Misplaced Pages

#175824

62-648: The Juatinga Ecological Reserve is in the municipality of Paraty , Rio de Janeiro. It has an area of 9,960 hectares (24,600 acres). It is contained within the Cairuçu Environmental Protection Area . The reserve is part of the Atlantic Forest Biosphere Reserve . The reserve protects a peninsula in the extreme east of the municipality that projects into the Atlantic Ocean . The Juatinga peninsula

124-460: A "pre-19th century phenomenon". In the first half of the 19th-century in Brazil, enslaved people typically took armed action as part of their resistance. The colony was undergoing both political transition, as it fought for independence from Portugal, and new tensions associated with an increased slave trade, which brought in many more native-born Africans who resisted slavery. In 17th century Angola,

186-456: A 1200 kilometer road, paved in steep areas with large stones, which connected Paraty to Diamantina via Ouro Preto and Tiradentes . Not only was it used to transport gold to Paraty, but it was also used to convey supplies, miners and African slaves by mule train over the mountains to and from the gold mining areas. Two sections of the Caminho do Ouro have been excavated near Paraty and are now

248-402: A branch of coffee tree and a stalk of sugarcane . The scroll itself bears the inscription “1660 Paraty 1844” These are the dates that Paraty initially achieved status as a town and then later city status. Above the shield is a crown consisting of five towers, with the center tower emblazoned with a red shield bearing a gold fleur-de-lis, which symbolizes Our Lady of Remedies, the patron saint of

310-552: A high degree of political, social, and military organization. Felipa Maria Aranha was the first leader of the community. The group was also led by Maria Luiza Piriá . It was organised as a republic, with democratic voting in place. Over the course of the Mola quilombo's life, it expanded to include four other similar settlements in the region; it was known as the Confederação do Itapocu . In 1895, there were still traces of

372-436: A history of conflict with first Dutch and then Portuguese colonial authorities, finally fell to a Portuguese artillery assault in 1694. Forced to defend against repeated attacks by Portuguese colonists, the warriors of Palmares were experts in capoeira , a dance and martial art form. Portuguese soldiers sometimes stated it took more than one dragoon to capture a quilombo warrior since they would defend themselves with

434-540: A new military formation called kilombo (a fortified town surrounded by a wooden palisade) appeared among Imbangala warriors, which would soon be used in Brazil by freed Angolan slaves. Legal slavery was present in Brazil for approximately three centuries, with the earliest known landing of enslaved Africans taking place 52 years after the Portuguese were the first Europeans to set foot in Brazil in 1500. The demand for enslaved Africans continued to increase through

496-521: A population of about 43,000. The name "Paraty" originates from the local Guaianá Indians ' indigenous Tupi language , named for an abundant local fish native to the region. Paraty is located on the Costa Verde (Green Coast), a lush green corridor that runs along the coastline of the state of Rio de Janeiro , in Brazil . Paraty has become a tourist destination, known for its historic town center and

558-717: A quilombo. "Quilombo" was not used until the 1670s, primarily in the more southerly parts of Brazil. In the Spanish-speaking countries of Latin America , such villages or camps were called palenque s . Its inhabitants are palenqueros . They spoke various Spanish - African -based creole languages such as Palenquero . Quilombos are classified as one of the three basic forms of active resistance by enslaved Africans. They also regularly attempted to seize power and conducted armed insurrections at plantations to gain amelioration of conditions. Typically, quilombos were

620-433: A small, almost abandoned town living on very limited economic activity, mainly fishing and agriculture ( bananas , manioc , sugarcane ) into a tourism destination. As of 2019, the historic town of Paraty has been listed as UNESCO World Heritage Site for its mixed cultural-natural landscape, encompassing its coastal historic center and nine natural areas. Paraty is known for the cobblestone -paved streets throughout

682-653: A strangely moving fighting technique ( capoeira ). The governor from that province declared that "it is harder to defeat a quilombo than the Dutch invaders". In Brazil, both men are now honored as heroes and symbols of black pride, freedom, and democracy . As his birthday is unknown, Zumbi's execution date, November 20, is observed as Dia da Consciência Negra or " Black Awareness Day " in the states of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo , and his image has appeared on postage stamps , banknotes , and coins . The Mola quilombo comprised approximately 300 formerly enslaved people and had

