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72-604: In a general sense, the term "juju" can be used to refer to magical properties dealing with luck, whether good or bad. The name is also associated with the music genre, Jùjú as well as a slang term for the energy of something or someone. The belief system is recorded by Sir James George Frazer in Folk-Lore (Vol. XXVI), under the title, "A Priest-King in Nigeria", from a communication received from Mr. P. A. Talbot, District Commissioner in S. Nigeria . The writer states that

144-797: A liberty , it functions largely as an independent local government authority. During the 12th and early 13th centuries the law was taught, in the City of London , primarily by the clergy. But a papal bull in 1218 prohibited the clergy from practising in the secular courts (where the English common law system operated, as opposed to the Roman civil law favoured by the Church). As a result, law began to be practised and taught by laymen instead of by clerics. To protect their schools from competition, first Henry II and later Henry III issued proclamations prohibiting

216-591: A public lectureship in social anthropology at the universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Glasgow and Liverpool was established in his honour in 1921. He was, if not blind, then severely visually impaired from 1930 on. He and his wife, Lilly, died in Cambridge , England, within a few hours of each other. He died on 7 May 1941. They are buried at the St Giles aka Ascension Parish Burial Ground in Cambridge. Frazer

288-475: A book of children's stories, The Leaves from the Golden Bough . His sister Isabella Katherine Frazer married the mathematician John Steggall . The study of myth and religion became his areas of expertise. Except for visits to Italy and Greece , Frazer was not widely travelled. His prime sources of data were ancient histories and questionnaires mailed to missionaries and imperial officials all over

360-460: A chameleon's mouth so that the nicotine poisons it and the creature dies, writhing while turning colours. Variations of the tale are found in other parts of Africa. The Akamba say the messengers are the chameleon and the thrush while the Ashanti say they are the goat and the sheep. The Bura people of northern Nigeria say that, at first, neither death nor disease existed but, one day,

432-439: A copy by Peter Lely of the original by Anthony van Dyck , and also portraits of Charles II, James II, William III, Elizabeth I, Queen Anne and George I. On the walls are panels bearing the coats of arms of Readers (senior members ) dating back to 1597. The first recorded performance of Shakespeare's play Twelfth Night occurred in the hall on 2 February 1602. Shakespeare himself was probably present. The hall survived

504-405: A man became ill and died. The people sent a worm to ask the sky deity, Hyel, what they should do with him. The worm was told that the people should hang the corpse in the fork of a tree and throw mush at it until it came back to life. But a malicious lizard, Agadzagadza , hurried ahead of the worm and told the people to dig a grave, wrap the corpse in cloth, and bury it. The people did this. When

576-526: A member of the Inn, Robert Ashley , died and left his collection of books and £300 to the Inn. This library was demolished in 1830. After an interval of three decades, a new library was built, in a Gothic style designed by architect H. R. Abraham. It was opened by The Prince of Wales on 31 October 1861. This Victorian library was badly damaged during the London Blitz in 1940, and was demolished following

648-403: A much-used film location, as has Middle Temple generally, because of its cobbled streets, historic buildings and gas lighting. Little is known about the original library, which was probably just a room in a barristers' chambers. All the books were stolen prior to the reign of Henry VIII. In 1625 a new library was established at the site of what is now Garden Court, and in 1641 it was enlarged when

720-558: A revival in Early Modern Europe and became chemistry . On the other hand, Frazer displayed a deep anxiety about the potential of widespread belief in magic to empower the masses, indicating fears of and biases against lower-class people in his thought. Frazer collected stories from throughout the British Empire and devised four general classifications into which many of them could be grouped: This type of story

792-499: A supplemental thirteenth volume added in 1936. He published a single-volume abridged version, largely compiled by his wife Lady Frazer, in 1922, with some controversial material on Christianity excluded from the text. The work's influence extended well beyond the conventional bounds of academia, inspiring the new work of psychologists and psychiatrists. Sigmund Freud , the founder of psychoanalysis , cited Totemism and Exogamy frequently in his own Totem and Taboo : Resemblances Between

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864-577: A vessel of any kind infused with negative energy to the intended person. Crimes that have been committed (human trafficking being the most extreme and prominent example) while utilizing the practice. 19th century venturers, and merchants of the Niger Delta and Benin documented and published accounts of: These practices persist to the present. James George Frazer Sir James George Frazer OM FRS FRSE FBA ( / ˈ f r eɪ z ər / ; 1 January 1854 – 7 May 1941)

