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65-516: In museums : Juan Luna de San Pedro y Novicio Ancheta ( Spanish: [ˈxwan ˈluna] , Tagalog: [hwɐn ˈluna] ; October 23, 1857 – December 7, 1899) was a Filipino painter, sculptor and a political activist of the Philippine Revolution during the late 19th century. He became one of the first recognized Philippine artists. His winning of the gold medal in the 1884 Madrid Exposition of Fine Arts, along with

130-486: A 'fine line'. The Online Etymology Dictionary records the English words "activism" and "activist" as in use in the political sense from the year 1920 or 1915 respectively. The history of the word activism traces back to earlier understandings of collective behavior and social action . As late as 1969 activism was defined as "the policy or practice of doing things with decision and energy", without regard to

195-490: A crime of passion. Temporary insanity; the "unwritten law" at the time forgave men for killing unfaithful wives. He was ordered to pay the Pardo de Taveras a sum of 1,651 francs and eighty three cents, and an additional 25 francs for postage, in addition to the one franc of claims for damages ("dommages-intérêts"). Five days later, Luna went to Madrid with his brother, Antonio Luna , and his son, Andrés. In 1894 Luna moved back to

260-402: A day-to-day basis in a wide variety of ways, including through the creation of art ( artivism ), computer hacking ( hacktivism ), or simply in how one chooses to spend their money ( economic activism ). For example, the refusal to buy clothes or other merchandise from a company as a protest against the exploitation of workers by that company could be considered an expression of activism. However,

325-619: A few forms: Activism is increasingly important on the political right in the United States and other countries, and some scholars have found: "the main split in conservatism has not been the long-standing one between economic and social conservatives detected in previous surveys (i.e., approximately the Libertarian right and the Christian right ). Instead, it is between an emergent group (Activists) that fuses both ideologies and

390-551: A less ideological category of 'somewhat conservative' Establishment Republicans." One example of this activism is the Tea Party movement . Pew Research identified a "group of 'Staunch Conservatives' (11 percent of the electorate) who are strongly religious, across-the-board socially and economically conservative, and more politically active than other groups on the Right. They support the Tea Party at 72 percent, far higher than

455-515: A letter addressed to Rizal, Luna openly embraced his personal affiliation with socialism . An excellent example of Luna's shift in artistic style can be seen in his work titled "Les Ignores". Painted between 1890 and 1891, the work portrays a winter funeral procession for an ordinary labourer, evident from the modest wooden coffin and the attire of the mourners, reflecting their humble status. Luna's commitment to realist art persisted in his other notable works, such as The Parisian Life and series on

520-874: A member of the delegation to Washington, D.C. to press for the recognition of the Philippine government . He traveled back to the Philippines in December 1899 upon hearing of the murder of his brother Antonio by the Kawit Battalion in Cabanatuan . He traveled to Hong Kong and died there on December 7, 1899, from cardiac arrest . His remains were buried in Hong Kong and in 1920 were exhumed and kept in Andrés Luna's house, to be later transferred to

585-728: A minimalist lifestyle intended to reduce materialism and conspicuous consumption , and tax resistance , a form of direct action and civil disobedience in opposition to the government that is imposing the tax, to government policy, or as opposition to taxation in itself . Shareholder activism involves shareholders using an equity stake in a corporation to put pressure on its management. The goals of activist shareholders range from financial (increase of shareholder value through changes in corporate policy, financing structure, cost cutting, etc.) to non-financial ( disinvestment from particular countries, adoption of environmentally friendly policies, etc.). Design activism locates design at

650-792: A niche at the Crypt of San Agustin Church in the Philippines. Five years later, Juan would be reinstated as a world-renowned artist and Peuple et Rois , his last major work, was acclaimed as the best entry to the Saint Louis World's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri . Some of his paintings were destroyed by fire in World War II . Activism Activism (or advocacy ) consists of efforts to promote, impede, direct or intervene in social , political , economic or environmental reform with

715-494: A political signification, whereas social action was defined as "organized action taken by a group to improve social conditions", without regard to normative status. Following the surge of so-called "new social movements" in the United States in the 1960s, a new understanding of activism emerged as a rational and acceptable democratic option of protest or appeal. However, the history of the existence of revolt through organized or unified protest in recorded history dates back to

