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100-610: Jipang may refer to: Jipang, one of the names of Japan Duchy of Jipang  [ id ] , a 16th-century dukedom, vassal of Demak Sultanate , today located in Cepu district  [ fr ; id ] , Blora regency, Central Java, Indonesia Jipang, Central Java  [ id ; nl ] , a village in Cepu district, Blora regency, Indonesia Jipang (food) , traditional Indonesian-Chinese snack [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

200-625: A Late Middle Chinese pronunciation ) and pon , respectively. In compounds, however, final voiceless stops (i.e. p , t , k ) of the first word were unreleased in Middle Chinese, and the pronunciation of 日本 was thus Nippon or Jippon (with the adjacent consonants assimilating). Min Chinese languages still retain this pronunciation of 日本, such as Northern Min Nì-bǒ̤ng ( Jian'ou dialect ) or Fuzhounese Nĭk-buōng . In modern Toisanese ,

300-703: A Yue Chinese language, 日本 is pronounced as Ngìp Bāwn [ŋip˦˨ bɔn˥] . Historical sound change in Japanese has led to the modern pronunciations of the individual characters as nichi and hon . The pronunciation Nihon originated, possibly in the Kantō region , as a reintroduction of this independent pronunciation of 本 into the compound. This must have taken place during the Edo period , after another sound change occurred which would have resulted in this form becoming Niwon and later Nion . Several attempts to choose

400-468: A Zhūrúguó 侏儒國 "pygmy/dwarf country" located south of Japan, associated with possibly Okinawa Island or the Ryukyu Islands. Carr cites the historical precedence of construing Wa as "submissive people" and the "Country of Dwarfs" legend as evidence that the "little people" etymology was a secondary development. Chinese, Korean, and Japanese scribes regularly wrote Wa or Yamato "Japan" with

500-404: A consonant phoneme followed by itself: in this type of analysis, [ak̚ka] , [issai] , [sat̚tɕi] can be phonemically transcribed as /a kk a/ , /i ss ai/ , /sa tt i/ . Alternatively, since the contrast between different obstruent consonants such as /k/ , /s/ , /t/ is neutralized in syllable-final position, the first half of a geminate obstruent can be interpreted as an archiphoneme (just as

600-490: A definitive official reading were rejected by the Japanese government, which declared both to be correct. While both pronunciations are correct, Nippon is frequently preferred for official purposes, including money , stamps , and international sporting events , as well as the Nippon-koku , literally the " State of Japan " ( 日本国 ). Other than this, there seem to be no fixed rules for choosing one pronunciation over

700-628: A following /ba/ (marking the conditional), forming [ɕaː] and [tɕaː] respectively, as in [kaɕaː] for /kaseba/ 'if (I) lend' and [katɕaː] for /kateba/ 'if (I) win.' On the other hand, per Vance (1987) , [tj, sj] (more narrowly, [tj̥, sj̥] ) can occur instead of [tɕ, ɕ] for some speakers in contracted speech forms, such as [tjɯː] for /tojuː/ 'saying', [matja(ː)] for /mateba/ 'if one waits', and [hanasja(ː)] for /hanaseba/ 'if one speaks'; Vance notes these could be dismissed as non-phonemic rapid speech variants. Hattori (1950) argues that alternations in verb forms do not prove [tɕ]

800-424: A geminate plosive or affricate is pronounced with just one release, so the first portion of such a geminate may be transcribed as an unreleased stop . As discussed above, geminate nasal consonants are normally analyzed as sequences of a moraic nasal followed by a non-moraic nasal, e.g. [mm] , [nn] = /Nm/ , /Nn/ . In the case of non-nasal consonants, gemination is mostly restricted by Japanese phonotactics to

900-462: A limited phonological shape: each has a length of at most two moras , which Ito & Mester (2015a) argue reflects a restriction in size to a single prosodic foot . These morphemes represent the Japanese phonetic adaptation of Middle Chinese monosyllabic morphemes, each generally represented in writing by a single Chinese character , taken into Japanese as kanji ( 漢字 ) . Japanese writers also repurposed kanji to represent native vocabulary; as

1000-503: A moraic consonant by itself has the same prosodic weight as a consonant-vowel sequence: consequently, Vance transcribes Japanese geminates with two length markers, e.g. [sɑ̃mːːɑi] , [ipːːɑi] , and refers to them as "extra-long" consonants. In the following transcriptions, geminates will be phonetically transcribed as two occurrences of the same consonant across a syllable boundary, the first being unreleased. A common phonemic analysis treats all geminate obstruents as sequences starting with

1100-438: A number of restrictions on structure that may be violated by vocabulary in other layers. Japanese possesses a variety of mimetic words that make use of sound symbolism to serve an expressive function. Like Yamato vocabulary, these words are also of native origin, and can be considered to belong to the same overarching group. However, words of this type show some phonological peculiarities that cause some theorists to regard them as

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1200-414: A pause, word-initial /b, d, ɡ/ may be pronounced as plosives with zero or low positive voice onset time (categorizable as voiceless unaspirated or "short-lag" plosives); while significantly less aspirated on average than word-initial /p, t, k/ , some overlap in voice onset time was observed. A secondary cue to the distinction between /b, d, ɡ/ and /p, t, k/ in word-initial position is a pitch offset on

