Beiqi periods, before becoming part of Liucheng Commandery and then Yan Prefecture during

1296-658: Was ruled by Tianfu during the Qing dynasty , when its name was changed from Jinzhou to Jinxian . It is also known in English as Chinhsien and Chinchow . During the Republican period , Jinzhou was attached to Liaoning Province. When the Chinese Civil War resumed in 1945, Jinzhou was the site of a major battle between the Communist and Nationalist forces, since it is where the main route from Manchuria through Shanhai Pass enters central China. Its capture on 22 November 1945, by Nationalist forces under Du Yuming forced

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