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780-878: A prominent ruler from Bohol Island, and the Spanish governor-general Miguel López de Legazpi , surrounded by other conquistadors . The piece now graces the walls of the Malacañan Palace . This painting and a full-sized portrait of López de Legazpi were completed and returned to Manila in exchange for his scholarship. At first, Luna was praised for his grandiose historical works of art in the Graeco-Roman fashion at prestigious European art salons that conformed to classical requirements. However, he became disenchanted with his representations of historical scenes, which he expressed in his writings to his fellow Philippine patriots and like-minded Spanish politicians. Contrary to

845-470: A silver medal and came in second place. Luna's growing reputation as an artist led to a pensionado (pension) scholarship at 600 pesos annually through the Ayuntamiento of Manila. The condition was that he was obliged to develop a painting which captured the essence of Philippine history , which would then become the Ayuntamiento's property. In 1883, Luna commenced work on the painting commissioned by

910-465: A social process known as diffusion , and if successful, may become new additions to the activist repertoire. Activism is not an activity always performed by those who profess activism as a profession. The term "activist" may apply broadly to anyone who engages in activism, or narrowly limited to those who choose political or social activism as a vocation or characteristic practice. Judges may employ judicial activism to promote their own conception of

975-458: A specific ideology or national history, as can be seen, for example, in the importance of conservative British women in the 1920s on issues of tariffs. Political activism, although often identified with young adults, occurs across peoples entire life-courses. Political activism on college campuses has been influential in left-wing politics since the 1960s, and recently there has been "a rise in conservative activism on US college campuses" and "it

1040-670: A speech. Graciano Lopez Jaena , another Filipino hero, also gave Luna and Hidalgo a “congratulatory speech” for their success. Luna’s The Battle of Lepanto provides significance to the “ Spanish victory against the Turks ”. For this reason, the widow of King Alfonso XII of Spain, Queen Regent Maria Christina of Austria , herself was the person who unveiled Luna’s masterpiece at the Senate Hall of Madrid in November 1887, together with Pradilla’s La rendición de granada . However,

1105-506: Is common for conservative political organizations to donate money to relatively small conservative students groups". While people's motivations for political activism may vary, one model examined activism in the British Conservative party and found three primary motivations: (1) "incentives, such as ambitions for elective office", (2) "a desire for the party to achieve policy goals" and (3) "expressive concerns, as measured by

1170-412: Is different from the current society, which is found to be effective for increasing collective action intentions. Fashion activism was coined by Celine Semaan. Fashion activism is a type of activism that ignites awareness by giving consumers tools to support change, specifically in the fashion industry. It has been used as an umbrella term for many social and political movements that have taken place in

1235-640: Is known as franchise activism . Economic activism involves using the economic power of government, consumers, and businesses for social and economic policy change. Both conservative and liberal groups use economic activism as a form of pressure to influence companies and organizations to oppose or support particular political, religious, or social values and behaviors. This may be done through ethical consumerism to reinforce "good" behavior and support companies one would like to succeed, or through boycott or divestment to penalize "bad" behavior and pressure companies to change or go out of business. Brand activism

1300-540: Is often done full-time, as part of an organization's core business . Many organizations in the activism industry are either non-profit organizations or non-governmental organizations with specific aims and objectives in mind. Most activist organizations do not manufacture goods, but rather mobilize personnel to recruit funds and gain media coverage. The term activism industry has often been used to refer to outsourced fundraising operations. However, activist organizations engage in other activities as well. Lobbying , or

1365-418: Is the type of activism in which business plays a leading role in the processes of social change . Applying brand activism, businesses show concern for the communities they serve, and their economic, social, and environmental problems, which allows businesses to build sustainable and long-term relationships with the customers and prospects. Kotler and Sarkar defined the phenomenon as an attempt by firms to solve

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1430-545: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights including such liberties as: right to life , citizenship , and property , freedom of movement ; constitutional freedoms of thought , expression , religion , peaceful assembly ; and others. The foundations of the global human rights movement involve resistance to colonialism , imperialism , slavery , racism , segregation , patriarchy , and oppression of indigenous peoples. Environmental activism takes quite

1495-490: The justice of their cause. Research has now begun to explore how contemporary activist groups use social media to facilitate civic engagement and collective action combining politics with technology . Left-wing and right-wing online activists often use different tactics. Hashtag activism and offline protest are more common on the left. Working strategically with partisan media, migrating to alternative platforms , and manipulation of mainstream media are more common on