SECTION 10

#1732797440176

744-518: A subsequent expedition captured 120 members of the quilombo. In 1752, an expedition led by Pere Marcos was attacked by quilimbo fighters, resulting in significant loss of life. Quilombos continued to form in the nineteenth century. In 1810, a quilombo was discovered at Linhares in Sao Paulo. A decade later, another was found in Minas. In 1828, another quilombo was discovered at Cahuca, near Recife, and

806-433: A third time would be sold. In general, slaves who were caught running away were also required to wear an iron collar around their necks at all times, in addition to the punishment they received. Not all those who escaped slavery formed settlements in Brazil. Escaping from a life of slavery was a matter of opportunity. Settlements were formed in areas with dense populations of formerly enslaved people, like Pernambuco , where

868-482: A tourist destination for hiking. The Gold Trail fell into disuse because of attacks on the gold laden ships bound for Rio de Janeiro by pirates who frequented the islands and coves of the Bay of Angra dos Reis. Eventually a safer overland route from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro was created because of these pirate raids. Finally, the gold itself began to run out in the late 18th century, and Paraty declined. The Gold Trail

930-513: A weekend bird watching event in the reserve in August 2016 to raise environmental awareness. About twenty participants recorded 106 bird species. Paraty 23°13′10″S 44°42′53″W  /  23.21944°S 44.71472°W  / -23.21944; -44.71472 Paraty (or Parati , Portuguese pronunciation: [paɾaˈtʃi] ) is a preserved Portuguese colonial (1500–1822) and Brazilian Imperial (1822–1889) municipality with

992-562: A year later, an expedition was mounted against another at Corcovado, near Rio. In 1855, the Maravilha quilombo in Amazonia was destroyed. The most famous quilombo was Palmares , an independent, self-sufficient community near Recife , established in about 1600. Palmares was massive and consisted of several settlements with a combined population of over 30,000 citizens, mostly blacks . It was to survive almost an entire century. Part of

1054-425: Is February. However, sea breezes temper the heat and afternoon rains are common in the summer. The flag of Paraty was adopted on August 12, 1967. The overall colors of the flag represent the following traits: gold signifies strength, silver represents innocence, red is bravery, blue serenity, and green is the color of abundance. Red, white, and blue are the three colors that have traditionally been used to decorate

1116-407: Is a Brazilian hinterland settlement founded by people of African origin , and others sometimes called Carabali. Most of the inhabitants of quilombos, called quilombolas , were maroons , a term for escaped slaves. Documentation about refugee slave communities typically uses the term mocambo for settlements, which is an Ambundu word meaning "war camp". A mocambo is typically much smaller than

1178-429: Is a sugarcane-derived spirit best known today as the basis for Brazil's most famous cocktail, the caipirinha . The name "Paraty" in that period became synonymous with cachaça. Since then, Paraty has been out of the mainstream, which is why it did not change for centuries, until a paved road was built from Rio de Janeiro to Santos , near São Paulo, in the 1970s. The city then began a new cycle of activity, which transformed

1240-419: Is better known as the capital of the unrecognised Republic of Independent Guiana , it has been designated a Quilombo settlement, and therefore, has been given territory similar to the indigenous territories . A 1984 film entitled Quilombo depicts the rise and fall of Palmares. Directed by Carlos Diegues , Quilombo is a historical epic that chronicles the lives of Ganga Zumba and Zumbi. Article 68 of

1302-416: Is in area where there has been intense pressure on the land from speculators and squatters. The Juatinga Ecological Reserve was created by state decree 17.981 of 30 October 1992. It is home to about 400 families, or 2,000 people, living in basic conditions in small coastal villages. It was created to promote the caiçaras culture of the residents of the reserve, reconciling their life style with conservation of