1300-529: A pause. It is sometimes analyzed as a syllable-final allophone of the coronal nasal consonant /n/ , but this requires treating syllable or mora boundaries as potentially distinctive, because there is a clear contrast in pronunciation between the moraic nasal and non-moraic /n/ before a vowel or before /j/ : Alternatively, in an analysis that treats syllabification as distinctive, the moraic nasal can be interpreted as an archiphoneme (a contextual neutralization of otherwise contrastive phonemes), since there

1400-513: A pejorative term when used to mean "Japan", while the second, Dōngyíng , has remained a positive poetic name. They can be contrasted with Nányáng (Southern Ocean), which refers to Southeast Asia , and Xīyáng (Western Ocean), which refers to the Western world . In Japanese and Korean , the Chinese word for "Eastern Ocean" (pronounced as tōyō in Japanese and as dongyang ( 동양 ) in Korean)

1500-401: A restricted set of vowel sounds: the permitted sequences, [ja, jɯ, jo, wa] , are sometimes analyzed as rising diphthongs rather than as consonant-vowel sequences. Lawrence (2004) analyzes the glides as non-syllabic variants of the high vowel phonemes /i, u/ , arguing the use of [j, w] vs. [i, ɯ] may be predictable if both phonological and morphological context is taken into account. At

1600-411: A result of sound changes. Called gairaigo ( 外来語 ) in Japanese, this layer of vocabulary consists of non-Sino-Japanese words of foreign origin, mostly borrowed from Western languages after the 16th century; many of them entered the language in the 20th century. In words of this stratum, a number of consonant-vowel sequences that did not previously exist in Japanese are tolerated, which has led to

1700-648: A result, the sequences [ti si di (d)zi] do not occur in native or Sino-Japanese vocabulary. ) Likewise, original /tj/ came to be pronounced as [tɕ] , original /sj/ came to be pronounced as [ɕ] , and original /dj/ and /zj/ both came to be pronounced as [(d)ʑ] : Therefore, alveolo-palatal [tɕ dʑ ɕ ʑ] can be analyzed as positional allophones of /t d s z/ before /i/ , or as the surface realization of underlying /tj dj sj zj/ clusters before other vowels. For example, [ɕi] can be analyzed as /si/ and [ɕa] as /sja/ . Likewise, [tɕi] can be analyzed as /ti/ and /tɕa/ as /tja/ . (These analyses correspond to

1800-568: A result, there is a distinction between Sino-Japanese readings of kanji, called On'yomi , and native readings, called Kun'yomi . The moraic nasal /N/ is relatively common in Sino-Japanese, and contact with Middle Chinese is often described as being responsible for the presence of /N/ in Japanese (starting from approximately 800 AD in Early Middle Japanese ), although /N/ also came to exist in native Japanese words as

1900-454: A separate layer of Japanese vocabulary. Called kango ( 漢語 ) in Japanese, words in this stratum originate from several waves of large-scale borrowing from Chinese that occurred from the 6th-14th centuries AD. They comprise 60% of dictionary entries and 20% of ordinary spoken Japanese, ranging from formal vocabulary to everyday words. Most Sino-Japanese words are composed of more than one Sino-Japanese morpheme. Sino-Japanese morphemes have

2000-417: A small number of native forms with [ts] before a vowel other than /u/ , such as otottsan , 'dad', although these are marginal and nonstandard (the standard form of this word is otōsan ). Based on dialectal or colloquial forms like these, as well as the phonetic distance between plosive and affricate sounds, Hattori (1950) argues that the affricate [ts] is its own phoneme, represented by

2100-564: A study of type frequency in a lexicon and token frequency in a spoken corpus, Hall (2013) concludes that [t] and [tɕ] have become about as contrastive before /i/ as they are before /a/ . Some analysts argue that the use of [ti, di] in loanwords shows that the change of /ti/ to [tɕi] is an inactive, 'fossilized' rule, and conclude that [tɕi] must now be analyzed as containing an affricate phoneme distinct from /t/ ; others argue that pronunciation of /ti/ as [tɕi] continues to be an active rule of Japanese phonology, but that this rule

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2200-414: A syllable-final nasal consonant. Aside from certain marginal exceptions , it is found only after a vowel, which is phonetically nasalized in this context . It can be followed by a consonant, a vowel, or the end of a word: Its pronunciation varies depending on the sound that follows it (including across a word boundary). At the end of an utterance, the moraic nasal is pronounced as a nasal segment with

2300-400: A unit of timing called the mora (from Latin mora "delay"). Only limited types of consonant clusters are permitted. There is a pitch accent system where the position or absence of a pitch drop may determine the meaning of a word: /haꜜsiɡa/ ( 箸が , 'chopsticks'), /hasiꜜɡa/ ( 橋が , 'bridge'), /hasiɡa/ ( 端が , 'edge'). Japanese phonology has been affected by

2400-442: A variable place of articulation and degree of constriction. Its pronunciation in this position is traditionally described and transcribed as uvular [ ɴ ] , sometimes with the qualification that it is, or approaches, velar [ ŋ ] after front vowels. Some descriptions state that it may have incomplete occlusion and can potentially be realized as a nasalized vowel, as in intervocalic position. Instrumental studies in

2500-703: Is Ngi̍t-pún and the Teochew pronunciation is Ji̍k púng . This has influenced the Malay name for Japan, Jepun , and the Thai word Yipun ( ญี่ปุ่น ). The terms Jepang and Jipang were previously used in both Malay and Indonesian, but are today confined primarily to the Indonesian language . The Japanese introduced Nippon and Dai Nippon into Indonesia during the Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) but

