Juventas , also known as Iuventus or Juventus ( Greek equivalent: Hebe ), was the ancient Roman goddess whose sphere of tutelage was youth and rejuvenation. She was especially the goddess of young men "new to wearing the toga " (dea novorum togatorum) —that is, those who had just come of age.
31-531: Several voluntary associations ( collegia ) were formed for Juventas in the Italian municipalities , as attested by inscriptions. Juventas had a shrine within the cella of Minerva on the Capitoline . According to Dionysius and Livy , both she and the god Terminus are supposed to have "refused" the ceremony of reversal ( exauguratio ) performed when Tarquin wished to rebuild the temple district on
62-472: A common treasury, and legal right to an attorney. Large portions of the population of a town could be a part of collegia associations, with many aspects of daily life having corresponding collegia . The organization of a collegium was often modeled on that of civic governing bodies, the Senate of Rome being the epitome. The meeting hall was often known as the curia , the same term as that applied to that of
93-527: A private and public crime ( lex Julia de adulteriis ). To encourage population expansion, the leges Juliae offered inducements to marriage and imposed penalties upon the celibate . Augustus instituted the "Law of the three sons" which held those in high regard who produced three male offspring. Marrying-age celibates and young widows who would not marry were prohibited from receiving inheritances and from attending public games. The extracts below are from later legal codes and textbooks, but are also valuable in
124-430: A wide range of the various aspects of urban life; including political interests, cult practices, professions, trade, and civic services. The social connections fostered by collegia contributed to their influence on politics and the economy; acting as lobbying groups and representative groups for traders and merchants. Some collegia were linked to participating in political violence and social unrest, which resulted in
155-470: The Emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies . Collegia could function as guilds , social clubs , or burial societies ; in practice, in ancient Rome, they sometimes became organized bodies of local businessmen and even criminals, who ran the mercantile/criminal activities in a given urban region (similar to a rione ). Legal collegia possessed certain rights, such as common property,
186-578: The Roman Republic and around 100 AD, military collegia were viewed as small and violent militias. Inscriptions at Lambaesis date the formation of Legio III Augusta military clubs to the reign of Septimius Severus (193–211) and indicate that they were formed by petty officers and specialists attached to the various services of the legion. During the Severan dynasty (193–235 AD), when unions, both commercial and industrial, became widespread,
217-491: The Capitoline. Although other deities were relocated, these two were incorporated into the new structure. Dionysius also records that the semi-legendary king Servius Tullius established a temple fund for Juventas, to which each family had to contribute. The view that she was a part of archaic Roman religion depends mainly on these two aetiological legends, as she has no presence in the early history of Roman festivals . On
248-479: The Roman Senate. The formation of collegia and other civil organized bodies were subject to the discretion of the central Roman government. After the implementation of Julius Caesar's social reforms between 49 and 44 BC ( lex Iulia ) and their reaffirmation by Augustus , collegia required the approval of the Roman Senate or the emperor in order to be authorized as legal bodies. Collegia were often
279-544: The Romans introduced the lex Plautia Papiria de civitate , granting citizenship to more allies under rebellion – the main exceptions were the Samnites and Lucanians – in an attempt to further stem rebellion. Julius Caesar passed two pieces of agrarian legislation in 59 BC during his first consulship. They were two pieces of related legislation: a lex Julia agraria and a lex Julia de agro Campano . The first law
310-405: The absence of an announcement of negative omens, Caesar carried the bill in the assembly. Added to the law was then the requirement that senators swear an oath to uphold the law. Cato and an ally refused until intercession by Cicero , arguing that it would be better for Rome if Cato swore and remained than withdrew to exile. In the face of obstructive tactics from Cato's allies, Caesar brought
341-599: The advice of the Sibylline books , which were consulted amid anxieties surrounding the Second Punic War , Juventas was included in sacrifices in 218 BC relating to a lectisternium , a public banquet at which divine images were displayed as if the deities were participating. Like other deities whose cult was ordained by the Sibylline books, Juventas was venerated ritu graeco , according to "Greek" rite. Also at