936-494: Is buried in the Temple Church. Blackstone, living on the floor below Goldsmith's chambers, complained about the noise made by Goldsmith's raucous parties, which were attended by many celebrities of the time, including Samuel Johnson . Blackstone later moved to Pump Court; whether because of the parties or for some other reason is unknown. Next to Brick Court are the buildings called Essex Court, which actually form part of

1008-593: Is common in Africa. Two messages are carried from the supreme being to mankind: one of eternal life and one of death. The messenger carrying the tidings of eternal life is delayed, and so the message of death is received first by mankind. The Bantu people of Southern Africa, such as the Zulu , tell that Unkulunkulu , the Old Old One, sent a message that men should not die, giving it to the chameleon . The chameleon

1080-478: Is commonly interpreted as an atheist in light of his criticism of Christianity and especially Roman Catholicism in The Golden Bough . However, his later writings and unpublished materials suggest an ambivalent relationship with Neoplatonism and Hermeticism . In 1896 Frazer married Elizabeth "Lilly" Grove , a writer whose father was from Alsace . She would later adapt Frazer's Golden Bough as

1152-460: Is his six-volume commentary on the Greek traveller Pausanias ' description of Greece in the mid-2nd century AD. Since his time, archaeological excavations have added enormously to the knowledge of ancient Greece, but scholars still find much of value in his detailed historical and topographical discussions of different sites, and his eyewitness accounts of Greece at the end of the 19th century. Among

1224-529: Is most commonly used for treating both physical and spiritual ailments. For example, when used with positive intentions, it can be used for healing insect and animal bites as well as counteracting and neutralizing curses. Juju is sometimes used to enforce a contract or ensure compliance. In a typical scenario, the witch doctor casting the spell requires payment for this service. When used negatively, Juju can be used to enact revenge, out of jealousy and cause misfortune in general. It can be done as simply as sending

1296-713: Is still part of the arms of Middle Temple today. All of the Inn's records were burned during the Peasants' Revolt of 1381. After Henry VIII seized the Temple from the Knights Hospitaller in 1540, each Inn continued to hold its share of the Temple as tenants of the Crown for £10 a year, until it was granted to them jointly in 1608 by James I , to be held in perpetuity so long as they continue to provide education and accommodation to lawyers and students and maintain

1368-404: Is that the creator in the sky would lower gifts to mankind on a rope and, one day, a stone was offered to the first couple. They refused the gift as they did not know what to do with it, so the creator took it back and lowered a banana. The couple ate this with relish, but the creator told them that they would live as the banana, perishing after having children rather than remaining everlasting like

1440-596: Is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions . The word Juju is used in the West African Diaspora to describe all forms of charms made in African Diaspora Religions and African Traditional Religions . According to some authors, "It is neither good nor bad, but it may be used for constructive purposes as well as for nefarious deeds." It

1512-658: The cultus in the Hittite city of Nerik, J. D. Hawkins remarked approvingly in 1973, "The whole work is very methodical and sticks closely to the fully quoted documentary evidence in a way that would have been unfamiliar to the late Sir James Frazer." More recently, The Golden Bough has been criticised for what are widely perceived as imperialist , anti-Catholic , classist and racist elements, including Frazer's assumptions that European peasants, Aboriginal Australians and Africans represented fossilised, earlier stages of cultural evolution. Another important work by Frazer

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1584-606: The Court of Common Pleas , held at Middle Temple, had to be resolved by an act of Parliament, the Records of Fires Burnt, etc. Act 1679 ( 31 Cha. 2 . c. 3) The first woman to be admitted to any Inn was Helena Florence Normanton , who joined Middle Temple as a student member on 24 December 1919. Olive Clapham , who joined Middle Temple on 17 January 1920, became the first woman to pass the bar finals examinations in May 1921. The Temple

1656-571: The Igbos , Ibibios , and Yoruba peoples of the Niger Delta in an 1899 article, and Alan Maxwell Boisragon in a book of 1897. Juju is a folk magic in West Africa; within juju, a variety of concepts exist. Juju charms and spells can be used to inflict either bad or good juju. A "juju man" is any man vetted by local traditions and well versed in traditional spiritual medicines. The word Juju

