Misplaced Pages

#15984

63-618: In 1449, Emperor Yingzong, upon the suggestion of eunuch Wang Zhen , personally led the army to battle against the Mongolian army of Esen Taishi . However, in the Battle of Tumu Fortress , the Ming army was defeated and the emperor was taken captive. This event caused shock and concern throughout the government and the country. In response, the court eventually elevated the emperor's brother, Zhu Qiyu, who had taken charge of government affairs during

126-523: A burden to the Mongols, so they eventually released him without any conditions. The Jingtai Emperor lacked the confidence to keep his brother free, so he confined him to the Southern Palace and cut off any contact with government officials. His fear of his brother's influence dominated the rest of his reign and influenced a cautious approach towards the Mongols. Traditional historians often praise

189-399: A censor, suggested reinstating Emperor Yingzong's eldest son, but they were imprisoned for their suggestion. Zhong Tong and others were even flogged to death. This event sparked the ambition of courtiers and government officials to conspire in favor of Emperor Yingzong. The plot was orchestrated by Shi Heng, Cao Jixiang, Xu Youzhen, and Zhang Yue ( 張軏 ; 1393–1458). They saw an opportunity when

252-574: A number of generals and officials. On 3 August, Zhu Qiyu was appointed as the provisional administrator of Beijing. He was accompanied by aides who represented the most influential power groups. Prince Consort Commander Jiao Jing ( 焦敬 ), the son-in-law of the Hongxi Emperor, represented the imperial family. Jin Ying , the head of the Directorate of Ceremonial and the highest-ranking eunuch in

315-539: A time of intense competition between two imperial brothers, but Marxist historians emphasize the presence of class conflicts. The population was consistently dissatisfied, leading to rebellions and keeping the army occupied for much of the decade. By 1452, the uprisings in Fujian and Zhejiang had subsided. In Guangdong and Guangxi , the non-Han Chinese population (including Miao and Yao tribes) grew unchecked until Wang Ao forcefully suppressed them in 1452–1453. In 1450–52,

378-456: A title that was higher in rank but only honorary. Only one official objected to the new emperor's accession and was punished with death. After their triumph at Tumu, the Mongols did not immediately launch an attack on Beijing, even though they likely would have been successful. Instead, they hesitated and allowed the Ming dynasty two months to recuperate from their defeat. During this time, the new Minister of War, Yu Qian, took charge of organizing

441-624: A total of seven era names during his reign. The Hongwu Emperor started the tradition of having only one era name for one monarch—known as the yí shì yì yuán zhì ( 一世一元制 ; lit. "one-era-name-for-a-reign system"). Thus, modern historians would frequently refer to monarchs of the Ming and Qing dynasties by their respective era name. Notable exceptions to this "one-era-name" tradition included Zhu Qizhen who proclaimed two era names for his two separate reigns, Aisin Gioro Hong Taiji who used two era names to reflect his position as khan of

504-454: A year using an era name only requires counting years from the first year of the era. For example, 609 CE was the fifth year of Daye ( 大業 ; lit. "great endeavour"), as the era began in 605 CE; traditional Chinese sources would therefore refer to 609 CE as Dàyè wǔ nián ( 大業五年 ). The numbering of the year would still increase on the first day of the Chinese calendar each year, regardless of

567-659: Is based on the era name system of Imperial China. Numerous attempts to reinstate monarchical rule in China had resulted in the declaration of additional era names after the founding of the Republic, but these regimes and their associated era names were short-lived. In 1949, the People's Republic of China was founded and the era was changed to the Common Era , for both internal and external affairs in mainland China . This notation

630-581: Is conventionally regarded as the first ruler to declare an era name. Prior to the introduction of the first era name in 140 BCE, Chinese monarchs utilized the Qianyuan ( 前元 ), Zhongyuan ( 中元 ) and Houyuan ( 後元 ) systems to identify and number years. Prior to the Ming dynasty , it was common for Chinese sovereigns to change the era name during their reigns, resulting in the use of more than one era name for one ruler. For instance, Emperor Xuan of Han used