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#1732787702550372-465: The bill before the popular assemblies. Inviting Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus , his co-consul and political opponent, to debate the bill, he won a political victory when he forced Bibulus to admit that he had few reasons for opposing the bill while publicly expressing senseless and obstinate opposition: "You will not have this law this year, not even should you all want it!". With the support of Pompey and Crassus , two influential senators with which Caesar
403-578: The bill expanding the public lands subject to redistribution straight to the assembly, bypassing the senate. The lex Julia de repetundis , also called the lex Julia repetundarum , was passed by Gaius Julius Caesar during his first consulship in 59 BC. It was a major piece of legislation containing over 100 clauses which dealt with a large number of provincial abuses, provided procedures for enforcement, and punishment for violations. Among other things, it: The law also expanded regulations on all kinds of public actions, including corruption before
434-464: The effect of almost tripling the number of Roman citizens and annexing large swathes of Italy into the republic proper. The offer would be open to all Italian towns which were not under arms or who would lay those arms down within a short period. The main purpose of the law was to prevent those who had not risen up against Roman rule from doing so. It also had the effect of weakening the Italian war effort by making acceptable compromises. The next year,
465-768: The first time the Genius Publicus ("Genius of the People") is recorded. After the disastrous Battle of Lake Trasimene in April 217 BC, Juventas, Hercules, and the Genius Publicus were excluded for a time from divine honors, as they were not felt to have been efficacious. Marcus Livius Salinator vowed a temple to her during the Battle of the Metaurus , when he faced Hasdrubal in 207 BC—an indication that Juventas
496-403: The government turned its attention to improving standards of living within the army. The basic purpose of military collegia was to help their members cover their funeral expenses. Officers and personnel assigned to special duties were not forbidden from joining collegia , but average soldiers on active duty could not form collegia or be members of them. Membership in a military collegium gave
527-866: The late 3rd century. Religious collegia were formed by fraternities of priests , sanctioned by the Roman government, and provided a number of religious functions in Rome. These included the overseeing of ritual sacrifices , the practice of augury , the keeping of scriptures , the arranging of festivals , and the maintaining of specific religious cults . Along with their religious functions, these kinds of collegia also had funerary and social functions; providing an outlet for fellowship as well as guaranteed burial services for its members. There were four great religious colleges ( quattuor amplissima collegia ) of Roman priests, in descending order of importance: Other minor religious collegia existed, including: Under
558-513: The law remained "the basis of the Roman law of provincial administration". This law may have set regulations for Italian municipalities. The question of whether Julius Caesar was responsible for this law is "fiercely debated". Under Augustus, the leges Juliae of 18–17 BC attempted to elevate both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome and to increase the population by encouraging marriage and having children ( lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus ). They also established adultery as
589-520: The lectisternium of 218 BC, a supplication was performed at the Temple of Hercules . In Greek myth , the divinized Hercules had Hebe as his wife. The cultivation of both deities at the time of the Second Punic War seems intended to reinvigorate men of fighting age: Juventas "was regarded as a powerful divine force rendering a vital gift of strength at a critical moment." This occasion is also
620-603: The most ancient collegia and instituted that any new collegia had to be deemed by the Senate to be useful to the community. Later in the 2nd century AD, collegia in the Roman world showed signs of an increased tolerance on the part of the Roman government. Under Hadrian , inscriptions in Asia Minor depict collegia that functioned with more freedom as Roman restrictions became smaller and more temporary in scope. The Roman emperor Aurelian imposed state control over collegia in
