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107-750: The Juan Amarillo , Arzobispo , or Salitre River is a river on the Bogotá savanna and a left tributary of the Bogotá River in Colombia . The river originates from various quebradas in the Eastern Hills and flows into the Bogotá River at the largest of the wetlands of Bogotá , Tibabuyes , also called Juan Amarillo Wetland. The total surface area of the Juan Amarillo basin, covering

214-637: A raft into the cold waters of the 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) high lake to the northeast of the Bogotá savanna. After a journey of almost a year, where the Spanish lost over 80% of their soldiers, the conquistadors following the Suárez River , reached the Bogotá savanna in March 1537. The zipa who ruled the Bogotá savanna at the arrival of the Spanish was Tisquesusa . The Muisca posed little resistance to

321-513: A Spanish nobleman, as their "lord and prince". A few months later, Aguirre had Guzman assassinated and assumed command. The quest for El Dorado was abandoned, and the mutineers sailed down the Amazon with the intention of conquering Peru. They reached the ocean and sailed north, before landing at Borburata and marching overland towards the Andes. At Barquisimeto, the journey came to an end when Aguirre

428-589: A diplomatic envoy. It is likely that Castellanos's account is unreliable, and that Belalcázar had not heard the El Dorado legend prior to his arrival in Muisca territory. A new element in Castellanos's version of the story is the king's habit of making oblations on a raft. In the early 17th century, Pedro Simón elaborated on this ceremony, claiming that it took place at Lake Guatavita near Bogotá, and that

535-491: A few cinnamon trees, Pizarro enquired among the locals about the way to El Dorado; when they were unable to give him any information, he had them tortured and killed. After some aimless searching, the expedition arrived at the banks of the Coca River , where they met an Indigenous chief named Delicola. Pizarro's reputation preceded him, and Delicola quickly told him what he wanted to hear: that further downstream he would find

642-437: A few emeralds. He therefore continued north to Tunja , home of the zacque , and here the conquistadors uncovered "the single greatest haul of treasure in the entire conquest of Muisca territory". They captured the zacque and looted the palace, then turned their attention to nearby Sogamoso . This was a major religious centre and the location of the Muisca's most sacred temple. The Spaniards accidentally burnt this temple to

749-481: A force of 370 Spaniards, embarking with a flotilla of small boats on 26 September 1560. A secondary purpose of the expedition was to find employment for the idle veterans of recent civil wars; among them Lope de Aguirre , a disgraced former soldier who had no interest in El Dorado and little motive for loyalty to his superiors. On 1 January 1561, Aguirre led a mutiny against the leaders of the expedition. The mutineers killed Pedro de Ursúa and elected Fernando de Guzman,

856-614: A great lake within the Guianas which they called Manoa. Berrio led his men across the Orinoco but soon found that they were not fit to continue any further, and he was forced to turn for home. In March 1587, Berrio launched a second expedition. He crossed the river once more and spent several months exploring the forests on the other side, searching for a route into the mountains. Eventually his men rebelled against him and deserted, leaving him no choice but to return again to Bogotá. During

963-519: A journey of almost a year, where the Spanish lost over 80% of their soldiers, the conquistadors following the Suárez River , reached the Bogotá savanna in March 1537. The zipa who ruled the Bogotá savanna at the arrival of the Spanish was Tisquesusa . The Muisca posed little resistance to the Spanish strangers and Tisquesusa was defeated in April 1537 in Funza , in the centre of the savanna. He fled towards

1070-455: A little way inland, but Orellana decided that he lacked the manpower to investigate further. Nonetheless, his account of the great wealth of the Omagua would prove influential to future expeditions. When Jiménez de Quesada departed for Spain, he left his brother Hernán in temporary command of the Muisca province, now known as New Granada. When Hernán de Quesada heard the story of El Dorado, he

1177-699: A loan, the governorship of Venezuela and a licence to explore the country. One of the Welsers' principal concerns was to find a passage through the continent to the Pacific Ocean (then known as the South Sea); such a passage, if found, would open up a new route to India and give Spain an edge in the spice trade . It was to this end that in August 1529, Dalfinger set out with an expeditionary force to Lake Maracaibo . The Europeans drastically underestimated

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1284-549: A name which eventually came to be applied to the city itself. It is unknown whether this story had any basis in fact, but it may have been inspired by the culture of the Muisca , an Indigenous people inhabiting a plateau in the Andean mountains in modern-day Colombia . The Muisca were skilled goldsmiths; they made frequent use of golden objects in their religious ceremonies, and also manufactured ornaments and jewellery for trade with

1391-600: A place or a person called "El Dorado" prior to 1541. It was in this year that the historian Oviedo recorded a story that was current among the Spanish inhabitants of Quito, relating to a native ruler called the "Golden Chief or King": They tell me that what they have learned from the Indians is that that great lord or prince goes about continually covered in gold dust as fine as ground salt. He feels that it would be less beautiful to wear any other ornament   ... He washes away at night what he puts on each morning, so that it