693-647: Is speculation that he may have been murdered. He was given the posthumous name Li ( 戾 ; 'Rebel') and was buried outside the imperial mausoleums at Yuchuanshan. Some officials suggested abolishing his era name, similar to the abolishment of the Jianwen era, but Emperor Yingzong did not agree. It was not until 1475, during the reign of the Chenghua Emperor , that the Jingtai Emperor was given a posthumous name—Emperor Gongren Kangding Jing ( 恭仁康定景皇帝 )—which

SECTION 10

#1732765647016

756-523: The Defense of Beijing and effectively became the leader of the government even before the new emperor was appointed. The Mongols did not approach the city until 27 October, but after four days of siege, they abandoned their efforts when they realized they had no chance of victory. The Jingtai Emperor's government refused all of Esen's attempts to pay for the release of the captured emperor and insisted on his unconditional return. The imprisoned emperor became

819-624: The Emperor Wencheng of Northern Yan ). Most Chinese era names consisted of two Chinese characters , even though era names with three, four and six characters also existed. Shijianguo ( 始建國 ; lit. "the beginning of establishing a country") of the Xin dynasty , Tiancewansui ( 天冊萬歲 ; lit. "Heaven-conferred longevity") of the Wu Zhou , and Tiancilishengguoqing ( 天賜禮盛國慶 ; lit. "Heaven-bestowed ritualistic richness, nationally celebrated") of

882-617: The Emperor Xiaozhuang of Northern Wei took the throne. On the other hand, the era name Tianxian ( 天顯 ; lit. "heavenly intent") was originally proclaimed by the Emperor Taizu of Liao but its usage was continued by the Emperor Taizong of Liao upon assuming the throne. There were numerous era names that saw repeated use throughout Chinese history. For instance, the era name Taiping ( 太平 ; lit. "great peace")

945-581: The Grand Canal and the Yellow River 's dam system, resulting in economic prosperity and a bolstering of the country's strength. However, after ruling for eight years, the emperor fell ill and his death was imminent in early 1457. He had not designated an heir, as his son and crown prince had died in the fourth year of his reign under unclear circumstances, possibly due to poisoning. Taking advantage of this situation, Emperor Yingzong seized control of

1008-753: The Later Jin and later as emperor of the Qing dynasty, as well as Aisin Gioro Puyi who adopted three era names in his capacity as emperor of the Qing dynasty and subsequently as ruler of Manchukuo . With the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, the Chinese era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar which remains in official use in Taiwan, Penghu, Kinmen, and Matsu Islands . The Republic of China calendar, while not an era name,

1071-486: The Western Xia are examples of Chinese era names that bore more than two characters. Era names were symbols of political orthodoxy and legitimacy. Hence, most Chinese monarchs would proclaim a new era upon the founding of a new dynasty. Rebel leaders who sought to establish independence and legitimacy also declared their own era names. Often, vassal states and tributary states of Imperial China would officially adopt

1134-554: The Beijing area and divided them into five training divisions ( 團營 ; Tuanying ). In 1452, he added an additional 50,000 soldiers and created ten training units. He also restructured the command system of the capital garrison. Initially, command was divided between generals and eunuchs, with each of the Three Great Camps (for infantry, cavalry, and firearms) operating independently under its own field commander. However, there

1197-560: The Chenghua Emperor. He even allowed her to keep her possessions. However, Emperor Yingzong later had her house searched and confiscated 200,000 liang of silver and other treasures. Empress Wang died in January 1507 and was given the posthumous name Empress Zhenhui Jing ( 真惠景皇后 ). She was buried in her husband's mausoleum. The Jingtai Emperor also had a daughter (two according to History of Ming ), Princess Gu'an ( 固安公主 ), who

1260-575: The Era System, their treaties with other countries are in the Dionysian Era ( AD ) system. In modern times, only Republic of China and Japan still continue to use the ancient Chinese era naming system. Even in the domestic arena, the era system can present difficult dilemmas. For example, in Japan, it is difficult to keep track of the age of people who were born in the previous era. Also, while

1323-426: The Jingtai Emperor's key supporters were the eunuchs Jin Ying and Xing An . Jin Ying held significant influence in the 1430s, but eventually lost power to Wang Zhen. During the Jingtai Emperor's reign, he was appointed as head of the Directorate of Ceremonial, but was later imprisoned in 1450 for backing the return of Emperor Yingzong. Xing An then took over as head of the eunuchs and played a crucial role in negotiating