2600-414: Is Zeppen [zəʔpən] . In modern Japanese, Cipangu is transliterated as チパング which in turn can be transliterated into English as Chipangu , Jipangu , Zipangu , Jipang , or Zipang . Jipangu ( ジパング ( Zipangu )) as an obfuscated name for Japan has recently come into vogue for Japanese films , anime , video games , etc. These names were invented after the introduction of Chinese into

2700-547: Is エリツィン , Eritsin , ' Yeltsin '. In many cases a variant adaptation with [tɕi] exists. Aside from arguments based on loanword phonology, there is also disagreement about the phonemic analysis of native Japanese forms. Some verbs can be analyzed as having an underlying stem that ends in either /t/ or /s/ ; these become [tɕ] or [ɕ] respectively before inflectional suffixes that start with [i] : In addition, Shibatani (1990) notes that in casual speech, /se/ or /te/ in verb forms may undergo coalescence with

2800-571: Is a source for the popular Western description of Japan as the "Land of the Rising Sun". Nichi , in compounds, often loses the final chi and creates a slight pause between the first and second syllables of the compound. When romanised, this pause is represented by a doubling of the first consonant of the second syllable ; thus nichi 日 plus kō 光 (light) is written and pronounced nikkō , meaning sunlight. Japanese 日 and 本 were historically pronounced niti (or jitu , reflecting

2900-428: Is closely correlated with the time available to a speaker to articulate the consonant, which is affected by speech rate as well as the identity of the preceding sound. All three show a high (over 90%) rate of plosive pronunciations after /Q/ or after a pause; after /N/ , plosive pronunciations occur at high (over 80%) rates for /b/ and /d/ , but less frequently for /ɡ/ , probably because word-medial /ɡ/ after /N/

3000-712: Is composed of /mʲ/ + /a/ . A third alternative is analyzing [ja, jo, jɯ] ~ [ʲa, ʲo, ʲɯ] as rising diphthongs ( /i͜a i͜o i͜u/ ), in which case [mʲa] is composed of /m/ + /i͜a/ . Nogita (2016) argues for the cluster analysis /Cj/ , noting that in Japanese, syllables such as [bja, ɡja, mja, nja, ɾja] show a longer average duration than their non-palatalized counterparts [ba, ɡa, ma, na, ɾa] (whereas comparable duration differences were not generally found between pairs of palatalized and unpalatalized consonants in Russian). The glides /j w/ cannot precede /j/ . The alveolar-palatal sibilants [tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ] can be analyzed as

3100-427: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Names of Japan The word Japan is an exonym , and is used (in one form or another) by many languages. The Japanese names for Japan are Nihon ( にほん ) and Nippon ( にっぽん ). They are both written in Japanese using the kanji 日本 . Since the third century, Chinese called

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3200-439: Is no context where the non-plosive pronunciations are consistently used, but they occur most often between vowels: These weakened pronunciations can occur not only in the middle of a word, but also when a word starting with /b, d, ɡ/ follows a vowel-final word with no intervening pause. Maekawa (2018) found that, as with the pronunciation of /z/ as [dz] vs. [z] , the use of plosive vs. non-plosive realizations of /b, d, ɡ/

3300-492: Is no contrast in syllable-final position between /m/ and /n/ . Thus, depending on the analysis, a word like 三枚 , sanmai , 'three sheets', pronounced phonetically as [sammai] , could be phonemically transcribed as /saNmai/ , /saɴmai/ , or /sanmai/ . There is a contrast between short (or singleton) and long (or geminate ) consonant sounds. Compared to singleton consonants, geminate consonants have greater phonetic duration (realized for plosives and affricates in

3400-668: Is noted in early historical references to Japan." Examples include "Respect is shown by squatting" ( Hou Han Shu , tr. Tsunoda 1951:2), and "they either squat or kneel, with both hands on the ground. This is the way they show respect." (Wei Zhi, tr. Tsunoda 1951:13). Koji Nakayama interprets wēi 逶 "winding" as "very far away" and euphemistically translates Wō 倭 as "separated from the continent." The second etymology of wō 倭 meaning "dwarf, pygmy" has possible cognates in ǎi 矮 "low, short (of stature)", wō 踒 "strain; sprain; bent legs", and wò 臥 "lie down; crouch; sit (animals and birds)". Early Chinese dynastic histories refer to

3500-486: Is often pronounced instead as a velar nasal [ŋ] (although the use of [ŋ] here may be declining for younger speakers). Across contexts, /d/ generally has a higher rate of plosive realizations than /b/ and /ɡ/ . Certain consonant sounds are called 'moraic' because they count for a mora , a unit of timing or prosodic length. The phonemic analysis of moraic consonants is disputed. One approach, particularly popular among Japanese scholars, analyzes moraic consonants as

3600-429: Is phonemically /t/ , citing kawanai (with /w/ ) vs. kai , kau , kae , etc. as evidence that a stem-final consonant is not always maintained without phonemic change throughout a verb's conjugated forms, and /joɴdewa/ ~ /joɴzja/ '(must not) read' as evidence that palatalization produced by vowel coalescence can result in alternation between different consonant phonemes. There are several alternatives to

3700-453: Is rare even among the most innovative speakers, but not entirely absent. To transcribe [si] , as opposed to [ɕi] , it is possible to use the novel kana spelling スィ ( su + small i ) (though this has also been used to transcribe original [sw] before /i/ in forms like スィッチ , 'switch' [sɯittɕi] , as an alternative to the spellings スイッチ , suitchi or スウィッチ , suwitchi ). The use of スィ and its voiced counterpart ズィ