1498-471: A place which they named Grita Valley (near modern-day Vélez ). This plateau was home to a prosperous civilization; the villages they passed through now yielded impressive quantities of gold and emeralds. They were entering into the territory of the Muisca . The Musica were an agricultural people who built in wood rather than stone. They were not a unified tribe, but a loose organization of independent chiefdoms. The two most important rulers, to whom most of

1605-570: A portion of the wealth he had looted from the Muisca, and all three agreed to return to Spain together and lay their territorial claims before the Council of the Indies . Then, on 29 April 1539, the three men jointly founded the city of Bogotá in the name of Charles V. Aside from the aforementioned statement by Gonzalo de la Peña (from a testimony given in July 1539), there are no written references to

1712-417: A ray of the sun   ... The soldiers, delighted and content, then gave [that king] the name El Dorado. A later author, Antonio Herrera , connected this "itinerant Indian" with the indio dorado captured by Belalcázar in 1534. However, modern scholars have argued that there would be no reason for a citizen of Bacatá to travel as far south as Quito, either for purposes of trade or, as suggested by Herrera, as

1819-461: A second expedition, but died of an illness at sea. Before long, "Meta" would become the general name for the legendary golden kingdom. In 1534, Sebastián de Belalcázar , one of Pizarro's lieutenants, conquered the Incan city of Quito , where he expected to find great quantities of treasure. Not finding as much as he had hoped, he assumed that the real treasure had been hidden and set about capturing

1926-419: A six-league triangle". Each of the new arrivals believed that they had a claim to the plateau and its spoils. The geography of South America was still uncertain, and Belalcázar insisted that the Muisca territory lay within his jurisdiction, while Federmann argued that it was part of Venezuela. Quesada, a lawyer by training, resolved the tension by drawing up a contract. He granted each of his rival conquistadors

2033-400: A warlike tribe from the west; this seemed to bolster the theory, current among the Spanish and strongly held by Raleigh, that El Dorado was populated by fugitive Incans from Peru. Topiawari would later inform Raleigh that the invading tribe was rich in gold, and that their nearest town, just four day's journey to the south, was the source of "all those plates of gold which were scattered among

2140-508: A wealthy and powerful civilization. Pizarro built a boat, and the expedition sailed down the Coca to the Napo River . On 25 December, Pizarro was forced to call a halt, as his starving men were threatening to mutiny. Delicola, whom they had brought with them as a prisoner, assured them the land they sought was just a few days' journey down the river. It was decided that Orellana should take

2247-540: Is a mythical city of gold supposedly located somewhere in South America . The king of this city was said to be so rich that he would cover himself from head to foot in gold dust – either daily or on certain ceremonial occasions – before diving into a sacred lake to wash it off. The legend was first recorded in the 16th century by Spanish colonists in America ; they referred to the king as El Dorado, 'the golden one',

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2354-405: Is discarded and lost, and he does this every day of the year   ... The Indians say that this chief or king is a very rich and great ruler. He anoints himself every morning with a certain gum or resin that sticks very well. The powdered gold adheres to that unction   ... until his entire body is covered from the soles of his feet to his head. He looks as resplendent as a gold object worked by

2461-418: Is present, which has a negative impact on agriculture. Hail is a relatively common phenomenon on the savanna. There is a system of wetlands ( humedales ) that regulate the soil moisture acting like sponges for the rain waters. Fifteen wetlands have a protected status, with various wetlands as unprotected. In 1950, the total surface area of the wetlands amounted to 150,000 hectares (370,000 acres), but due to

2568-405: Is the biggest city worldwide at altitudes above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). The many rivers on the savanna are highly contaminated and efforts to solve the environmental problems are conducted in the 21st century. Bogotá savanna is named after Bogotá, which is derived from Muysccubun Bacatá , which means "(Enclosure) outside of the farm fields". The Bogotá savanna is the southwestern part of

2675-439: The Eastern Hills of Bogotá . Main feeder creeks are Las Delicias, La Vieja, El Chicó, Los Molinos, Santa Bárbara, Delicias del Carmen, El Cóndor, El Cedro, San Cristóbal, La Cita and La Floresta. The Juan Amarillo Basin covers the localities Usaquén , Chapinero and Santa Fe in its upper course and Suba , Barrios Unidos , Teusaquillo and Engativá in its lower drainage area. The Suba Hills ( cerros de Suba ) are located in

2782-539: The Magdalena River , the main fluvial artery of Colombia. Word got around among the Spanish colonisers that deep in the unknown Andes, a rich area with an advanced civilisation must exist. These tales bore the -not so much- legend of El Dorado ; the city or man of gold. The Muisca, skilled goldworkers , held a ritual in Lake Guatavita where the new zipa would cover himself in gold dust and jump from

2889-572: The New World crops that the Muisca cultivated. Over the course of the 16th to early 20th century, the Bogotá savanna was sparsely populated and industrialised. The rise in population during the twentieth century and the expansion of agriculture and urbanisation reduced the biodiversity and natural habitat of the Bogotá savanna severely. Today, the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá on the Bogotá savanna hosts more than ten million people. Bogotá