651-735: The officer insurance against unforeseen events requiring any substantial financial investment. Epigraphic inscriptions indicate the Collegia appeared in 84 Roman cities including Rome. There may have been Collegia in Assisi , Clusium , Ligures Baebiani , Marsi , Pollentia , Praeneste , Tarraco , Vada Sabtia , and Uthina . There were Collegias in Brixia , Aquinicum , Mediolanium , Ravenna Most Collegia were located in Italy , Pannonia , and Southern Gaul . Collegia are sparsely located in
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#1732787702550682-522: The other provinces. Lex Julia A lex Julia (plural: leges Juliae ) was an ancient Roman law that was introduced by any member of the gens Julia . Most often, "Julian laws", lex Julia or leges Juliae refer to moral legislation introduced by Augustus in 23 BC, or to a law related to Julius Caesar . During the Social War , a conflict between the Italians and the Romans over
713-504: The permanent courts, the senate, and public contracts (especially as to public works and grain). It also banned the owning of ships by senators. While it extended to judicial corruption, "Caesar was prudent" in keeping away from the "political hot potato" that was anti-bribery legislation applied to the equites – diverse men including Cato and Pompey had previously tried and failed in passing such legislation. However, Caesar cooperated with an ally in introducing legislation to record
744-574: The suppression of social associations by the Roman government. Following the passage of the Lex Julia during the reign of Julius Caesar as Consul and Dictator of the Roman Republic (49–44 BC), and their reaffirmation during the reign of Caesar Augustus as Princeps senatus and Imperator of the Roman Army (27 BC–14 AD), collegia required the approval of the Roman Senate or
775-431: The target of restrictions and bans as a result of suspicions on the part of the Roman government about the function of these social associations. The legality of civil collegia was subject to constant legislation. In 64 BC, all civic collegia were banned by the Senate for being against the Roman constitution, only to be restored six years later in 58 BC. Part of the social reforms of Julius Caesar's reign disbanded all but
806-451: The votes of the jury panels (senators, equites , and tribuni aerarii ) separately, which "imposed a degree of indirect accountability without violating the secrecy of the individual verdict". It was passed with little dissent, receiving "high praise from [Caesar's] contemporaries". Many senators contributed to it, including Cato, who may have proposed the addition of some regulations against extortion of provincial towns. For centuries,
837-488: The withholding of Italian citizenship, the consul Lucius Julius Caesar passed a law to grant all Italians not under arms citizenship. At the instruction of the Senate, Lucius Caesar proposed a law providing that each Italian community would decide as to whether they would take Roman citizenship and establish new tribes – possibly eight – in the Tribal Assembly for the new citizens. This grant to citizenship had
868-535: Was among the many Virtutes ("Virtues") to appear on the coinage of Antoninus Pius . Collegium (ancient Rome) A collegium ( pl. : collegia ) or college was any association in ancient Rome that acted as a legal entity . Such associations could be civil or religious. The word collegium literally means "society", from collega ("colleague"). They functioned as social clubs or religious collectives whose members worked towards their shared interests. These shared interests encompassed
899-406: Was cooperating in a then- secret alliance , popular support for the bill grew. Bibulus resorted instead to obstruction tactics by declaring negative omens on every day the bill could be voted on; one day, when moving to declare those omens, he – along with his political ally Cato – was attacked in the street by a mob (almost certainly organised by Caesar and his allies), forcing him to return home. In
930-519: Was related to the distribution of public (both existing and purchased from willing sellers) lands to the urban poor and Pompey 's veterans; the latter added public lands in Campania for distribution. The passage of the first law was troubled. Caesar started his consulship by introducing it; it immediately met a filibuster from Cato the Younger . After being blocked in the senate, Caesar brought
961-429: Was still felt to have potency. A procession ( supplicia canum ) in which Romans carried crucified dogs passed between the Temple of Juventas and that of Summanus . A late source dates the "punishment of the dogs" to August 3. On Imperial coins, Juventas and Spes ("Hope") are often associated with the reigning Caesar . A supplication to Juventas and Spes marked the anniversary of Augustus 's coming of age. Juventas