1560-715: The slave revolts of the 1st century BC(E) in the Roman Empire , where under the leadership of former gladiator Spartacus 6,000 slaves rebelled and were crucified from Capua to Rome in what became known as the Third Servile War . In English history, the Peasants' Revolt erupted in response to the imposition of a poll tax , and has been paralleled by other rebellions and revolutions in Hungary, Russia, and more recently, for example, Hong Kong . In 1930 under

1625-570: The "Jury of Honor" did not grant Luna the prize because he was a Filipino and in spite of the fact that “public sentiment felt” Luna “deserved the award”. One year after, The Battle of Lepanto became a gold medalist during the 1888 Fine Arts Exhibition in Barcelona , Spain. During the victory gathering of Filipinos in Madrid, Philippine national hero José Rizal praised Luna and Hidalgo for their achievements, “mastery and nationalism” through

1690-539: The 21st century, most human rights movements did not explicitly treat environmental issues, and likewise, human rights concerns were not typically integrated into early environmental activism. In the 21st century, the intersection between human rights and environmentalism has become increasingly important, leading to criticism of the mainstream environmentalist movement and the development of the environmental justice and climate justice movements. Human rights activism seeks to protect basic rights such as those laid out in

1755-501: The Ayuntamiento. By May 1884, he dispatched the expansive canvas portraying the Spoliarium to Madrid for the annual Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes. Remarkably, he became the inaugural recipient of one of three gold medals bestowed at the exhibition, earning recognition from both connoisseurs and art critics in attendance. On June 25, 1884, a gathering of Filipino and Spanish nobles organized an event to celebrate Luna's triumph in

1820-545: The French Revolution, Peuple et Rois (People and Kings). On December 4, 1886, Luna married María de la Paz Pardo de Tavera , a sister of his friends Félix and Trinidad Pardo de Tavera . The couple traveled to Venice and Rome and settled in Paris. They had one son, whom they named Andrés , and a daughter, María de la Paz, nicknamed Bibi, who died when she was three years old. Luna was fond of his wife. However,

1885-743: The Internet itself, also known as digital rights . The Digital Rights movement consists of activists and organizations, such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation , who work to protect the rights of people in relation to new technologies, particularly concerning the Internet and other information and communications technologies . Many contemporary activists now utilize new tactics through the Internet and other information and communication technologies (ICTs), also known as Internet activism or cyber-activism. Some scholars argue that many of these new tactics are digitally analogous to

1950-606: The Philippines and traveled to Japan in 1896, returning during the Philippine Revolution of the Cry of Balintawak . On September 16, 1896, he and his brother Antonio Luna were arrested by Spanish authorities for being involved with the Katipunan rebel army. Despite his imprisonment, Luna was still able to produce a work of art which he gave to a visiting priest. He was pardoned by the Spanish courts on May 27, 1897, and

2015-418: The center of promoting social change, raising awareness on social/political issues, or questioning problems associated with mass production and consumerism . Design Activism is not limited to one type of design. Art activism or artivism utilizes the medium of visual art as a method of social or political commentary. Art activism can activate utopian thinking , which is imagining about an ideal society that

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2080-464: The desire to make changes in society toward a perceived common good . Forms of activism range from mandate building in a community (including writing letters to newspapers), petitioning elected officials , running or contributing to a political campaign , preferential patronage (or boycott ) of businesses, and demonstrative forms of activism like rallies , street marches , strikes , sit-ins , or hunger strikes . Activism may be performed on

2145-676: The developing world, collectivist communist or socialist organization and affiliation. Activism has had major impacts on Western societies as well, particularly over the past century through social movements such as the Labour movement , the women's rights movement , and the civil rights movement . Activism has often been thought to address either human rights or environmental concerns, but libertarian and religious right activism are also important types. Human rights and environmental issues have historically been treated separately both within international law and as activist movements; prior to

2210-501: The exhibition. During the event, Rizal prepared a speech lauding his friend, highlighting the two significant aspects of his artwork—the exaltation of genius and the magnificence of his artistic prowess. Despite Luna's recognition and acclaim for his artistic achievements, he was unjustly denied the esteemed Medal of Honor due to racial prejudice against him as a colonial subject. Nevertheless, King Alfonso XII commissioned Luna to create La batalla de Lepanto ( The Battle of Lepanto ) for