2996-621: The Spanish conquest of the Bogotá savanna, the area was inhabited by the indigenous Muisca , who formed a loose confederation of various caciques , named the Muisca Confederation . The Bogotá savanna, known as Muyquytá , was ruled by the zipa . The people specialised in agriculture , the mining of emeralds , trade and especially the extraction of rock salt from rocks in Zipaquirá , Nemocón , Tausa and other areas on

3103-607: The conquest of the Aztecs by Hernán Cortés and the conquest of the Incas by Francisco Pizarro soon rekindled European hopes that vast gold deposits still remained to be uncovered. The first European incursion into Venezuela was made by Ambrosius Dalfinger , governor of the Spanish settlement of Coro . Dalfinger was an employee of the Welser banking family, a German firm to whom Charles V of Spain had granted, as security for

3210-564: The llanos . By April 1584, he was encamped four leagues from the Orinoco River , which runs along the western edge of the plain. Berrio believed that El Dorado was located somewhere in the highlands of the Guianas , on the far side of the river. Captured natives confirmed under questioning that these highlands were home to "great settlements and a very great number of people, and great riches of gold and precious stones". They also spoke of

3317-514: The Ariari River towards the end of 1538, Federmann heard from the natives that there was much gold to be found to the west, and consequently began an assault on the Andean slopes. In February 1539, Federmann's bedraggled troops emerged onto the plateau near Pasca . Within two months, the armies of Federmann, Quesada and Belalcázar were encamped within sight of each other at Bacatá, "all within

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3424-432: The Bogotá savanna, in addition to the capital city of Bogotá , are: Mosquera , Soacha , Madrid , Funza , Facatativá , Subachoque , El Rosal , Tabio , Tenjo , Cota , Chía , Cajicá , Zipaquirá , Nemocón , Sopó , Tocancipá , Gachancipá , Sesquilé , Suesca , Chocontá and Guatavita . El Dorado El Dorado ( Spanish: [el doˈɾaðo] , English: / ˌ ɛ l d ə ˈ r ɑː d oʊ / )

3531-463: The Bogotá savanna. The salt extraction, a task exclusively of the Muisca women , gave the Muisca the name "The Salt People". In April 1536, a group of around 800 conquistadors left the relative safety of the Caribbean coastal city of Santa Marta to start a strenuous expedition up the Magdalena River , the main fluvial artery of Colombia. Word got around among the Spanish colonisers that deep in

3638-491: The Caribbean islands in 1492. On seeing the golden ornaments worn by some of the native inhabitants, he assumed that he had discovered a prosperous country, and spent several months travelling from island to island, searching for the source of the gold. Although he found no mines, he was unshaken in his conviction that these new lands held great wealth. He promised the Catholic Monarchs of Spain, who were sponsoring

3745-423: The Guianas. Raleigh likewise failed to reach his goal, but a later survey by his lieutenant, Lawrence Kemys , brought back some local information regarding a great lake called Lake Parime that supposedly lay somewhere further inland. This lake, considered a prime candidate for the location of the golden city, became the object of further searches, and was included in maps throughout the 17th century. Over time, as

3852-697: The Juan Amarillo River basin. Bogot%C3%A1 savanna The Bogotá savanna is crossed from northeast to southwest by the 375 kilometres (233 mi) long Bogotá River , which at the southwestern edge of the plateau forms the Tequendama Falls ( Salto del Tequendama ). Other rivers, such as the Subachoque , Bojacá , Fucha , Soacha and Tunjuelo Rivers , tributaries of the Bogotá River, form smaller valleys with very fertile soils dedicated to agriculture and cattle-breeding. Before

3959-460: The Juan Amarillo River basin. The total surface area of the Juan Amarillo basin is 12,892 hectares (31,860 acres). The river transports 3,400 milligrams per litre (0.00012 lb/cu in) of solid sediments, of which 1,320 milligrams per litre (4.8 × 10 lb/cu in) reach the mouth of the river near the Tibabuyes wetland. Six of the fifteen protected wetlands of Bogotá are located in

4066-493: The Magdalena River to its source. The party travelled south as far as La Tora (modern-day Barrancabermeja ), where they found the river became too narrow and fast-flowing for any further progress to be made. Although they had suffered heavy losses, Quesada convinced his men not to turn straight back for home, declaring that "it would be ignoble to return with nothing done". He had noticed cakes of rock salt in use among

4173-410: The Muisca to the new rule. Between 65 and 80% of the indigenous people perished due to European diseases as smallpox and typhus . The Spanish introduced new crops, replacing many of the New World crops that the Muisca cultivated. The Spanish colonizers engaged in the construction of Spanish-style towns to replace all the indigenous villages and in the process of assimilation and religious convert of

4280-436: The Muisca. The majority of those villages kept their indigenous names, but some were slightly modified in time, like Suacha which became Soacha , Hyntiba becoming Fontibón and Bacatá becoming Bogotá . Over the course of the 16th to early 20th century, the Bogotá savanna was sparsely populated and industrialised. The rise in population during the twentieth century and the expansion of agriculture and urbanisation reduced