SECTION 20

#1732765647016

1386-437: The Jingtai Emperor's regime followed the tradition of the "Three Yangs" who ruled the empire from the mid-1420s to the early 1440s. This continuity was embodied by Wang Zhi, who held the position of Minister of Personnel from 1443 to 1457. During the 1440s, Wang Zhi was a constant opponent of Wang Zhen, but after 1449, he began to cooperate with Yu Qian. From 1451 to 1453, he was assisted in his duties by co-minister He Wenyuan, who

1449-431: The Jingtai Emperor's reign was the situation of Emperor Yingzong and the matter of who would succeed him. Despite being isolated, Emperor Yingzong still had allies within the government, including Minister of Rites Hu Ying. Typically, the emperor's adversaries would have been forced to resign, but the Jingtai Emperor was hesitant to address these issues and allowed them to remain in their positions. The crown prince had been

1512-633: The Miao and Yao rebelled in Guizhou and Huguang , and unrest continued in Fujian, Huguang, Sichuan , and Zhejiang in the years 1453–56. Throughout the 1450s, there were armed conflicts in Guangdong, where the authorities mobilized loyal tribes against the rebels. Non-Han Chinese groups generally rebelled against the Ming government, while Han Chinese miners and landless individuals in the peripheral regions of

1575-742: The ROC and Japan both continue to use the ancient Chinese era system, since they have partially adopted the Gregorian calendar for non-governmental use, it is more difficult to track down dates that fall on February 29 leap year in the Western calendar. Furthermore, in Japan, in theory it is difficult to mention future dates since it is sometimes hard to tell whether the current emperor will live long enough for its citizens to use that era name. However, in practice, documents like driver's licenses and 50-year leases use era dates without regard to this problem. On

1638-408: The absence of Wang Zhen, led the palace eunuchs. Minister of Personnel, Wang Zhi ( 王直 ), represented the government, and Grand Secretary Gao Gu ( 高穀 ) was the fourth aide. All major decisions were to be postponed until the emperor's return. On 4 August, Emperor Yingzong led his army into battle. Despite a month-long campaign, they achieved no results. However, on their return journey, the imperial army

1701-417: The ban on using coins for trade was lifted. From the mid-1450s, illegal private coins from Jiangnan began to dominate the markets in Beijing, replacing the old Yongle coins. Although there were some proposals to address this problem by resuming state production, they were disregarded, resulting in the spread of illegal mints through unofficial networks. After the severe floods and changes in its course in 1448,

1764-467: The campaign, to the throne. The former emperor, who had formed a positive relationship with Esen, was released in 1450 but did not regain his position. He was instead placed under house arrest in the Southern Palace of the Forbidden City . During his reign, the Jingtai Emperor, with the support of prominent minister Yu Qian , worked to restore the country's infrastructure. This included repairing

1827-579: The concept of era name as a result of Chinese politico-cultural influence. Chinese era names were titles adopted for the purpose of identifying and numbering years in Imperial China. Era names originated as mottos or slogans chosen by the reigning monarch and usually reflected the political, economic and/or social landscapes at the time. For instance, the first era name proclaimed by the Emperor Wu of Han , Jianyuan ( 建元 ; lit. "establishing

1890-406: The crisis of 1449 when he suggested relocating the capital from Beijing to Nanjing , presented a plan to rebuild the levees and canals. With a workforce of 58,000, he completed complex repairs to the dams and excavated hundreds of kilometers of canals within two years. His work successfully withstood the great flood of 1456 and remained in use for decades. Traditional history portrays the 1450s as

1953-541: The eldest son of Emperor Yingzong since 1449. However, the emperor eventually decided to reserve the throne for his own descendants. Through a combination of bribery and intimidation, he was able to gain enough support for his plan. On 20 May 1452, despite opposition from the Grand Secretaries and other officials, he created his current successor as the Prince of Yi and his son Zhu Jianji as the new crown prince. On

Jingtai Emperor - Misplaced Pages Continue

2016-425: The emperor fell ill at the end of 1456, causing him to cancel audiences and New Year ceremonies in 1457. The request for the appointment of a successor went unanswered, and the court was filled with anxiety as they prepared for the emperor's death. On the morning of 11 February 1457, the conspirators forcefully removed Emperor Yingzong from his residence and placed him on the throne, surprising officials who had come for