SECTION 20

#1732797440176

1364-575: Is in the northern Ribeira belt. The reserve has rugged terrain, located where the Serra do Mar meets the coastal plain, with elevations that range from sea level to over 1,000 metres (3,300 ft). It has granitoid rocks from the Proterozoic and sediments from the Cenozoic . The most common type of soil is Háplico cambisol , and there is also red-yellow latosol and humic cambisol. The reserve

1426-493: Is left of this fort, also known as Cadeia Antiga (the Old Jail), is a smallish structure which for a while was also used as a prison. It is found in the plaza of Santa Rita, next to the church of same name. Constructed in the beginning of the 18th century, the building was part of a larger Forte Patitiba, the other blockhouse built in the city for defense of the harbor. In the 19th century it was decommissioned and today it houses

1488-505: Is the oldest church in Paraty. It was completed in 1722. This was the church of the freed slaves and freeman, former slaves. It is currently home to the Museum of Sacred Art. This church was built and used by Paraty's African slaves. It dates back to the year 1725. The church has a much simpler, more rustic style than the other three churches in Paraty. Every year in the first week of December

1550-495: Is the southernmost and westernmost city in Rio de Janeiro state. Paraty is listed by IPHAN as a National Historic Landmark. More than 80% of its territory is protected by conservation units: Nearby is the Serra do Mar State Park of São Paulo. The municipality also includes an indigenous village and an Afro-Brazilian quilombo settlement. The temperature in Paraty ranges from 16 to 37 °C (61 to 99 °F). Its wettest month

1612-504: Is to arrive by sea by way of a sailboat or cruise ship from Rio de Janeiro, Angra dos Reis and Ilha Grande. Paraty is connected by road to Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo (via road BR-101). Air-conditioned buses leave to go back and forth from Rio to Paraty and Paraty to Rio. Quilombo A quilombo ( Portuguese pronunciation: [kiˈlõbu] ); from the Kimbundu word kilombo , lit.   ' war camp ' )

1674-638: Is widely believed that the term quilombo establishes a link between settlements and the culture of West Central Africa from where the majority of slaves were forcibly brought to Brazil. During the era of slave trafficking, natives in central Angola , called Imbangala , had created an institution called a kilombo that united various tribes of diverse lineage into a community designed for military resistance. Many quilombos were near Portuguese plantations and settlements. To keep their freedom, they were active both in defending against capitães do mato and being commissioned to recapture other runaway slaves. At

1736-484: The Laranjeiras-Praia do Sono and Praia do Sono-Praia de Antigos trails in the south of the reserve found that one of the trails was somewhat degraded, and had ravine erosions in several places. The primary rainforest at higher elevations protects threatened species such as the southern muriqui ( Brachyteles arachnoides ) and the jaguar ( Panthera onca ). The State Environmental Institute (INEA) arranged

1798-976: The Tamoios Ecological Station . There are many musical and cultural events, the most prominent of which is the FLIP – Festa Literaria Internacional de Paraty ( International Literary Festival of Paraty ). The town is also known for its local festivals on Catholic holy dates, such as the Feast of the Holy Ghost. The annual Paraty Bourbon Jazz Festival has occurred every May since 2009. The traditional music event has already brought names like Stanley Jordan, Gary Brown, Ed Motta, Leo Gandelman, Eumir Deodato, Joshua Redman, Pau Brasil Group, Dianne Reaves, Mike Stern, Naná Vasconcellos, Nuno Mindelis, Jacques Morelenbaum, Stanley Clarke, and many other leading names in jazz, blues, soul and R & B from Brazil and

1860-1173: The "Carlota" of Mato Grosso, was wiped out after existing for 25 years, from 1770-1795. There were also a number of smaller quilombos or mocambos. The first reported quilombo was in 1575 in Bahia. Another quilombo in Bahia was reported at the start of the seventeenth century. Between 1737-87, a small quilombo thrived in the vicinity of Sao Paulo. There were also reports of mocambos in 1591 in Jaguaripe, in 1629 in Rio Vermelho, in 1636 in Itapicuru, in 1640 in Rio Real, in 1663 in Cairu, in 1723 in Camamu, in 1741 in Santo Amaro, in 1763 in Itapao, and 1797 in Cachoeira. All of these mocambos were in