4387-581: The South Sea, he was told that the countries bordering this sea were rich in gold, pearls, and gemstones. Enquiring further, Federmann's party were directed to a hilltop from which they could see what appeared to be a large body of water. This was in fact the llanos , a grassland plain which is subject to periodic floods. Having failed to find a route to the Pacific, and faced with difficult terrain, mass illness, and increasingly hostile natives, Federmann

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4494-521: The Spaniards who had passed that way earlier were now all dead or dying, but von Hutten believed this to be merely an attempt to distract him from his mission. Towards the end of 1543, on the banks of the Guaviare River , von Hutten heard from the locals that nearby were "enormous towns of very rich people who possessed innumerable wealth". He was guided to a village of the Omagua people, and

4601-460: The Spaniards, but was unable to tell them the location of the hidden treasure. In an effort to make him talk, they eventually tortured him to death, though Quesada himself disclaimed any responsibility for this action. In early 1539, after nearly two years on the plateau, Quesada received reports that a group of Europeans were camped in the Magdalena valley near Neiva , southwest of Bacatá. This

4708-489: The Spanish conquerors heard the legend from Muisca natives who had witnessed the ceremony first-hand. Demetrio Ramos Pérez, followed by John Hemming among others, argues that the story was invented by the Spaniards themselves. José Ignacio Avellaneda regards it as "rather certain" that the legend had a factual basis. J. P. Quintero-Guzmán suggests that the Guatavita ceremony may have been a one-time event which lived on in

4815-562: The Spanish strangers and Tisquesusa was defeated in April 1537 in Funza , in the centre of the savanna. He fled towards the western hills and died of his wounds in Facatativá , on the southwestern edge of the Bogotá savanna. The Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada established the New Kingdom of Granada with capital Santa Fe de Bogotá on August 6, 1538. This started a process of colonisation, evangelisation and submittance of

4922-667: The Upar valley, had returned to Coro in September 1536. Finding Hohermuth still absent, he embarked on an unauthorized journey to the south-southwest, following Hohermuth's trail. He was joined by survivors of another venture led by Jerónimo de Ortal , who had attempted to follow in Ordaz's footsteps and locate the headwaters of the Meta. His men had mutinied against Ortal and struck out on their own; meeting up with Federmann, they brought with them

5029-493: The Welser had sent along a replacement governor, Hans Seissenhofer, who had named Nikolaus Federmann as deputy. Dalfinger now resumed the governorship, but temporarily left Federmann in charge while he recovered from an illness. Federmann, taking advantage of his new authority, soon launched his own expedition into the interior. Placating the indigenous tribes with gifts of beads and iron tools, and searching for information about

5136-418: The advance of the Spaniards were easily defeated, and by the end of April Quesada had entered Bacatá. The zipa , however, had fled, taking all his treasure with him. After a few failed attempts to track him down, Quesada removed to the northern territory, where he had heard there were emerald mines. He found the mines at Somondoco , but they were difficult to work and his men were unable to recover more than

5243-415: The area became better charted, the existence of the lake was thrown into doubt. In the early 19th century, Alexander von Humboldt conclusively declared Lake Parime to be a myth, bringing an end to the popular belief in El Dorado. Nevertheless, the subject has had a lasting cultural impact. The mystery surrounding the lost city, and the supposed wealth of its inhabitants, have influenced creative media since

5350-476: The ascent. He continued down the Orinoco, emerging into the Atlantic Ocean not far from the island of Trinidad . He and his followers founded a new town on the island, San José de Oruña , and began preparations for a final assault on the Guianas. On 22 March 1595, an English fleet headed by Walter Raleigh arrived off the coast of Trinidad. Raleigh made peaceful overtures to the Spanish inhabitants of

5457-412: The biodiversity and natural habitat of the Bogotá savanna severely. Today, the Metropolitan Area of Bogotá on the Bogotá savanna hosts more than ten million people. Bogotá is the biggest city worldwide at altitudes above 2,500 metres (8,200 ft). The many rivers on the savanna are highly contaminated and efforts to solve the environmental problems are conducted in the 21st century. The main cities of

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5564-492: The breadth of the South American landmass, and it seemed possible that this lake would prove to connect with the Pacific. During the course of their nine-month journey, they looted numerous golden trinkets from the local population, and were told that these had been acquired through trade with a certain tribe high up in the mountains. Upon his return to Coro, Dalfinger found that in his absence he had been presumed dead;

5671-446: The city of Quito, who said he was a citizen of Bogotá and had come there by I know not what means. He stated that [Bogotá] was a land rich in emeralds and gold. Among the things that attracted them, he told of a certain king, unclothed, who went on rafts on a pool to make oblations, which he had observed, anointing all [his body] with resin and on top of it a quantity of ground gold, from the bottom of his feet to his forehead, gleaming like