2079-620: The era name of the reigning Chinese monarch as a sign of subordination—a practice known as fèng zhēng shuò ( 奉正朔 ; lit. "following the first month of the year and the first day of the month"). For example, Korean regimes such as Silla , Goryeo , and Joseon at various times formally adopted the era names of the Tang , Wu Zhou, Later Liang , Later Tang , Later Jin , Later Han , Later Zhou , Northern Song , Liao , Jin , Yuan , Northern Yuan , Ming , and Qing dynasties of China for both domestic and diplomatic purposes. The Emperor Wu of Han

2142-677: The fifteenth century. The ministers of the Jingtai Emperor typically held their positions for extended periods of time. The ministers of Revenue, Jin Lian ( 金濂 ); of Rites, Hu Ying ( 胡濙 ); of Justice, Yu Shiyue ( 俞士悅 ); and of Works, Shi Pu ( 石璞 ), all served throughout his reign. The leadership of the Censorate—in the years 1445–1454, Chen Yi ( 陳鎰 ), then Yang Shan ( 楊善 ), Wang Wen ( 王文 ), Xiao Weizhen ( 蕭維禎 ), and Li Shi ( 李實 )—as well as army commanders—Shi Heng ( 石亨 )—and eunuchs Cao Jixiang ( 曹吉祥 ) and Liu Yongcheng ( 劉永誠 ) also remained constant. Some of

2205-471: The following year, just two months after its initiation. When a new monarch ascended to the throne, he could either declare a new era immediately or inherit the usage of the existing era name from his predecessor. For example, the era name Wutai ( 武泰 ; lit. "exalted martial") of the Emperor Xiaoming of Northern Wei was immediately replaced with Jianyi ( 建義 ; lit. "establishing justice") when

2268-445: The generals in charge of training also commanded the same soldiers in battle. After 1449, the practice of hiring soldiers for wages from the peasant and urban population became more widespread due to the shortage of men and the inefficiency of many hereditary soldiers. These hired soldiers were referred to as bing ( 兵 ), in contrast to the hereditary soldiers known as jun ( 軍 ). After Emperor Yingzong regained power in 1457, Yu Qian

2331-802: The government in February 1457 through a palace coup. The Jingtai Emperor died a month later. He was one of two Ming emperors who was not buried in either the Ming tombs in Beijing or the Xiaoling Mausoleum in Nanjing . Zhu Qiyu was born on 11 September 1428. He was the second son of the Xuande Emperor , who ruled the Ming dynasty from 1425 to 1435. When the Xuande Emperor died in 1435, his eldest son, Emperor Yingzong, became

2394-513: The government took urgent action to regulate the Yellow River . As a result, the river began to flow into the sea both north and south of the Shandong Peninsula . However, these changes in the river's flow caused problems with the water supply for the Grand Canal . Despite attempts to fix the issue and repairs carried out from 1449 to 1452, they were ultimately unsuccessful. In 1453, Xu Youzhen ( 徐有貞 ), who had fallen out of favor during

2457-445: The latter half of the 1440s. In the summer of 1449, there was growing unrest along the northern border of the Ming dynasty. In late July, reports reached Beijing that the Mongols, under the leadership of their de facto ruler Esen , had launched an attack on Datong as part of a massive invasion. Emperor Yingzong made the decision to personally lead the campaign against the Mongols, with the support of his trusted advisor Wang Zhen and

2520-479: The month in which the era name was adopted. For example, as the Emperor Daizong of Tang replaced the era name Yongtai ( 永泰 ; lit. "perpetual peace") with Dali ( 大曆 ; lit. "great era") in the eleventh month of the Chinese calendar in 766 CE, the first year of Dali thus only consisted of the last two months of that particular year; the second year of Dali began on the first day of the Chinese calendar

2583-469: The morning audience. Emperor Yingzong wasted no time in making changes to the government, promoting the conspirators and dismissing officials from the previous regime. Some supporters of the Jingtai regime, including Yu Qian, Wang Wen, and three high-ranking eunuchs, were killed. The Jingtai Emperor was demoted to the Prince of Cheng and never fully recovered from his illness. He died on 14 March 1457. There