1728-717: The Temples Order 1971 . It geographically falls within the boundaries and wards of the City. Some of the Inn's buildings (those along Essex Street, Devereux Court and the Queen Elizabeth Building near the Embankment) lie just outside the liberty of the Middle Temple and the City's boundary, and are actually situated in the City of Westminster . Quadrant House (7–15 Fleet Street) was acquired by

1800-502: The Year-King has not been borne out by field studies. Yet The Golden Bough , his study of ancient cults, rites, and myths, including their parallels in early Christianity, continued for many decades to be studied by modern mythographers for its detailed information. The first edition, in two volumes, was published in 1890; and a second, in three volumes, in 1900. The third edition was finished in 1915 and ran to twelve volumes, with

1872-737: The "magic wand of science". Larsen criticizes Frazer for baldly characterized magical rituals as "infallible" without clarifying that this is merely what believers in the rituals thought. Larsen has said that Frazer's vivid descriptions of magical practices were written with the intention to repel readers, but, instead, these descriptions more often allured them. Larsen also criticizes Frazer for applying western European Christian ideas, theology, and terminology to non-Christian cultures. This distorts those cultures to make them appear more Christian. Frazer routinely described non-Christian religious figures by equating them with Christian ones. Frazer applied Christian terms to functionaries , for instance calling

1944-555: The 16th century. (There is a list here , showing the dates of construction, architect, and listed status.) The Inn is also jointly responsible, with Inner Temple, for Temple Church and the Master's House next to the church, a Georgian townhouse built in 1764. Construction of Middle Temple Hall began in 1562 and was completed in the early 1570s. Its hammerbeam roof has been said to be the best in London. Queen Elizabeth I visited

2016-533: The 400th anniversary of the charter of James I was celebrated by Elizabeth II issuing new letters patent confirming the original grant. The Middle Temple owns 43 buildings, many of which are listed buildings . The ones in the Temple itself are still held under the 1608 letters patent of James I, but some others just outside the Temple were bought subsequently. Some buildings are modern, replacing ones which were destroyed in The Blitz , but others date back to

2088-570: The Christian doctrine of reconciliation . When Spencer, who had studied the aboriginals firsthand, objected that the ideas were not remotely similar, Frazer insisted that they were exactly equivalent. Based on these exchanges, Larsen concludes that Frazer's deliberate use of Judeo-Christian terminology in the place of native terminology was not to make native cultures seem less strange, but rather to make Christianity seem more strange and barbaric. Middle Temple The Honourable Society of

2160-404: The Christian terms were loaded with Christian connotations that would be completely foreign to members of the cultures he was describing, Frazer insisted that he should use Abrahamic terms instead, telling him that using native terms would be off-putting and would seem pedantic. A year later, Frazer excoriated Spencer for refusing to equate the non-estrangement of Aboriginal Australian totems with

2232-542: The Great Fire of London in 1666, but was damaged by bombing in the Second World War. Middle Temple Hall is at the heart of the Inn, hosting several events per year for members of the Inn (and sometimes their guests), some of which also count as qualifying sessions for student members. Middle Temple Hall is also a popular venue for banqueting, weddings, receptions and parties. In recent years, it has become

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2304-507: The Inn is occupied by barristers' offices, known as barristers' chambers . One of the Middle Temple's main functions now is to provide education and support to new members of the profession. This is done through advocacy training, the provision of scholarships (over £1 million in 2011), subsidised accommodation both in the Temple and in Clapham, and by providing events where junior members may meet senior colleagues for help and advice. In 2008

2376-528: The Inner Temple) is one of the few remaining liberties , an old name for a geographic division. It is an independent extra-parochial area , historically not governed by the City of London Corporation (and is today regarded as a local authority for most purposes) and equally outside the ecclesiastical jurisdiction of the Bishop of London . The Middle Temple's functions as a local council are set out in

2448-579: The Middle Temple , commonly known simply as Middle Temple , is one of the four Inns of Court entitled to call their members to the English Bar as barristers , the others being the Inner Temple (with which it shares Temple Church ), Gray's Inn and Lincoln's Inn . It is located in the wider Temple area of London, near the Royal Courts of Justice , and within the City of London . As