5778-549: The delta, soon becoming lost in what Raleigh described as a "labyrinth of rivers". Eventually, however, they emerged into the Caño Manamo , and from there into the Orinoco proper. A little further upriver, near the confluence of the Orinoco and the Caroní, Raleigh met a native chief called Topiawari, with whom he entered into friendly relations. Topiawari told him that his people had recently been driven out of inland Guiana by

5885-465: The east, hoping to find the country of this golden king. He was guided in his choice of direction by the report of a Spaniard who claimed to have been in a place called Cinnamon Valley , and had heard that beyond the valley was a flat, open country whose inhabitants wore golden jewellery. Accompanying the expedition as second-in-command was Francisco Orellana , a kinsman of the Pizarros. On finding

5992-399: The edge of the llanos , they came upon the tracks of Hernán de Quesada's south-bound expedition. Judging that Quesada would not have deserted his province except in expectation of finding even greater wealth, they decided to follow the same route. A native chief informed them that there were no rich settlements in that direction, and added that he had received word from neighbouring tribes that

6099-577: The execution by beheading of Bartholomeus Welser and von Hutten. In 1550, Charles V ordered the suspension of all expeditions while a debate was held in Spain on their legitimacy. This official suspension lasted nearly a decade, until in 1559 Pedro de Ursúa received permission from the Viceroy of Peru to equip an expedition to the Amazon. It was, by now, widely believed among the Peruvian settlers that

6206-590: The expedition, that with a little assistance he could "give them as much gold as they have need of". Columbus would have been aware of a number of European legends that told of wealthy utopias located in the western hemisphere. The ancient Greeks believed that somewhere in the Atlantic lay the Isles of the Blessed , an earthly paradise with a permanently temperate climate. According to the 2nd-century author Lucian ,

6313-437: The experienced conquistador , Raleigh announced his own intention to strike out into Guiana and find the golden city. Unable to bring his ships into the narrow channels of the Orinoco delta, he had his carpenters adapt one of them (possibly a galleass ) so that it drew only five feet of water; this vessel was able to carry sixty men, while another forty were distributed among the smaller boats. They made slow progress through

6420-484: The fabled El Dorado lay in the lands of the Omagua. The stories of the European explorers had been corroborated by a band of Indigenous Brazilians who had lately arrived in the Peruvian town of Chachapoyas , having traveled upstream along the Amazon. They said that they had been among the Omagua, and spoke of "the inestimable value of their riches, and the vastness of their trading". Fired by these reports, Ursúa assembled

6527-508: The fertile soils of the frequently flooding Bogotá savanna. More tropical and subtropical agricultural products as avocadoes and cotton were traded with their neighbours, in particular the Guane and Lache in the north and northeast and the Guayupe , Achagua and Tegua in the east. The Muisca were known as skilled goldworkers , represented in the famous Muisca raft , that symbolises

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6634-521: The first Europeans to sail upon the latter river. They successfully navigated its entire length, eventually emerging into the Atlantic Ocean. During their voyage, Orellana's party passed through a long stretch of land inhabited by the Omagua . Impressed by their religious idols, their skilfully crafted pottery, and their well-maintained trading routes, Orellana took captives and questioned them about their culture. They told him that very wealthy people lived

6741-536: The first evidences of settlement in open area space was Aguazuque , whose oldest dated remains are analysed to be 5000 years old. This prehistorical preceramic period was followed by the Herrera Period , commonly defined from 800 BCE to 800 AD. At the arrival of the Spanish conquistadors , the region was inhabited by the Muisca who lived in hundreds of small villages scattered across the plateau. These villages were individually ruled by caciques who at

6848-406: The gold dust was offered as a sacrifice to a supernatural entity living in the lake. Juan Rodríguez Freyle , in 1636, was the first to describe the ceremony as an investiture ritual undergone by each new zipa . Freyle claimed to have received his information from the nephew of the last Indigenous ruler of Guatavita. Historians disagree on the veracity of these reports. Warwick Bray states that

6955-505: The golden objects crafted by the Muisca were actually made of a gold-copper alloy called tumbaga . Gold played an important role in Musica religion; it decorated the principal temples and was used for votive offerings and funerary goods, often in the form of an anthropomorphic tunjo . Quesada's first move upon arriving at the Muisca plateau was to march on the zipa' s palace at Bacatá (modern-day Funza ). The native armies sent to halt

7062-404: The ground, but not before acquiring another substantial haul of gold. Not satisfied with these twin gains, Quesada led his men back to Bacatá to resume the search for the treasure of the zipa . Finally discovering the ruler's stronghold in the mountains, he launched a night-time attack, during which the zipa was accidentally killed. The zipa' s successor, Sagipa , negotiated an alliance with

7169-433: The hand of a great artist. The timing suggests that this story was brought back to Quito by the men who had assisted in the conquest of the Muisca. Oviedo did not specify where the golden prince was to be found, but by the 1580s the legend had become definitely associated with the Muisca, as evidenced by the following account written by Juan de Castellanos : [Belalcázar] interrogated a foreign, itinerant Indian resident in