1922-416: The "Old Village." Ruins of the old defensive stone walls together with the cannons can still be seen today. It is also home to a powder house for storing explosives – one of the few still existing in Brazil. Forte Defensor is one of seven fortifications that were built around the harbor of Paraty, two of them being in the city. All of the others that were constructed outside the city are now only ruins. What

Juatinga Ecological Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

1984-424: The 1670s, when the Portuguese tried to take control of half of Palmares, it was estimated that the palmarista population of that half was between 15,000-20,000. Palmares thrived in the years of peace that followed the 1640s. Between 1672 and 1694, Palmares withstood, on average, one Portuguese expedition nearly every year. Ganga Zumba and Zumbi are the two best-known warrior-leaders of Palmares which, after

2046-482: The 18th century, even as the Brazilian sugar economy ceased to dominate the world economy. In its place, commodity crops such as tobacco increased in prominence. During the sugar boom period (1570–1670), the sugar plantations in Brazil presented hellish conditions, including the personal brutality of enslavers and the whip-wielding overseers in their employ. Physical torture was common for minor infractions. There

2108-447: The 1988 Constitution of Brazil granted the remaining quilombos the collective ownership of the lands they had occupied since colonial times. As of 2016, 294 villages have applied to be recognized as quilombos, because they were founded by escaped enslaved people and are mainly inhabited by their descendants. The certification process thus far has been slow, and 152 villages have been recognized as quilombos. In South American Spanish of

2170-407: The Bahia region. The Buraco de Tatu mocambo thrived for 20 years between 1743 and 1763. It was located between Salvador and Itapoa until it was eventually destroyed by a force led by Joaquim da Costa Cardozo. The region of Campo Grande and São Francisco was often populated with quilombos. In 1741, Jean Ferreira organised an expedition against a quilombo, but many runaways escaped capture. In 1746,

2232-549: The Bahian town of Ilhéus in the 1983 Bruno Barreto film Gabriela, Cravo e Canela , starring Sônia Braga and Marcello Mastroianni . Paraty was also the set for Isle Esme (the place of Edward and Bella's honeymoon) in the movie The Twilight Saga: Breaking Dawn . Paraty airport can be reached from Rio de Janeiro or São Paulo by chartered helicopter or small commercial and private aircraft because presently it has no scheduled flights. Another possibility of transport

2294-736: The Historic Center District. No cars or trucks are allowed in this part of town, only foot traffic or bicycles. Motor vehicles are only allowed in the Historic District on Wednesdays for deliveries. Horses and carts are a very common sight in Paraty and are frequently used all around the city. Paraty has been able to maintain many of its historic buildings. Much of the architecture of the city has not changed for 250 years or more. There are four important historic baroque churches in Paraty: Capela de Santa Rita

2356-476: The Museum of Sacred Art in the Capela de Santa Rita. Igreja Matriz Nossa Senhora dos Remédios is the largest church in Paraty. It takes up over an entire city block. Its construction began in 1646 when a woman named Maria Jácome de Melo donated the land for the construction of the village of Paraty, however she demanded two conditions: The first was the building of a chapel dedicated to Nossa Senhora dos Remédios and

2418-422: The Portuguese tried in vain to take Palmares in an expedition that proved to be very costly. In 1640, a Dutch scouting mission found that the self-freed community of Palmares was spread over two settlements, with about 6,000 living in one location, and another 5,000 in another. Dutch expeditions against Palmares in the 1640s were similarly unsuccessful. At its height, Palmares had a population of over 30,000. In

2480-408: The biggest collection of mocambos formed the quilombo that became Palmares . While many quilombos were formed in rural areas such as Palmares, some were formed inside of cities, such as the pt:Quilombo do Leblon inside of Rio de Janeiro . Some, among them Mahommah G. Baquaqua , escaped to New York because his multiple attempts at escape and suicide led to him being sold to a ship's captain. It