2520-512: The Middle Temple in 1999, and after five years of conversion is now a barristers' chambers. This lies outside the liberty (though immediately adjacent to it) but is within the City of London. The badge of the Middle Temple consists of the Lamb of God with a flag bearing the Saint George's Cross . This symbol appears in the centre of the Inn's coat of arms , against a background consisting of

2592-684: The Parliament. The Executive Committee consists of nine voting members (including the Treasurer and the Deputy Treasurer) and six non-voting members (including the Under Treasurer). The Treasurer for 2024 was Paul Darling OBE KC, who died on 2 August 2024; he is succeeded by the former Deputy Treasurer, Dame Kathryn Thirlwall DBE. The Chief Executive and Under Treasurer is Christopher Ghika KCVO CBE. Middle Temple (like

2664-467: The Psychic Lives of Savages and Neurotics . The symbolic cycle of life, death and rebirth which Frazer divined behind myths of many peoples captivated a generation of artists and poets. Perhaps the most notable product of this fascination is T. S. Eliot 's poem The Waste Land (1922). Frazer's pioneering work has been criticised by late-20th-century scholars. For instance, in the 1980s

2736-566: The Temple Church and its Master. The Temple Church , consecrated in 1185, still stands as a " Royal Peculiar " (extra-diocesan) church of the Inner and Middle Temples. Much of the Middle Temple was destroyed in a fire in January 1679, which caused more damage to the Inn than the Great Fire of 1666 . The Thames being frozen over, beer from the Temple cellars was used to fight the fire, which

2808-599: The Temple since 1320, when they were the tenants of the Earl of Lancaster , who had held the Temple since 1315. The Temple later belonged to the Knights Hospitaller . In 1346 the knights again leased the premises to the lawyers – the eastern part (which became Inner Temple ) to lawyers from Thavie's Inn , an Inn of Chancery in Holborn, and the western part to lawyers from St George's Inn. The Cross of St George

2880-459: The Temple), and Middle Temple Hall. The current buildings of Garden Court, which lie along the western edge of the Temple, were constructed in 1883. South of Garden Court are Blackstone House, Queen Elizabeth Building, and a gate leading out of the Temple (and a short distance from Temple tube station ). South of the hall, and east of the gardens, are Plowden Buildings, built in 1831, which contain

2952-496: The Temple. Most of the buildings here belong to Middle Temple, except those in the north west corner. Further east are Middle Temple's cloisters , leading to Church Court between Temple Church and Inner Temple Hall. North of Pump Court is Inner Temple's Hare Court, and then more buildings belonging to Middle Temple, until the lane ends at the gate to Fleet Street. Parallel with and to the east of Middle Temple Lane lies Inner Temple Lane, which runs from Fleet Street to Church Court. On

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3024-657: The Treasurer who is elected annually. Parliament approves the Inn's budget and authorises Call of qualified student members to the Bar. Members of the British royal family who are made honorary benchers are known as "Royal Benchers". The first of these was the Prince of Wales, later Edward VII , who was made a Royal Bencher when he opened the newly constructed library in 1861. The Inn is run from day to day by an Executive Committee and five Standing Committees, which are accountable to

3096-453: The Treasurer's office. South of that is the current library, and then, at the end of Middle Temple Lane, are the buildings called Temple Gardens, built on both sides of the lane by both Inns in 1861. The western part belongs to Middle Temple, and the eastern part is Inner Temple's. The lane passes through the middle of Temple Gardens via an archway and leads out of the Temple. Along the east side of Middle Temple Lane (proceeding northwards from

3168-461: The dominant Ju-Ju of Elele , a town in the northwest of the Degema district, is a Priest-King, elected for a term of seven years. "The whole prosperity of the town, especially the fruitfulness of farm, byre, and marriage-bed, was linked with his life. Should he fall sick, therefore, it entailed famine and grave disaster upon the inhabitants ..." Le Comte C. N. de Cardi documented its practice amongst

3240-618: The east belong to one Inn or the other. Proceeding south from the Fleet Street gatehouse, Middle Temple Lane passes Brick Court to the west, so called because it is said to consist of the first brick buildings to be built in the Temple, in the reign of Elizabeth I. Sir William Blackstone worked here before becoming the first professor to lecture in law at Oxford University. The poet and playwright Oliver Goldsmith also lived here from 1765 (having earlier resided in Garden Court), and