7276-525: The healthiest men aboard the boat and go in search of food, while Pizarro and the others followed on foot. However, Orellana was unable to find sufficient quantities of food to satisfy Pizarro's army, and soon realized that in any case returning upstream would be impossible. He made the decision to abandon Pizarro and sail on. Reaching the confluence of the Napo River with the Amazon , he and his men became

7383-457: The historical record. Quesada sent a scouting party to investigate the newcomers; the rival expeditions met amicably, and shortly afterwards Quesada was informed that Belalcázar's forces were approaching Bacatá. At the same time, he was told by his Indigenous allies that a third army was making its way up the slopes from the direction of the llanos . This force would prove to be headed by Nikolaus Federmann. Federmann, following his mission to

7490-414: The idea that the legendary land of gold was situated on higher ground. Federmann, like Hohermuth, skirted the edge of the Andes, but at one point took a detour into the plains, which happened to prevent his party from meeting Hohermuth's returning expedition. Contemporary accounts suggest that Federmann deliberately avoided Hohermuth so as not to have to abandon his own quest and give assistance. Reaching

7597-534: The inhabitants of these Isles dwelt in cities made of gold, ivory and emeralds. The Atlantic also gave its name to the mythical continent of Atlantis , which was said to be home to an advanced civilization rich in gold, silver and orichalcum . During the Middle Ages, stories were told of the Isle of Seven Cities , a supposed Christian haven which frequently appeared on 15th-century maps, and which may have inspired

7704-399: The initiation ritual of the new zipa in Lake Guatavita . This ritual, where the zipa covered himself in gold dust and jumped in the 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) altitude lake, gave rise to the -not so much- legend of El Dorado . In April 1536, a group of around 800 conquistadors left the relative safety of the Caribbean coastal city of Santa Marta to start a strenuous expedition up

7811-452: The island, trading with them and entertaining them on board his ships. Under the influence of wine, the Spaniards spoke freely of Berrio's activities in Guiana, the geography of the land, and of the riches they believed were to be found in the interior. On 7 April, Raleigh launched a surprise attack against the town of San José and captured Berrio. Having gleaned what information he could from

7918-405: The lakeside as sacrificial offerings. An archaeological find known as the Muisca raft has often been cited as evidence for the historicity of the El Dorado legend. Discovered in 1969 in a cave in the region of Pasca , this golden artefact depicts a man of high status, probably a chief, seated on a raft and surrounded by attendants. Quintero-Guzmán calls the relationship between this object and

8025-672: The larger Andean plateau, the Altiplano Cundiboyacense. The savanna is a montane savanna , bordered to the east by the Eastern Hills , the Sumapaz mountains in the south, the hills of Tausa and Suesca in the north and western hills of Cundinamarca in the west. The total surface area is 4,251.6 square kilometres (1,641.6 sq mi). The average temperature of the plateau is 14 °C (57 °F), but this can fluctuate between 0 and 24 °C (32 and 75 °F). The dry and rainy seasons alternate frequently during

8132-598: The later legend of the Seven Cities of Gold . Columbus also had an interest in finding the location of two regions mentioned in the Bible, Ophir and Tarshish , from whence King Solomon was said to have imported vast quantities of treasure. Columbus believed that not only these two countries but also the Garden of Eden were to be found somewhere on the newly discovered continent, and many of those who followed him shared

8239-447: The legend of El Dorado began to spread among the European colonists. In the decades that followed, the city was sought for in various places across the continent. Antonio de Berrio , Quesada's heir, believed that El Dorado lay within the Guianas , and tried on three occasions to forge a path into the uncharted highlands. Before he could make a third attempt, he was taken captive by Walter Raleigh , who then launched his own expedition into

8346-440: The legend of the golden man "almost undeniable". A similar object, discovered at Lake Siecha in 1856 but later destroyed in a fire, was also described as a representation of the same ceremony, though others argued that it depicted an ordinary leisure cruise. Gonzalo Pizarro , brother of Francisco, was governor of Quito at the time when the legend of El Dorado was developing. In February 1541, he led an expedition out of Quito to

8453-489: The local chiefs, whom he tortured for information. One of the chiefs captured during these campaigns was not an Incan; he said that he came from a land twelve days' march to the north. The Spaniards called him el indio dorado , "the golden Indian". The reason for this is not clear, but it may have been because he wore golden armour or other body ornaments. Interested in finding the homeland of this "golden Indian", Belalcázar sent an expedition party north, where they discovered

8560-557: The localities Usaquén , Chapinero , Santa Fe , Suba , Barrios Unidos , Teusaquillo , and Engativá , is 12,892 hectares (31,860 acres). Together with the Fucha and Tunjuelo Rivers , the Juan Amarillo River forms part of the left tributaries of the Bogotá River in the Colombian capital. The Juan Amarillo, Arzobispo, or Salitre River, is formed by various quebradas ("creeks") sourced at an altitude of 3,300 metres (10,800 ft) in