2542-516: The city from the harbor. The streets are only flooded for a short time until the tide recedes. The water is usually only 6 to 10 inches (15 to 25 cm) deep, and a few merchants near the seawall put out small bridges to span the flooded streets for the benefit of pedestrians. Paraty is divided into 12 neighborhoods. They are as follows: The municipality contains the Paraty-Mirim State Park , created in 1972. It contains part of

Juatinga Ecological Reserve - Misplaced Pages Continue

2604-590: The city. The village of Paraty was founded in 1597. It was established formally as a town by Portuguese colonists in 1667, in a region populated by the Guaianás Indians. The Guaianás people who lived where the city now stands called the entire area “Paraty”. In the Tupi language “Paraty” means “river of fish”. Even today the Brazilian Mullet ( Mugil brasiliensis ) still come back to spawn in

2666-560: The coast and mountains in the region. The historic center of the city, as well as four areas of the Atlantic Forest , were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 2019 under the title "Paraty and Ilha Grande". The town is located on the Bay of Ilha Grande , which is dotted with many tropical islands. Rising as high as 1,300 meters behind the town are tropical forests , mountains, and waterfalls. It

2728-459: The environment. The region has a tropical humid climate with a distinct rainy season. Annual rainfall ranges from 768 to 2,045 millimetres (30.2 to 80.5 in). The Juatinga Ecological Reserve protects submontane and montane tropical rainforest, mangroves and restinga . Vegetation is mainly dense rainforest. Some areas contain vegetation in different stages of succession, including agricultural fields, scrub and secondary growth. A 2014 study of

2790-399: The festivities of São Benedito are held in this church. This chapel dates back to 1800. It was used mostly by the rich women of society. Construction was overseen by the presiding priest, Father Antonio Xavier da Silva Braga. The building was later renovated in 1901. The image of Nossa Senhora da Piedade was stolen from this chapel. It was finally recovered in the 1990s, and now can be seen at

2852-423: The historic houses of the city. The colors are displayed in three vertical stripes, with a coat of arms on the center. The large white star on the red stripe symbolizes the first district, and on the blue stripe two small stars represent the second and third districts. The three stars are placed in a triangular form, in homage to the strong presence of Freemasonry in the architecture of the city. The crown represents

2914-503: The later Brazilian cities were tolerated and still exist as towns today, with their dwellers speaking Portuguese Creole languages. Seven of the ten major quilombos in colonial Brazil were destroyed within two years of being formed. Four fell in Bahia in 1632, 1636, 1646 and 1796. The other three met the same fate in Rio in 1650, Parahyba in 1731, and Piumhy in 1758. One quilombo, in Minas Gerais, lasted from 1712-1719. Another,

2976-419: The local public library. There are also many colorful colonial houses (refurbished in most cases), many of which have been transformed into shops, pousadas (Brazilian bed-and-breakfasts), restaurants and bars. Once a month when there is a full moon and the tide is high, seawater rises above its normal levels and pours into the Historic Center District through special openings in the seawalls that separate

3038-447: The people they enslaved with sufficient food. Settlements were formed by enslaved Africans who escaped from plantations. Some enslavers, such as Friedrich von Weech, regarded the first escape attempt as a part of the "breaking in" process for new slaves. The first escape attempt would be punished severely as a deterrent for future escapes. Enslaved people who tried to escape a second time would be sent to slave prisons, and those who tried

3100-508: The public in 2004 and holds a permanent exhibition on local history and culture. In the Salon of Indigenous Culture, visitors can see the “carpets” made of colored sawdust and flower petals used during the festival of Corpus Christi in June. The largest is almost 92 square feet (8.5 m ). The “carpet” is protected by glass so that visitors walk on it as they enter. Paraty played the part of

3162-525: The reason for the massive size of the quilombo at Palmares was because of its location in Brazil, at the median point between the Atlantic Ocean and Guinea, an important area of the African slave trade . Quilombo dos Palmares was an autonomous community of escaped enslaved people from the Portuguese settlements in Brazil, "a region perhaps the size of Portugal in the hinterland of Bahia". In 1612,