3312-598: The east side of Inner Temple Lane, and opposite Hare Court, is Goldsmith Building, so named because of its proximity to Goldsmith's tomb in the adjacent Temple Church. Despite its location in the Inner Temple, Goldsmith Building actually belongs to Middle Temple, for reasons which are no longer remembered. It was built in 1861. The Inn's supreme body is its Parliament, which is made up of the Benchers (judges and senior barristers), who are elected for life, and headed by

3384-976: The elders of the Njamus of East Africa "equivalent to the Levites of Israel" and the Grand Lama of Lhasa "the Buddhist Pope ... the man-god who bore his people's sorrows, the Good Shepherd who laid down his life for the sheep". He routinely uses the specifically Christian theological terms " born again ", "new birth", " baptism ", " christening ", " sacrament ", and "unclean" in reference to non-Christian cultures. When Frazer's Australian colleague Walter Baldwin Spencer requested to use native terminology to describe Aboriginal Australian cultures, arguing that doing so would be more accurate, since

3456-409: The fire, and which had belonged to Inner Temple. The Lamb of God is the symbol of Middle Temple and is engraved above the entrances to the building. Behind Lamb Buildings, further east, is Elm Court, built in 1880. The buildings on the south and east sides of Elm Court are part of Inner Temple; the west and north buildings are Middle Temple. Further north is Pump Court , one of the oldest courts in

3528-482: The globe. Frazer's interest in social anthropology was aroused by reading E. B. Tylor 's Primitive Culture (1871) and was also encouraged by his friend, the biblical scholar William Robertson Smith , who was comparing elements of the Old Testament with early Hebrew folklore. Frazer was the first scholar to describe in detail the relations between myths and rituals . His vision of the annual sacrifice of

3600-411: The grand trajectory of human thought." He thus ultimately proposed – and attempted to further – a narrative of secularization and one of the first social-scientific expressions of a disenchantment narrative. At the same time, Frazer was aware that both magic and religion could persist or return. He noted that magic sometimes returned so as to become science, such as when alchemy underwent

3672-498: The hall in 1578, unannounced, to inspect the new building and listen to a debate between barristers. This is the earliest known visit of a reigning monarch to an Inn of Court. One of the tables at the end of the hall is traditionally said to have been made from the timbers of the Golden Hinde , the ship used by Sir Francis Drake to circumnavigate the world. Above the table is a massive painting of King Charles I thought to be

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3744-519: The idea that man should or might return from death in a similar way. Stories that associate the moon with the origin of death are found especially around the Pacific region. In Fiji , it is said that the moon suggested that mankind should return as he did. But the rat god, Ra Kalavo , would not permit this, insisting that men should die like rats. In Australia, the Wotjobaluk aborigines say that

3816-461: The latter, then mankind would have shed their skins like crabs and so lived eternally. The banana plant bears its fruit on a stalk which dies after bearing. This gave people such as the Nias islanders the idea that they had inherited this short-lived property of the banana rather than the immortality of the crab. The natives of Poso also based their myth on this property of the banana. Their story

3888-488: The moon used to revive the dead until an old man said that this should stop. The Cham have it that the goddess of good luck used to revive the dead, but the sky-god sent her to the moon so she could not do this any more. Animals which shed their skin , such as snakes and lizards , appeared to be immortal to primitive people. This led to stories in which mankind lost the ability to do this. For example, in Vietnam , it

3960-658: The most influential elements of the third edition of The Golden Bough is Frazer's theory of cultural evolution and the place Frazer assigns religion and magic in that theory. Frazer's theory of cultural evolution was not absolute and could reverse, but sought to broadly describe three (or possibly, four) spheres through which cultures were thought to pass over time. Frazer believed that, over time, culture passed through three stages, moving from magic, to religion, to science. Frazer's classification notably diverged from earlier anthropological descriptions of cultural evolution, including that of Auguste Comte , because he thought magic

4032-482: The northern boundary of the Inn, was built in 1684 by Sir Christopher Wren . It replaced an earlier one which had been allowed to decay until it had to be demolished. It leads into Middle Temple Lane, which proceeds southwards through the Inn to end at gates on the Victoria Embankment , south of the Temple. All of the buildings in the Temple lying west of the lane belong to Middle Temple; the buildings to