2275-535: The global problems its future customers and employees care about. Consumer activism consists of activism carried out on behalf of consumers for consumer protection or by consumers themselves. For instance, activists in the free produce movement of the late 1700s protested against slavery by boycotting goods produced with slave labor. Today, vegetarianism, veganism , and freeganism are all forms of consumer activism which boycott certain types of products. Other examples of consumer activism include simple living ,

2340-654: The halls of the Senate of Spain , intending for it to be displayed alongside Francisco Pradilla Ortiz 's La rendicion de Granada (The Surrender of Granada), the grand prize-winning artwork from the 1878 competition. The king's intention was to provide compensation to Luna, who had been overlooked for the Medal of Honor with his renowned work, Spoliarium . Luna's signed and dated 1884 oil canvas portrait of Adele della Rocca, niece of Count Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca , First aide-de-Camp , Honourary General Adjutant to King Umberto,

2405-602: The industry. Fashion Activism uses a participatory approach to a political activity. Craft activism or craftivism is a type of visual activism that allows people to bring awareness to political or social discourse. It is a creative approach to activism as it allows people to send short and clear messages to society. People who contribute to craftivism are called "craftivists". Activism in literature may publish written works that express intended or advocated reforms. Alternatively, literary activism may also seek to reform perceived corruption or entrenched systems of power within

2470-488: The influencing of decisions made by government, is another activist tactic. Many groups, including law firms, have designated staff assigned specifically for lobbying purposes. In the United States, lobbying is regulated by the federal government. Many government systems encourage public support of non-profit organizations by granting various forms of tax relief for donations to charitable organizations. Governments may attempt to deny these benefits to activists by restricting

2535-1159: The issues in front of an international audience. This was one of the first occasions in which social networking technology was used by citizen-activists to circumvent state-controlled media and communicate directly with the rest of the world. These types of practices of Internet activism were later picked up and used by other activists in subsequent mass mobilizations, such as the 15-M Movement in Spain in 2011, Occupy Gezi in Turkey in 2013, and more. Online "left- and right-wing activists use digital and legacy media differently to achieve political goals". Left-wing online activists are usually more involved in traditional "hashtag activism" and offline protest, while right-wing activists may "manipulate legacy media, migrate to alternative platforms, and work strategically with partisan media to spread their messages". Research suggests right-wing online activists are more likely to use "strategic disinformation and conspiracy theories". Internet activism may also refer to activism which focuses on protecting or changing

2600-492: The jealous Luna frequently accused Paz of having an affair with a certain Monsieur Dussaq. Finally in a fit of jealousy, he shot the door wherein his wife was behind, killing his wife and mother-in-law and wounding his brother-in-law Félix in the process, on September 22, 1892. He was arrested and murder charges were filed against him. Luna was acquitted of the charges on February 8, 1893, on the grounds that it had been

2665-582: The leadership of Mahatma Gandhi thousands of protesting Indians participated in the Salt March , as a protest against the oppressive taxes of their government, resulting in the imprisonment of 60,000 people and eventually independence of their nation. In nations throughout Asia, Africa and South America, the prominence of activism organized by social movements and especially under the leadership of civil activists or social revolutionaries has pushed for increasing national self-reliance or, in some parts of

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2730-721: The next most favorable group." One analysis found a group estimated to be 4% of the electorate who identified both as libertarians and staunch religious conservatives "to be the core of this group of high-engagement voters" and labeled this group "Activists." Activists employ many different methods, or tactics, in pursuit of their goals. The tactics chosen are significant because they can determine how activists are perceived and what they are capable of accomplishing. For example, nonviolent tactics generally tend to garner more public sympathy than violent ones. and are more than twice as effective in achieving stated goals. Historically, most activism has focused on creating substantive changes in

2795-440: The policy or practice of a government or industry. Some activists try to persuade people to change their behavior directly (see also direct action ), rather than to persuade governments to change laws. For example, the cooperative movement seeks to build new institutions which conform to cooperative principles, and generally does not lobby or protest politically. Other activists try to persuade people or government policy to remain