SECTION 50

#1732797440176

3224-478: The rivers that spill into the Bay of Paraty. When the region was colonized by the Portuguese, they adopted the Guaianás name for their new town. After the discovery of the world's richest gold mines in 1696 in the mountains of Minas Gerais , Paraty became an export port for gold to Rio de Janeiro and from there on to Portugal . The ensuing gold rush led to the construction of the "Caminho do Ouro" or "Gold Trail",

3286-464: The royal traditions that discovered the country and founded the independent country. The real reason for green is the Portuguese house of Bragança and yellow for the Austrian house of Habsburg (Dom Pedro I and Dona Leopoldina). The coat of arms shown on the flag was adopted on November 30, 1960. The four quarters of the coat of arms symbolize the following: The flora which supports the red scroll are

3348-582: The same time, they facilitated the escape of even more enslaved persons. For this reason, they were targets of the Dutch , then Portuguese colonial authorities and, later, of the Brazilian state and enslavers. Despite the atmosphere of cooperation between some quilombos and the surrounding Portuguese settlements, they were almost always eventually destroyed. Seven of 10 major quilombos in colonial Brazil were terminated within two years of formation. Some mocambos that were farther from Portuguese settlements and

3410-492: The second was that no one would harm the Indians that lived in the area at that time. The church was completed in 1873. Additionally, there is a very small chapel called Capela da Generosa which according to legend, was constructed in 1901 by the order of a generous female patron, in memory of Teodoro. Teodoro supposedly drowned in the river Perequê-Açu when he tried to fish on Good Friday, a day on which according to tradition it

3472-505: The settlement to be seen; as of 2020, they had disappeared. In 1992, the Rio Curiaú Environmental Protection Area was established for the inhabitants of Curiaú de Dentro, Curiaú de Fora, Casa Grande, Curralinho and Mocambo. The area is located near the capital Macapá and measures 21,676 hectares (53,560 acres). As of 1999, the protected area is home to about 1,500 people. Even though Cunani

3534-657: The tourist trade has grown there due to the pristine beaches in the area and Paraty-Mirim now has a few small inns, a couple of restaurant/bars and offers boat tours. This church is unique in that it was built on top of a huge boulder in the small hamlet of Penha, just outside Paraty. The church is located directly across from the Tourist Information Center at the trail-head of the Caminho do Ouro. There are two colonial forts in Paraty: Forte Defensor and Forte Patitiba. Forte Defensor

3596-622: The world. The event usually has two stages, located in the Plaza de Matriz and the Santa Rita Church in the historic center of the city, as well as buskers (street performers) and Orleans Street Jazz Band circling the streets of the Historic Center and DJ Crizz that opens and closes programming every day. The Casa da Cultura Paraty (Paraty House of Culture) occupies an historic house originally built in 1754 which opened to

3658-411: Was built in 1703 and outfitted with six cannons for the protection of the city's important commercial warehouses. With the aforementioned economic decline of the region, it was in ruins until 1822, when it was reconstructed and dedicated to Emperor Dom Pedro I . Some historians believe that it was at the fort that the first nucleus of the town began, in that the area around the fort is still referred to as

3720-525: Was high physical exertion on workers, especially during harvest season. In addition, enslaved people were held to nearly-impossible daily production quotas while having to contend with lack of rest and food. Economically, in sugar plantations, it was cheaper for owners of enslaved Africans to work them to death and get new replacement enslaved people. Conditions were so bad that even the Crown intervened on at least two occasions, forcing plantation owners to provide

3782-447: Was not recommended to fish. There are also historical churches in two nearby small villages, Paraty Mirim and Penha. Paraty-Mirim (Little Paraty) is the site of first chapel built by settlers in the region around Paraty (1686). At the time of its construction Paraty-Mirim an important commercial center and thriving village. Today however, all that remains there are the church itself and a scattering private homes. Although in recent years

SECTION 60

#1732797440176

3844-526: Was submitted for inclusion on the World Heritage List in August 2004. The city's economic activity revived as a port for a new boom, the coffee trade of the Paraiba do Sul River Valley in the early 19th century, until a railway along the valley created cheaper transport to the port of Rio de Janeiro. Another smaller revival came late in the 19th century with the production of cachaça , which

#175824