3800-476: Is restricted from applying to words belonging to the foreign stratum. In contrast to [ti, di] , the sequences *[si, zi] are not established even in loanwords. English /s/ is still normally adapted as [ɕ] before /i/ (i.e. with katakana シ , shi ). An example is シネマ , shinema [ɕinema] from cinema . Likewise, English /z/ is normally adapted as [(d)ʑ] before /i/ (i.e. with katakana ジ , ji ). Pronouncing loanwords with [si] or [zi]

3900-437: Is somewhat unstable (it may be variably replaced with /ie/ or /e/ ), and other consonant + /je/ sequences such as [pje] , [kje] are generally absent. (Aside from loanwords, [tɕe ɕe] also occur marginally in native vocabulary in certain exclamatory forms. ) It has alternatively been suggested that pairs like [tɕi] vs. [ti] could be analyzed as /tji/ vs. /ti/ . Vance (2008) objects to analyses like /tji/ on

4000-489: Is uncontroversial, there is disagreement among linguists about whether alveolo-palatal sibilants continue to function synchronically as allophones of coronal consonant phonemes: the identification of [tɕ] as a palatalized allophone of /t/ is especially debated, due to the presence of a distinctive contrast between [tɕi] and [ti] in the foreign stratum of Standard Japanese vocabulary. The sequences [ti, di] are found exclusively in recent loanwords; they have been assigned

4100-597: Is used only to refer to the Far East (including both East Asia and Southeast Asia) in general, and it is not used in the more specific Chinese sense of "Japan". In Mandarin Chinese , Japan is called Rìběn 日本 . The Cantonese pronunciation is Yahtbún [jɐt˨ pun˧˥] , the Shanghainese pronunciation is Zeppen [zəʔpən] , the Hokkien pronunciation is Ji̍tpún or Li̍t-pún , the standard Hakka pronunciation

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4200-538: Is used usually or exclusively in the following constructions: Nihon is used always or most often in the following constructions: In 2016, element 113 on the periodic table was named nihonium to honor its discovery in 2004 by Japanese scientists at RIKEN . As mentioned above, the English word Japan has a circuitous derivation; but linguists believe it derives in part from the Portuguese recording of

4300-597: The Early Mandarin Chinese or Wu Chinese word for Japan: Cipan ( 日本 ), which is rendered in pinyin as Rìběn ( IPA : ʐʅ˥˩pən˨˩˦), and literally translates to "sun origin". Guó ( IPA : kuo˨˦) is Chinese for "realm" or "kingdom", so it could alternatively be rendered as Cipan-guo . The word was likely introduced to Portuguese through the Malay: Jipan . Cipangu was first mentioned in Europe in

4400-618: The Heian period , 大和 was gradually replaced by 日本 , which was first pronounced with the Chinese reading (on'yomi) Nippon and later as Nifon , and then in modern usage Nihon , reflecting shifts in phonology in Early Modern Japanese . In 1076, Turkic scholar Mahmud al-Kashgari in his book Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk mentioned this country as 'Jabarqa' (جَابَرْقَا) . Marco Polo called Japan 'Cipangu' around 1300, based on

4500-472: The Nihon / Nippon doublet, there is no evidence for a * Jihon . The Japanese name for Japan, 日本 , can be pronounced either Nihon or Nippon . Both readings come from the on'yomi . 日 ( nichi ) means "sun" or "day"; 本 ( hon ) means "base" or "origin". The compound means "origin of the sun", or "source of the sun" or "where the sun rises" (from a Chinese point of view, the sun rises from Japan); it

4600-738: The Sui dynasty . Prince Shōtoku , the Regent of Japan, sent a mission to China with a letter in which he called the emperor of Japan (actually an empress at the time) "the Son of Heaven of the Land where the Sun rises" ( 日出處天子 ) . The message said: "The Son of Heaven, on the Land of the Rising Sun, sends this letter to the Son of Heaven of the Land, where the Sun sets, and wishes him well". The English word for Japan came to

4700-423: The emperor is said to be the direct descendant of the sun goddess Amaterasu and the legitimacy of the ruling house rested on this divine appointment and descent from the chief deity of the predominant Shinto religion. The name of the country reflects this central importance of the sun. The association of the country with the sun was indicated in a letter sent in 607 and recorded in the official history of

4800-522: The modern written standard except in cases where a mora is repeated once voiceless and once voiced, or where rendaku occurs in a compound word: つ づ く[続く] /tuzuku/ , いち づ ける[位置付ける] /itizukeru/ from |iti+tukeru| . The use of the historical or morphological spelling in these contexts does not indicate a phonetic distinction: /zu/ and /zi/ in Standard Japanese are variably pronounced with affricates or fricatives according to

4900-406: The (121 CE) Shuowen Jiezi dictionary. It defines 倭 as shùnmào 順皃 "obedient/submissive/docile appearance", graphically explains the "person; human" radical 亻 with a wěi 委 "bent" phonetic, and quotes the above Shijing poem. "Conceivably, when Chinese first met Japanese," Carr (1992:9) suggests "they transcribed Wa as *ˀWâ 'bent back' signifying 'compliant' bowing/obeisance. Bowing

5000-401: The 2010s showed that there is considerable variability in its realization and that it often involves a lip closure or constriction. A study of real-time MRI data collected between 2017 and 2019 found that the pronunciation of the moraic nasal in utterance-final position most often involves vocal tract closure with a tongue position that can range from uvular to alveolar: it is assimilated to