Jingtai Emperor - Misplaced Pages Continue

2646-412: The most influential figure in Beijing, had a heated conflict with Shi Heng over the abuse of power and corruption by Shi Heng and his family. The emperor was unable to resolve the dispute until Yu Qian fell ill in 1454–1455, causing him to lose much of his influence. In 1451, once the immediate danger had passed, Yu Qian initiated military reform. He handpicked 100,000 soldiers from the remaining troops in

2709-491: The new ruler of the Ming dynasty and created Zhu Qiyu as the Prince of Cheng. As the Prince of Cheng, Zhu Qiyu was said to have lived in Shandong (present-day Wenshang County , Jining ) as an adult. He was naturally shy, weak, and indecisive, and had no desire for power. He had a close relationship with his brother, which may have been the reason he remained in the capital, even though he was old enough to move to Wenshang in

2772-411: The only adult relative of the captured emperor, Zhu Qiyu was seen as a natural choice. Initially, Zhu Qiyu rejected the proposal, but those around him saw this as a formality and he eventually accepted. On 17 (or possibly 22 or 23) September, he ascended the throne and adopted the era name Jingtai , which means "exalted view". He also declared his brother as Taishang Huang ( 太上皇 ; 'Emperor Emeritus'),

2835-468: The origin"), was reflective of its status as the first era name. Similarly, the era name Jianzhongjingguo ( 建中靖國 ; lit. "establishing a moderate and peaceful country") used by the Emperor Huizong of Song was indicative of Huizong's idealism towards moderating the rivalry among the conservative and progressive factions regarding political and social reforms. The process of declaring an era name

2898-541: The other hand, others suggest that the AD system has too much Christian connotation behind it and it is a form of cultural imperialism when an essentially European system of dating is forced upon other civilizations with their own long-used and equally legitimate dating systems. However, with globalization, the AD system is becoming more acceptable in Japan and the ROC. Modern history researchers do not care about era names except for supporting other arguments, such as figuring out

2961-447: The provinces remained relatively calm. Overall, the reign of the Jingtai Emperor was marked by successful reforms and the restoration of stability, thanks to the efforts of capable ministers. In the field of culture, the Jingtai era is known for the advancement of wire enamel ( cloisonné ) decoration, which is now referred to as Jingtai-lan ( 景泰藍 ; meaning 'blue [color of the era] Jingtai') in Chinese. One ongoing political issue during

3024-489: The purpose of year identification and numbering . The first monarch to adopt era names was the Emperor Wu of Han in 140 BCE, and this system remained the official method of year identification and numbering until the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912 CE, when the era name system was superseded by the Republic of China calendar . Other polities in the Sinosphere — Korea , Vietnam and Japan —also adopted

3087-411: The return of Emperor Yingzong and the exchange of the crown prince in 1452. Two other eunuch generals, Cao Jixiang and Liu Yongcheng, were instrumental in the military reform of 1453. However, prominent officials such as Grand Secretaries Chen Xun ( 陳循 ) and Gao Gu did not support the Jingtai Emperor. Despite having a stable personnel, the ruling group was not free from controversy. In 1451–1452, Yu Qian,

3150-427: The rule of the Jingtai Emperor, particularly when compared to the corrupt and inept eunuchs who had controlled the government in the previous decade. However, it is important to note that power did not completely transfer from eunuchs to officials during his reign. Eunuchs still held a considerable amount of influence. Instead, after 1449, both eunuchs and officials collaborated to revitalize the country. To some extent,

3213-499: The same day, Empress Wang was removed from her position and replaced by the mother of the heir, Lady Hang . This move, which appeared to prioritize personal interests, weakened the emperor's authority. Zhu Jianji died in 1453 and his mother in 1456. As the emperor had no other son, a new crown prince was not chosen. Some officials, including Zhang Lun ( 章綸 ; d. 1483), Director of the Ministry of Rites, and Zhong Tong ( 鍾同 ; d. 1455),

SECTION 50

#1732765647016

3276-441: The use of era names today. While the era system is a more traditional system of dating that preserves Chinese and Japanese culture, it presents a problem for the more globalized Asian society and for everyday life. For example, even though within the nation people will know what era they are in, it is relatively meaningless for other nations. In addition, while the Republic of China (ROC) and Japan only recognize documents dated in