2860-503: The political activity of tax-exempt organizations. The Battle of Lepanto (Luna painting) Painted by Luna in 1887, the masterpiece is about the Battle of Lepanto of October 7, 1571. The painting features Don Juan of Austria (also known as Don John of Austria ) in battle while at the bow of a ship. It is one of the “huge epic canvasses” painted by Luna (the others are the Spoliarium and The Blood Compact ). By becoming

2925-490: The presumption of abandonment of academic tradition or a newly found appreciation for impressionism , Luna joined forces with the progressive factions within the Paris Salon . By 1891, Luna shifted his focus towards creating realist artworks that portrayed the societal ills of his time. Influenced by his readings of economists Karl Marx and Émile Louis Victor de Laveleye , his works began to reflect these influences. In

2990-791: The publishing industry. Science activism may include efforts to better communicate the benefits of science or ensure continued funding for scientific research. It may also include efforts to increase perceived legitimacy of particular scientific fields or respond to the politicization of particular fields. The March for Science held around the world in 2017 and 2018 were notable examples of science activism. Approaches to science activism vary from protests to more psychological, marketing-oriented approaches that takes into account such factors as individual sense of self, aversion to solutions to problems, and social perceptions. Some groups and organizations participate in activism to such an extent that it can be considered as an industry. In these cases, activism

3055-490: The right (in the United States). In addition, the perception of increased left-wing activism in science and academia may decrease conservative trust in science and motivate some forms of conservative activism, including on college campuses. Some scholars have also shown how the influence of very wealthy Americans is a form of activism. Separating activism and terrorism can be difficult and has been described as

3120-706: The same, in an effort to counter change . Charles Tilly developed the concept of a " repertoire of contention ", which describes the full range of tactics available to activists at a given time and place. This repertoire consists of all of the tactics which have been proven to be successful by activists in the past, such as boycotts, petitions, marches, and sit-ins, and can be drawn upon by any new activists and social movements. Activists may also innovate new tactics of protest. These may be entirely novel, such as Douglas Schuler's idea of an "activist road trip", or may occur in response to police oppression or countermovement resistance. New tactics then spread to others through

3185-653: The second Filipino to win the first of the three gold medals during the Exposicion General de Bellas Artes (National Exposition of Fine Arts ) in Madrid , Spain in 1884 for his Spoliarium painting, Luna became famous and obtained commissions from the Spanish government to create other canvasses. Although Luna decided to move from Madrid to Paris , France in October 1884, he had to travel back and forth

3250-666: The silver win of fellow Filipino painter Félix Resurrección Hidalgo , prompted a celebration which was a significant highlight in the memoirs of members of the Propaganda Movement , with the fellow Ilustrados toasting the two painters' good health and the brotherhood between Spain and the Philippines. Well regarded for work done in the manner of European academies of his time, Luna painted literary and historical scenes, some with an underscore of political commentary. His allegorical works were inspired by classical balance, and often showed figures in theatrical poses. Born in

3315-516: The social good. The definition of judicial activism and whether a specific decisions is activist are controversial political issues. The legal systems of different nations vary in the extent that judicial activism may be permitted. Activists can also be public watchdogs and whistle blowers by holding government agencies accountable to oversight and transparency. Political activism may also include political campaigning , lobbying , voting , or petitioning . Political activism does not depend on

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3380-493: The strength of the respondent's partisanship". In addition, very wealthy Americans can exercise political activism through massive financial support of political causes, and one study of the 400 richest Americans found "substantial evidence of liberal or right-wing activism that went beyond making contributions to political candidates." This study also found, in general, "old money is, if anything, more uniformly conservative than new money." Another study examined how "activism of

3445-425: The term commonly refers to a form of collective action , in which numerous individuals coordinate an act of protest together. Collective action that is purposeful, organized, and sustained over a period of time becomes known as a social movement . Historically, activists have used literature, including pamphlets , tracts, and books to disseminate or propagate their messages and attempt to persuade their readers of

3510-573: The town of Badoc, Ilocos Norte in the northern Philippines , Luna was the third among the seven children of Joaquín Luna de San Pedro y Posadas and Laureana Novicio y Ancheta. In 1861, the Luna family moved to Manila , and he went to the Ateneo Municipal de Manila where he obtained his Bachelor of Arts degree. He excelled in painting and drawing and was influenced by his brother, Manuel N. Luna, who, according to Filipino patriot José Rizal ,