5100-535: The Chinese character 倭 until the 8th century, when the Japanese found fault with it due to its offensive connotation , replacing it with 和 "harmony, peace, balance". Retroactively, this character was adopted in Japan to refer to the country itself, often combined with the character 大 (literally meaning "Great"), so as to write the name as Yamato ( 大和 ) (Great Wa, in a manner similar to e.g. 大清帝國 Great Qing Empire , 大英帝國 Empire of Great Britain ). However,

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5200-866: The Chinese name, probably 日本國 ; 'sun source country' (compare modern Min Nan pronunciation ji̍t pún kok ). In the 16th century in Malacca , Portuguese traders first heard from Malay and Indonesian the names Jepang , Jipang , and Jepun . In 1577 it was first recorded in English, spelled Giapan . At the end of the 16th century, Portuguese missionaries came to Japan and created grammars and dictionaries of Middle Japanese . The 1603–1604 dictionary Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam has 2 entries: nifon and iippon . Since then many derived names of Japan appeared on early-modern European maps. Both Nippon and Nihon literally mean "the sun's origin", that is, where

5300-522: The Portuguese devised their own . In it, /zi/ is written as either ii or ji . In modern Hepburn style, iippon would be rendered as Jippon . There are no historical phonological changes to take into account here. Etymologically, Jippon is similar to Nippon in that it is an alternative reading of 日本 . The initial character 日 may also be read as /ziti/ or /zitu/ . Compounded with /hoɴ/ ( 本 ), this regularly becomes Jippon . Unlike

5400-451: The West from early trade routes. The early Mandarin Chinese or possibly Wu Chinese word for Japan was recorded by Marco Polo as Cipangu . The Malay and Indonesian words Jepang , Jipang , and Jepun were borrowed from non-Mandarin Chinese languages, and this Malay word was encountered by Portuguese traders in Malacca in the 16th century. It is thought the Portuguese traders were

5500-703: The accounts of Marco Polo . It appears for the first time on a European map with the Fra Mauro map in 1457, although it appears much earlier on Chinese and Korean maps such as the Gangnido . Following the accounts of Marco Polo, Cipangu was thought to be fabulously rich in silver and gold, which in Medieval times was largely correct, owing to the volcanism of the islands and the possibility to access precious ores without resorting to (unavailable) deep-mining technologies. The modern Shanghainese pronunciation of Japan

5600-518: The consonant [p] generally does not occur at the start of native (Yamato) or Chinese-derived (Sino-Japanese) words, but it occurs freely in this position in mimetic and foreign words. Because of exceptions like this, discussions of Japanese phonology often refer to layers, or "strata," of vocabulary. The following four strata may be distinguished: Called wago ( 和語 ) or yamato kotoba ( 大和言葉 ) in Japanese, this category comprises inherited native vocabulary. Morphemes in this category show

5700-430: The contemporary names for Japan in different languages. Japanese phonology There is no overall consensus on the number of contrastive sounds ( phonemes ), but common approaches recognize at least 12 distinct consonants (as many as 21 in some analyses) and 5 distinct vowels , /a, e, i, o, u/ . Phonetic length is contrastive for both vowels and consonants, and the total length of Japanese words can be measured in

5800-470: The contextual tendencies described above, regardless of whether they are underlyingly voiced or derived by rendaku from /tu/ and /ti/ . In core vocabulary, [ ts ] can be analyzed as an allophone of /t/ before /u/ : In loanwords, however, [ ts ] can occur before other vowels: examples include [tsaitoɡaisɯto] ツァイトガイスト , tsaitogaisuto , 'zeitgeist'; [eɾitsiɴ] エリツィン , Eritsin , ' Yeltsin '. There are also

5900-576: The dictionary ( Vocabulary of the Language of Japan ) illustrates that the Portuguese word for Japan was by that time Iapam . Historically, Japanese /h/ has undergone a number of phonological changes. Originally * [ p ] , this weakened into [ ɸ ] and eventually became the modern [ h ] . Modern /h/ is still pronounced [ɸ] when followed by /ɯ/ . Middle Japanese nifon becomes Modern Japanese nihon via regular phonological changes. Before modern styles of romanization ,

6000-446: The distinctions between /zi/ and /di/ and between /zu/ and /du/ , while others distinguish only /zu/ and /du/ but not /zi/ and /di/ . Yet others merge all four, e.g. north Tōhoku .) In accents with the merger, the phonetically variable [(d)z] sound can be transcribed phonemically as /z/ , though some analyze it as /dz/ , the voiced counterpart to [ts] . A 2010 corpus study found that in neutralizing varieties, both

6100-522: The end of an exclamation , or before a sonorant in forms with emphatic gemination , and ⟨ っ ⟩ is used as a written representation of [ʔ] in these contexts. This suggests that Japanese speakers identify [ʔ] as the default form of /Q/ , or the form it takes when it is not possible for it to share its place and manner of articulation with a following obstruent. Another approach dispenses with /Q/ and treats geminate consonants as double consonant phonemes, that is, as sequences consisting of

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6200-508: The first female Chinese Emperor Wu Zetian ordered a Japanese envoy to change the country's name to Nippon . It has been suggested that the name change in Japan may have taken place sometime between 665 and 703, and Wu Zetian then acceded to the name change in China following a request from a delegation from Japan in 703. The sun plays an important role in Japanese mythology and religion as

6300-486: The first half of any geminate obstruent. Some analyses treat /Q/ as an underlyingly placeless consonant. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the underlying phonemic representation of /Q/ might be a glottal stop / ʔ / —despite the fact that phonetically, it is not always a stop, and is usually not glottal—based on the use of [ʔ] in certain marginal forms that can be interpreted as containing /Q/ not followed by another obstruent. For example, [ʔ] can be found at