8667-492: The main ingredient of the Muisca cuisine . Today, this species of deer, as well as the once common spectacled bear , is restricted to protected areas surrounding the Bogotá savanna. The Thomas van der Hammen Natural Reserve is a protected area in the north of Bogotá. The earliest confirmed inhabitation of present-day Colombia was on the Bogotá savanna with sites El Abra , Tequendama and Tibitó , where semi-nomadic hunter-gatherers lived in caves and rock shelters. One of

8774-412: The neighbouring tribes. Early European settlers, searching for the source of the gold they found among the lowland peoples, made several attempts to reach the plateau. The first to succeed was Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada in 1537. Quesada and his men conquered the territory of the Muisca in the name of Spain, and looted large quantities of gold from their palaces and temples. It was shortly after this that

8881-419: The oral history of the Muisca until the arrival of the Spaniards. Lakes did feature heavily in Muisca religion . It was said that the mother goddess Bachué emerged from a lake before peopling the earth, and then returned to the water in the form of a serpent. Guatavita was one of several sacred lakes found within Muisca territory, and it was not uncommon for gold, emeralds and other objects to be deposited at

8988-521: The other chieftains paid fealty, were the zipa , who ruled the lands to the south, and the zacque , who ruled the lands to the north. The Musica were skilled at goldsmithing and cotton-weaving, but they produced little cotton of their own and there were no gold mines within their territory. They acquired these raw materials through trade, their own principal exports being salt, which was extracted from naturally-occurring deposits, and manufactured objects such as golden jewellery and cotton blankets. Most of

9095-545: The prisoners, being asked if he knew of any gold in the vicinity, told the Spaniards that if they followed the westward course of the Meta River they would find a kingdom ruled by "a very valiant one-eyed Indian", and that if they found him "they could fill their boats with that metal". Ordaz attempted to follow this advice immediately, but it was now the dry season and the river level was dropping rapidly. Finally admitting defeat, Ordaz sailed for Spain to make preparations for

9202-419: The province of Popayán . However, Belalcázar himself made no further move at this time. Following the death of Dalfinger, Georg Hohermuth von Speyer became the new governor of Coro, arriving at the colony in 1535. Federmann returned to Coro in the same year and resumed his former post as deputy. Hohermuth sent Federmann on an expedition to the Upar valley in the west, while he led an expedition of his own to

9309-417: The region of Pasto , an area already colonized by Belalcázar. The expedition was here given up as a failure. In early 1542, Philipp von Hutten , a German nobleman who had travelled with Hohermuth, set out to find the rich country that he was sure Hohermuth had almost discovered. He was joined by Bartholomeus Welser , a member of the merchant banking family which governed Venezuela. Leading their men along

9416-571: The return journey after being shot with a poisoned arrow. Meanwhile, another group of conquistadors , led by Diego de Ordaz , were searching for the source of the Orinoco River . Sailing inland from the east, rowing hard against the current, they eventually reached the confluence of the Orinoco and the Meta . They attempted to continue south along the Orinoco, but soon ran into impassible rapids. Returning downriver, they were attacked by Caribs ; Ordaz's men routed their attackers and captured two. One of

9523-492: The same beliefs. The early settlers in the Caribbean islands, however, found their expectations disappointed. The natives possessed a small amount of gold but did not mine it systematically, and the Spaniards' own mining activities quickly exhausted the local supply. The settlers' attention therefore turned towards the mainland, and colonies began to be established along the American coast. Despite this unpromising beginning,

9630-423: The same time paid tribute to the zipa , ruler of Bacatá. The Muisca were known as "The Salt People", thanks to their extraction of rock salt from brines in large pots heated over fires. This process was the exclusive task of the Muisca women . The economy of the Muisca, meaning "person" or "people" in their indigenous version of Chibcha ; Muysccubun , was self-sufficient due to the advanced agriculture on

9737-562: The site of the legendary city. Meanwhile, Jiménez de Quesada had taken up residence in New Granada, and had been appointed Adelantado of the colony. Enthused by the arrival of Martín de Poveda's troops, and their news that El Dorado lay to the east, Quesada obtained permission from the king to conquer and explore the eastern plains. He departed in December 1569, with an army of three hundred Spaniards and fifteen hundred slaves. Nothing

9844-542: The south, hoping to find gold in one direction or the other. Hohermuth's party followed the course of the Andes south-southwest along the edge of the llanos ; a two-year trek brought them to the region of the Ariari River , where they heard rumours of a rich land to the west. By this time, however, morale was low – over two hundred men had died along the way, and many of the remainder were too ill to fight – and Hohermuth

9951-465: The third attempt, which began in March 1590, Berrio decided to row downstream along the Orinoco, north and east, in order to reach the Caroní River , which discharges into the Orinoco from the Guianas. The Caroní was known to be unnavigable, but Berrio hoped that a pass to the Guianas could be found by following its banks. Upon reaching the point of convergence, he found he had not enough men to make