3339-430: Was born in 1469. She was married to Wang Xian ( 王憲 ; d. 1514), a great-grandson of Wang Zhi. Consorts and issue: Wang Zhen (eunuch) Wang Zhen ( Chinese : 王 振 ; pinyin : Wáng Zhèn ) was the first Ming dynasty eunuch with power in the court. He served Zhu Qizhen who promoted him to become 'one of the most powerful eunuch "dictators" in Ming history'. The Zhihua Temple in Beijing

3402-664: Was built in 1443 at his order. He was tutor to Zhu Qizhen. He was killed in 1449 during the Tumu Crisis campaign against the Northern Yuan , during which the Ming emperor Zhu Qizhen was captured by Oirat Mongols . This Chinese biographical article is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Chinese era name Chinese era names , also known as reign mottos , were titles used by various Chinese dynasties and regimes in Imperial China for

3465-415: Was executed and his reforms were reversed. In 1450, Shandong experienced a famine, and from 1452 to 1454, the provinces in northern China and the lower Yangtze River were greatly affected by heavy rains and cold weather. The drought of 1455 was followed by summer rains in 1456 in northern China. The state treasury was depleted due to providing aid to the population and dealing with tax arrears. In 1453,

3528-423: Was extended to Hong Kong in 1997 and Macau in 1999 (de facto extended in 1966) through Annex III of Hong Kong Basic Law and Macau Basic Law , thus eliminating the ROC calendar in these areas. The concept of era name also saw its adoption by neighboring Korea and Vietnam since the middle of the 6th century CE, and by Japan since the middle of the 7th century CE. Notably, Japan still officially retains

3591-404: Was later replaced by Wang Ao . Yu Qian supported Wang Ao's rise, and he successfully defended Liaodong , as well as later Guangdong and Guangxi . Wang Ao remained Minister of Personnel until his death in 1467 at the age of 73. The widely respected Ministers of Personnel, along with their careful selection of capable officials, contributed to a high level of administration in the third quarter of

3654-429: Was little coordination between detachments from different camps. Yu Qian placed each camp under one field commander and the entire garrison under the field marshal. He also removed the eunuchs from their supervisory role, resulting in a unified command and a greater involvement of the capital generals in managing the training camps. This new arrangement of the drill camps was unique among the various Ming command systems, as

3717-488: Was referred to in traditional Chinese historical texts as jiànyuán ( 建元 ). Proclaiming a new era name to replace an existing era name was known as gǎiyuán ( 改元 ; lit. "change the origin"). Instituting a new era name would reset the numbering of the year back to year one, known as yuán nián ( 元年 ; lit. "year of origin"). On the first day of the Chinese calendar , the numbering of the year would increase by one. To name

3780-554: Was shorter than the names given to other emperors. In the mid-17th century, a ruler of the Southern Ming dynasty in Nanjing gave him the temple name Daizong ( 代宗 ). After the Jingtai Emperor's death, his concubines were ordered to commit suicide. However, the deposed Empress Wang was allowed to continue living outside the palace, allegedly under the protection of her nephew, who had regained his position as heir and later became

3843-484: Was temporary and on 6 September, she named Zhu Jianshen , the two-year-old eldest son of Emperor Yingzong, as crown prince. On 15 September, high-ranking civil and military officials, led by Yu Qian , petitioned the Empress dowager to install Zhu Qiyu as the new emperor. This was done in order to stabilize the government and improve relations with the Mongols by reducing the influence of the captured Emperor Yingzong. As

SECTION 60

#1732765647016

3906-492: Was unexpectedly attacked by the Mongols on 1 September at the Tumu Fortress . The Mongols were able to defeat and scatter the imperial army. Numerous high-ranking commanders were killed, and Emperor Yingzong himself was captured. With the approval of Empress Dowager Sun , the mother of Emperor Yingzong, Zhu Qiyu assumed control of the government on 4 September. However, the empress dowager made it clear that his authority

3969-518: Was used on at least ten occasions in China. In such cases, Chinese sources would often affix the name of the dynasty or the ruler before the era name for the purpose of disambiguation. For example, when referencing the year 410 CE, Chinese sources could either render it as Běi Yān Tàipíng èr nián ( 北燕太平二年 ; lit. "second year of Taiping of the Northern Yan ") or Běi Yān Wéngchéng Dì Tàipíng èr nián ( 北燕文成帝太平二年 ; lit. "second year of Taiping of

#15984