3575-431: The traditional offline tools of contention. Other digital tactics may be entire new and unique, such as certain types of hacktivism . Together they form a new "digital repertoire of contention" alongside the existing offline one. The rising use of digital tools and platforms by activists has also increasingly led to the creation of decentralized networks of activists that are self-organized and leaderless , or what

3640-555: The two cities in order to meet the demands for portrait jobs, including the task of assisting Filipinos to push for reforms in the Philippines through the seat of the government of Spain in Madrid. Some of the commissioned paintings were The Battle of Lepanto , together with Peuple et Rois and España y Filipinas . It was the Spanish Senate , through the influence of King Alfonso XII of Spain , who commissioned Luna to paint The Battle of Lepanto . King Alfonso XII's plan

3705-781: The victory at Lepanto and it is also a portrayal of pride in the Catholicism of Spaniards since the battle resulted in a Catholic victory. Both paintings are still currently displayed at the Madrid Senate Hall. Luna also received, through the royal order of Queen Regent Maria Christina, the Medalla de Isabela La Católica (Medal of Elizabeth the Catholic) from the Ministry of the High Seas ( Ministerio de Ultramar ), for

3770-527: The victory at Lepanto was not merely a Spanish victory against the Turks. The victory at Lepanto was a Catholic victory over the invading forces of Islam . At Lepanto, a coalition of Catholics defeated the forces of Islam who were attempting to conquer and subdue the West to force her citizens to submit to Islamic rule. Therefore, this painting is a portrayal of national pride because the Spanish were instrumental in

3835-553: The wealthy" has often increased inequality but is now sometimes used to decrease economic inequality . The power of Internet activism came into a global lens with the Arab Spring protests starting in late 2010. People living in the Middle East and North African countries that were experiencing revolutions used social networking to communicate information about protests, including videos recorded on smart phones, which put

3900-726: Was a better painter than Juan himself. Luna enrolled at the Escuela Nautica de Manila (now Philippine Merchant Marine Academy ) and became a sailor. He took drawing lessons under the illustrious painting teacher Lorenzo Guerrero of Ermita, Manila . He also enrolled in the Academy of Fine Arts ( Academia de Dibujo y Pintura ) in Manila where he was influenced and taught how to draw by the Spanish artist Agustin Saez. Unfortunately, Luna's vigorous brush strokes displeased his teacher and Luna

3965-585: Was discharged from the academy. However, Guerrero was impressed by his skill and urged Luna to travel to Madrid to further pursue his work. In 1875 Manuel and Juan Luna travelled to Europe, where Manuel studied music and Juan painting. Juan entered the Escuela de Bellas Artes de San Fernando , where he befriended the painter Don Alejo Vera . Luna was unhappy with the style of teaching in the school and decided that it would be much better to work with Vera. Vera brought him to Rome for some of his commissions, and Luna

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4030-574: Was exposed to the art of the Renaissance painters. It was in 1878 that his artistic talents were established with the opening of the first art exposition in Madrid , which was called the Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes (National Demonstration of Fine Arts). From then on, Luna became engrossed in painting and produced a collection of paintings that he exhibited at the 1881 Exposition. In 1881, his La Muerte de Cleopatra won him

4095-637: Was released from prison and he traveled back to Spain in July. He returned to Manila in November 1898. In 1898, he was appointed by the executive board of the Philippine revolutionary government as a member of the Paris delegation which was working for the diplomatic recognition of the República Filipina ( Philippine Republic ) . In 1899, upon the signing of the Treaty of Paris (1898) , Luna was named

4160-554: Was sold for P31 million at the Leon Gallery auction on September 14, 2024. In 1885, Luna relocated to Paris, where he established his own studio and formed a friendship with Hidalgo. Honouring an agreement with the Manila City Council, he completed the artwork titled El pacto de sangre (The Blood Compact) a year later. This painting portrayed the 1565 Sandugo ( blood compact ritual) between Datu Sikatuna ,

4225-420: Was to hang Luna’s Battle of Lepanto side by side with Francisco Pradilla Ortiz ’s 1878 grand-prize winning masterpiece La rendicion de granada ( The Surrender of Granada ). Another reason for commissioning Luna to paint The Battle of Lepanto was to compensate Luna for not having been given the grand prize known as the “Prize of Honor” or “Medal of Excellence” for Spoliarium . A biased jury, known as

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