6400-622: The first to bring the word to Europe . It was first recorded in English in 1577 spelled Giapan . In English, the modern official title of the country is simply "Japan", one of the few countries to have no " long form " name. The official Japanese-language name is Nippon-koku or Nihon-koku ( 日本国 ), literally " State of Japan ". As an adjective, the term "Dai-Nippon" remains popular with Japanese governmental, commercial, or social organizations whose reach extend beyond Japan's geographic borders (e.g., Dai Nippon Printing , Dai Nippon Butoku Kai , etc.). Though Nippon or Nihon are still by far

6500-464: The following 4 (/j w ts ɴ/), and Vance (2008) recognizes 21, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus the following 9 (/j w ts tɕ (d)ʑ ɕ ɸ N Q/). Consonants inside parentheses in the table can be analyzed as allophones of other phonemes, at least in native words. In loanwords, /ɸ, ts/ sometimes occur phonemically. In some analyses the glides [j, w] are not interpreted as consonant phonemes. In non-loanword vocabulary, they generally can be followed only by

6600-539: The following vowel: vowels after word-initial (but not word-medial) /p, t, k/ start out with a higher pitch compared to vowels after /b, d, ɡ/ , even when the latter are phonetically devoiced. Word-medial /b, d, ɡ/ are normally fully voiced (or prevoiced), but may become non-plosives through lenition. The phonemes /b, d, ɡ/ have weakened non-plosive pronunciations that can be broadly transcribed as voiced fricatives [β, ð, ɣ] , although they may be realized instead as voiced approximants [β̞, ð̞~ɹ, ɣ̞~ɰ] . There

6700-429: The form of a longer hold phase before the release of the consonant, and for fricatives in the form of a longer period of frication). A geminate can be analyzed phonologically as a syllable-final consonant followed by a syllable-initial consonant (although the hypothesized syllable boundary is not evident at the phonetic level) and can be transcribed phonetically as two occurrences of the same consonant phone in sequence:

6800-494: The fricative and the affricate pronunciation could be found in any position in a word, but the likelihood of the affricate realization was increased in phonetic conditions that allowed for greater time to articulate the consonant: voiced affricates were found to occur on average 60% of the time after /N/ , 74% after /Q/ , and 80% after a pause. In addition, the rate of fricative realizations increased as speech rate increased. In terms of direction, these effects match those found for

6900-471: The front vowels: only the palatalized version occurs before /i/ , and only the non-palatalized version occurs before /e/ (excluding certain marginal forms). Palatalized consonants are often analyzed as allophones conditioned by the presence of a following /i/ or /j/ . When this analysis is adopted, a palatalized consonant before a back vowel is interpreted as a biphonemic /Cj/ sequence. The phonemic analysis described above can be applied straightforwardly to

7000-442: The interpretation of [tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ] as allophones of /t s z/ before /i/ or /j/ . Some interpretations agree with the analysis of [ɕ] as an allophone of /s/ and [(d)ʑ] as an allophone of /z/ (or /dz/ ), but treat [tɕ] as the palatalized allophone of a voiceless coronal affricate phoneme / ts / (to clarify that it is analyzed as a single phoneme, some linguists phonemically transcribe this affricate as /tˢ/ or with

7100-401: The introduction of new spelling conventions and complicates the phonemic analysis of these consonant sounds in Japanese. Different linguists analyze the Japanese inventory of consonant phonemes in significantly different ways: for example, Smith (1980) recognizes only 12 underlying consonants (/m p b n t d s dz r k ɡ h/), whereas Okada (1999) recognizes 16, equivalent to Smith's 12 plus

7200-943: The language, and they show up in historical texts for prehistoric legendary dates and also in names of gods and Japanese emperors : The katakana transcription ジャパン ( Japan ) of the English word Japan is sometimes encountered in Japanese, for example in the names of organizations seeking to project an international image. Examples include ジャパンネット銀行 ( Japan Netto Ginkō ) (Japan Net Bank), ジャパンカップ ( Japan Kappu ) (Japan Cup), ワイヤレスジャパン ( Waiyaresu Japan ) (Wireless Japan), etc. Dōngyáng ( 東洋 ) and Dōngyíng ( 東瀛 ) – both literally, "Eastern Ocean" – are Chinese terms sometimes used to refer to Japan exotically when contrasting it with other countries or regions in eastern Eurasia ; however, these same terms may also be used to refer to all of East Asia when contrasting "the East" with "the West". The first term, Dōngyáng , has been considered to be

7300-467: The moraic nasal can be interpreted as an archiphoneme representing the neutralization of the contrast between the nasal consonants /m/ , /n/ in syllable-final position). The distinction between the voiced fricatives [z, ʑ] (originally allophones of /z/ ) and the voiced affricates [dz, dʑ] (originally allophones of /d/ ) is neutralized in Standard Japanese and in most (although not all) regional Japanese dialects. (Some dialects, e.g. Tosa , retain

7400-525: The most popular names for Japan from within the country, recently the foreign words Japan and even Jipangu (from Cipangu , see below) have been used in Japanese mostly for the purpose of foreign branding . Portuguese missionaries arrived in Japan at the end of the 16th century. In the course of learning Japanese , they created several grammars and dictionaries of Middle Japanese . The 1603–1604 dictionary Vocabvlario da Lingoa de Iapam contains two entries for Japan: nifon and iippon . The title of