10058-457: The time of Voltaire , who included a trip to El Dorado in his 18th-century satire Candide . More recently, the search for El Dorado has furnished plotlines for films and video games such as Outer Banks , The Road to El Dorado , and Uncharted: Drake's Fortune , and has provided a motif for numerous musical artists, including Aterciopelados and Shakira . Christopher Columbus , the first known European to reach America, made landfall in

10165-416: The tribes of La Tora and surrounding areas, which he suspected had been acquired by trade with a more advanced society to the east. His thoughts turned to the rumours he had heard of the "powerful and rich province called Meta", and he decided, like Dalfinger before him, to follow the salt trail into the mountains. In March 1537, after a lengthy climb, Quesada's party arrived at the edge of a high plateau, at

10272-418: The unknown Andes, a rich area with an advanced civilisation must exist. These tales bore the -not so much- legend of El Dorado ; the city or man of gold. The Muisca, skilled goldworkers , held a ritual in Lake Guatavita where the new zipa would cover himself in gold dust and jump from a raft into the cold waters of the 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) high lake to the northeast of the Bogotá savanna. After

10379-430: The urbanisation of the Colombian capital the total area has been reduced to 1,500 hectares (3,700 acres). Despite the continuous urbanisation and industrial activities, the Bogotá savanna is a rich biodiverse area with many bird species registered. The diversity of mammals, amphibians and reptiles is much lower. Before the arrival of the European colonisers, the savanna was populated predominantly by white-tailed deer ,

10486-511: The western hills and died of his wounds in Facatativá , on the southwestern edge of the Bogotá savanna. The Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada established the New Kingdom of Granada with capital Santa Fe de Bogotá on August 6, 1538. This started a process of colonisation, evangelisation and submittance of the Muisca to the new rule. Between 65 and 80% of the indigenous people perished due to European diseases as smallpox and typhus . The Spanish introduced new crops, replacing many of

10593-403: The year. The driest months are December, January, February and March. During the rainy months, the temperature tends to be more stable with variations between 9 and 20 °C (48 and 68 °F). June, July and August are the months that present the largest variations of temperature, and during the morning frost in the higher terrains surrounding the savanna is possible. Sometimes also ground frost

10700-437: Was an army led by Sebastián de Belalcázar. Belalcázar had left Quito hurriedly in March 1538, after learning that his former general, Francisco Pizarro, had issued a warrant for his arrest. Arriving at Popayán, he had decided to venture east into the highlands. According to Belalcázar's treasurer, Gonzalo de la Peña, the expedition left Popayán "in search of a land called el dorado ". This is the first appearance of this phrase in

10807-441: Was eager to be the first to find it, and believed that his position in the heart of Colombia, together with the local knowledge of his men, would give him an advantage in the search. He consequently organized an expedition to the south, leaving Bogotá in September 1541. After a time, suffering greatly from illness and starvation, but urged on by persistent rumours of golden lands ahead, his party turned westward and found themselves in

10914-463: Was forced to return to Coro empty-handed. Dalfinger banished Federmann from Venezuela for four years as punishment for abandoning his post. Dalfinger then ventured inland once again in June 1531, travelling south-west to the banks of the river Cesar . Here, he heard of a mountain province called "Xerira", which was said to be the source of all the golden artefacts found amongst the lowland peoples. This

11021-420: Was forced to turn back. On the other side of the mountain range, a party led by the lawyer-turned-general Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada was also searching for the land of Meta. This expedition had set out from the Spanish colony of Santa Marta in April 1536, with the dual goal of finding an overland route to Peru and a strait to the Pacific. It was thought that both these goals could be accomplished by following

11128-506: Was heard of him for two and a half years; after which time it was reported that he was returning to Bogotá with only fifty surviving soldiers and thirty slaves, having "made no settlement and ... achieved nothing". Quesada died in 1579, and his estates and title were inherited by his son-in-law, Antonio de Berrio . As Quesada's will stipulated that his successor must continue to search "most insistently" for El Dorado, Berrio obediently gathered together an expeditionary force and set out across

11235-420: Was killed by his own men. In 1566, a new expedition was launched from Peru, led by Martín de Poveda and accompanied by Pedro Maraver de Silva and Diego Soleto. They travelled north along the Andes from Chachapoyas to Bogotá, finally determining that El Dorado was not to be found anywhere within this region. However, information received from the natives along the route now pointed towards the eastern llanos as

11342-517: Was probably a reference to Jerira, located at the northernmost extreme of the Muisca plateau. Dalfinger also heard that the tribe which made the golden objects also exported large quantities of salt. Armed with this clue, he led his party south to the trading centre of Tamalameque , then followed the salt trail into the highlands. At a height of 8,000 feet, waging war against the natives in freezing temperatures, they realised they could go no further south and turned back towards Coro. Dalfinger died on

11449-477: Was told that the village chief owned several life-sized effigies of solid gold, and that still richer chieftains lived in the regions beyond. The Europeans launched an attack, during which von Hutten and his captain were badly wounded by native lancers. The expedition retreated to Coro, with the intention of returning with a larger force. Upon their return, however, a Spanish revolt against the Germans resulted in

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