7500-504: The name 大和 , which is read as Yamato (see also Jukujikun for a discussion of this type of spelling where the kanji and pronunciations are not directly related). The earliest record of 日本 appears in the Chinese Old Book of Tang , which notes the change in 703 when Japanese envoys requested that its name be changed. It is believed that the name change within Japan itself took place sometime between 665 and 703. During

7600-810: The native Jepang remains more common. In Korean, Japan is called Ilbon ( Hangeul : 일본 , Hanja : 日本 ), which is the Korean pronunciation of the Sino-Korean name, and in Sino-Vietnamese , Japan is called Nhật Bản (also rendered as Nhựt Bổn ). In Mongolian , Japan is called Yapon (Япон). Ue-kok ( 倭國 ) is recorded for older Hokkien speakers. In the past, Korea also used 倭國 , pronounced Waeguk ( 왜국 ). These are historic names of Japan that were noted on old maps issued in Europe. Unicode includes several character sequences that have been used to represent Japan graphically: These are some of

7700-456: The non-IPA symbol /c/ (also interpreted to include [tɕ] before [i] ). In contrast, Shibatani (1990) disregards such forms as exceptional, and prefers analyzing [ts] and [tɕ] as allophones of /t/ , not as a distinct affricate phoneme. Most consonants possess phonetically palatalized counterparts. Pairs of palatalized and non-palatalized consonants contrast before the back vowels /a o u/ , but are in complementary distribution before

7800-411: The non-IPA symbol /c/ ). In this sort of analysis, [tɕi, tɕa] = /tsi, tsja/ . Other interpretations treat [tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ] as their own phonemes, while treating other palatalized consonants as allophones or clusters. The status of [tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ] as phonemes rather than clusters ending in /j/ is argued to be supported by the stable use of the sequences [tɕe (d)ʑe ɕe] in loanwords; in contrast, /je/

7900-427: The novel kana spellings ティ, ディ . (Loanwords borrowed before [ti] was widely tolerated usually replaced this sequence with チ [tɕi] or (more rarely) テ [te] , and certain forms exhibiting these replacements continue to be used; likewise, ジ [(d)ʑi] or デ [de] can be found instead of [di] in some forms, such as ラジオ , rajio , 'radio' and デジタル , dejitaru , 'digital'. ) Based on

8000-457: The other, but in some cases, one form is simply more common. For example, Japanese-speakers generally call their language Nihongo ; Nippongo , while possible, is rarely used. In other cases, uses are variable. The name for the Bank of Japan ( 日本銀行 ), for example, is given as NIPPON GINKO on banknotes but is often referred to, such as in the media, as Nihon Ginkō . Nippon is the form that

8100-508: The palatalized allophones of /t s z/ , but it is debated whether this phonemic interpretation remains accurate in light of contrasts found in loanword phonology. The three alveolo-palatal sibilants [tɕ ɕ (d)ʑ] function, at least historically, as the palatalized counterparts of the four coronal obstruents [t s d (d)z] . Original /ti/ came to be pronounced as [tɕi] , original /si/ came to be pronounced as [ɕi] , and original /di/ and /zi/ both came to be pronounced as [(d)ʑi] . (As

8200-474: The palatalized counterparts of /p b k ɡ m n r/ , as in the following examples: The palatalized counterpart of /h/ is normally described as [ç] (although some speakers do not distinguish [ç] from [ɕ] ): In the analysis presented above, a sequence like [mʲa] is interpreted as containing three phonemes, /mja/ , with a complex onset cluster of the form /Cj/ . Palatalized consonants could instead be interpreted as their own phonemes, in which case [mʲa]

8300-432: The people of the Japanese archipelago something like "ˀWâ" ( 倭 ), which can also mean "dwarf" or "submissive". Japanese scribes found fault with its offensive connotation , and officially changed the characters they used to spell the native name for Japan, Yamato , replacing the 倭 ("dwarf") character for Wa with the homophone 和 ("peaceful, harmonious"). Wa 和 was often combined with 大 ("great") to form

8400-399: The phonetic realization of special "mora phonemes" ( モーラ 音素 , mōra onso ): a mora nasal /N/ , called the hatsuon , and a mora obstruent consonant /Q/ , called the sokuon . The pronunciation of these sounds varies depending on context: because of this, they may be analyzed as "placeless" phonemes with no phonologically specified place of articulation . A competing approach rejects

8500-427: The position of the preceding vowel (for example, uvular realizations were observed only after the back vowels /a, o/ ), but the range of overlap observed between similar vowel pairs suggests this assimilation is not a categorical allophonic rule, but a gradient phonetic process. 5% of the utterance-final samples of the moraic nasal were realized as nasalized vowels with no closure: in this case, appreciable tongue raising

8600-529: The presence of several layers of vocabulary in the language: in addition to native Japanese vocabulary, Japanese has a large amount of Chinese-based vocabulary (used especially to form technical and learned words, playing a similar role to Latin-based vocabulary in English ) and loanwords from other languages. Different layers of vocabulary allow different possible sound sequences ( phonotactics ). Many generalizations about Japanese pronunciation have exceptions if recent loanwords are taken into account. For example,

8700-455: The pronunciation Yamato cannot be formed from the sounds of its constituent characters; it refers to a place in Japan and, based on the specific spellings used in ancient documents (see also Man'yōgana and Old Japanese#Vowels ), this may have originally meant "Mountain Place" ( 山処 ) . Such words which use certain kanji to name a certain Japanese word solely for the purpose of representing

8800-415: The representation of these sounds in the Japanese spelling system .) Most dialects show a merger in the pronunciation of underlying /d/ and /z/ before /j/ or /i/ , with the resulting merged phone varying between [ʑ] and [dʑ] . The contrast between /d/ and /z/ is also neutralized before /u/ in most dialects (see above ). While the diachronic origins of these sounds as allophones of /t s d z/

8900-410: The same consonant: a "mora obstruent" /Q/ . In this analysis, [ak̚ka] , [issai] , [sat̚tɕi] can be phonemically transcribed as /aQka/ , /iQsai/ , /saQti/ . This analysis seems to be supported by the intuition of native speakers and matches the use in kana spelling of a single symbol, a small version of the tsu sign ( hiragana ⟨ っ ⟩ , katakana ⟨ ッ ⟩ ) to write

9000-424: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about distinct geographical locations with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jipang&oldid=1061830549 " Category : Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

9100-501: The start of a word, the voiceless stops /p, t, k/ are slightly aspirated —less so than English stops, but more than those in Spanish. Word-medial /p, t, k/ seem to be unaspirated on average. Phonetic studies in the 1980s observed an effect of accent as well as word position, with longer voice onset time (greater aspiration) in accented syllables than in unaccented syllables. A 2019 study of young adult speakers found that after

9200-573: The sun originates, and are often translated as the Land of the Rising Sun . This nomenclature comes from Imperial correspondence with the Chinese Sui dynasty and refers to Japan's eastern position relative to China . Before Nihon came into official use, Japan was known as Wa ( 倭 ) or Wakoku ( 倭国 ) . Wa was a name early China used to refer to an ethnic group living in Japan around

9300-908: The time of the Three Kingdoms period . The Yayoi people primarily lived on the island of Kyushu to the Kanto region on Honshu . Although the etymological origins of "Wa" remain uncertain, Chinese historical texts recorded an ancient people residing in the Japanese archipelago (perhaps Kyūshū), named something like *ˀWâ or *ˀWər 倭 . Carr (1992:9–10) surveys prevalent proposals for Wa's etymology ranging from feasible (transcribing Japanese first-person pronouns waga 我が "my; our" and ware 我 "I; oneself; thou") to shameful (writing Japanese Wa as 倭 implying "dwarf"), and summarizes interpretations for *ˀWâ "Japanese" into variations on two etymologies: "behaviorally 'submissive' or physically 'short'." The first "submissive; obedient" explanation began with

9400-491: The transcriptions /Q/ and /N/ and the identification of moraic consonants as their own phonemes, treating them instead as the syllable-final realizations of other consonant phonemes (although some analysts prefer to avoid using the concept of syllables when discussing Japanese phonology ). The moraic nasal or mora nasal ( hiragana ⟨ ん ⟩ , katakana ⟨ ン ⟩ , romanized as ⟨ n ⟩ or ⟨ n' ⟩ ) can be interpreted as

9500-491: The two names are interchangeable to this day. Nippon appeared in history only at the end of the 7th century. The Old Book of Tang ( 舊唐書 ), one of the Twenty-Four Histories , stated that the Japanese envoy disliked his country's name Woguo (Chinese) ( 倭國 ), and changed it to Nippon ( 日本 ), or "Origin of the Sun". Another 8th-century chronicle, True Meaning of Shiji ( 史記正義 ), however, states that

9600-430: The use of plosive vs. non-plosive pronunciations of the voiced stops /b, d, ɡ/ ; however, the overall rate of fricative realizations of /(d)z/ (including both [dz~z] and [dʑ~ʑ] , in either intervocalic or postnasal position) seems to be higher than the rate of non-plosive realizations of /b, d, ɡ/ . As a result of the neutralization, the historical spelling distinction between these sounds has been eliminated from

9700-403: The voiceless obstruents /p t k s/ and their allophones. (However, other consonant phonemes can appear as geminates in special contexts, such as in loanwords.) Geminate consonants can also be phonetically transcribed with a length mark, as in [ipːai] , but this notation obscures mora boundaries. Vance (2008) uses the length marker to mark a moraic nasal, as [sɑ̃mːbɑi] , based on the fact that

9800-482: The word's meaning regardless of the given kanji's on'yomi or kun'yomi , a.k.a. jukujikun , is not uncommon in Japanese. Other original names in Chinese texts include Yamatai country ( 邪馬台国 ), where a Queen Himiko lived. When hi no moto , the indigenous Japanese way of saying "sun's origin", was written in kanji , it was given the characters 日本 . In time, these characters began to be read using Sino-Japanese readings , first Nippon and later Nihon, although

9900-554: Was mentioned, but not officially recommended, by a 1991 cabinet directive on the use of kana to spell foreign words. Nogita (2016) argues that the difference between [ɕi] and [si] may be marginally contrastive for some speakers, whereas Labrune (2012) denies that *[si, zi] are ever distinguished in pronunciation from [ɕi, (d)ʑi] in adapted forms, regardless of whether the spellings スィ and ズィ are used in writing. The sequence [tsi] (as opposed to either [tɕi] or [ti] ) also has some marginal use in loanwords. An example

10000-413: Was observed only when the preceding vowel was /a/ . There are a variety of competing phonemic analyses of the moraic nasal. It may be transcribed with the non- IPA symbol /N/ and analyzed as a "placeless" nasal. Some analysts do not categorize it as a phonological consonant. Less abstractly, it may be analyzed as a uvular nasal / ɴ / , based on the traditional description of its pronunciation before

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