4104-548: The same courtyard. The earliest record of Essex Court is from 1640, but the original buildings were replaced in 1656 and 1677. Today Essex Court and Brick Court are occupied by barristers' chambers. Through a passageway to the west is New Court, built by Wren, and a gate leading out of the Temple into Devereux Court and Essex Street. (Another passageway to the north leads through Outer Temple to Fleet Street.) South of New Court and Essex Court lies Fountain Court. The fountain there

4176-493: The same cross (a red cross on a white field). The cross, and the lamb with the flag, each were symbols of the Knights Templar . The Inn's student members are required to attend a minimum of 10 qualifying sessions, 6 of which must be attended in person, either at the Inn or "on circuit" (outside London) . Qualifying sessions, formerly known as "dinners", combine collegiate and educational elements and will usually combine

4248-486: The social anthropologist Edmund Leach wrote a series of critical articles, one of which was featured as the lead in Anthropology Today , vol. 1 (1985). Leach criticised The Golden Bough for the breadth of comparisons drawn from widely separated cultures, but often based his comments on the abridged edition, which omits the supportive archaeological details. In a positive review of a book narrowly focused on

4320-405: The southern archway), the buildings belong to Inner Temple, until the lane reaches Lamb Buildings. Lamb Buildings belong to Middle Temple, which bought the land from Inner Temple after the Great Fire of 1666. Inner Temple needed the money because it found itself short of funds due to the extensive property destruction. Lamb Buildings are built on the site of Caesar's Buildings, which were destroyed in

4392-624: The stone. Frazer married in 1896 and his new wife perceived that Frazer's reputation was not equal to his abilities. Lilly Frazer had the pushiness that he lacked, and she became his manager and publicist guarding access to his office. He did not care too much for prizes but she valued them. She was particularly involved in publishing his work, where she arranged translation to French, and to children, where she adapted his stories. According to historian Timothy Larsen , Frazer used scientific terminology and analogies to describe ritual practices, and conflated magic and science together, such as describing

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4464-505: The teaching of the civil law within the City of London. The common law lawyers migrated to the hamlet of Holborn , as it was easy to get to the law courts at Westminster Hall and was just outside the City. They were based in guilds , which in time became the Inns of Court. The Middle Temple is the western part of " The Temple ", which was the headquarters of the Knights Templar until they were dissolved in 1312. There have been lawyers in

4536-585: The war. A new Library was constructed in the 1950s to a design by Edward Maufe and opened by the Queen Mother in 1958. The building still houses the Inn's library and archives as well as various administrative offices, and is now known as the Ashley Building. Middle Temple Library possesses Emery Molyneux 's terrestrial and celestial globes , which are of particular historical cartographical value. The present gatehouse, on Fleet Street on

4608-577: The worm arrived and said that they should dig up the corpse, place it in a tree, and throw mush at it, they were too lazy to do this, and so death remained on Earth. This Bura story has the common mythic motif of a vital message which is diverted by a trickster . In Togoland , the messengers were the dog and the frog, and, as in the Bura version, the messengers go first from mankind to God to get answers to their questions. The moon regularly seems to disappear and then return. This gave primitive peoples

4680-672: Was a Scottish social anthropologist and folklorist influential in the early stages of the modern studies of mythology and comparative religion . Frazer was born on 1 January 1854 in Glasgow , Scotland, the son of Katherine Brown and Daniel F. Frazer, a chemist. He attended school at Springfield Academy and Larchfield Academy in Helensburgh . He studied at the University of Glasgow and Trinity College, Cambridge , where he graduated with honours in classics (his dissertation

4752-761: Was both initially separate from religion and invariably preceded religion. He also defined magic separately from belief in the supernatural and superstition, presenting an ultimately ambivalent view of its place in culture. Frazer believed that magic and science were similar because both shared an emphasis on experimentation and practicality; his emphasis on this relationship is so broad that almost any disproven scientific hypothesis technically constitutes magic under his system. In contrast to both magic and science, Frazer defined religion in terms of belief in personal, supernatural forces and attempts to appease them. As historian of religion Jason Josephson-Storm describes Frazer's views, Frazer saw religion as "a momentary aberration in

4824-685: Was damaged extensively during the Blitz (1940–1944). The Library was destroyed, much of the Church was destroyed, the Master's House burned down, and the Hall was badly damaged. 112 chambers were destroyed, out of a pre-war total of 285 (39%). The Inns served as colleges for the education of lawyers until they stopped being responsible for legal education in 1852, although they continue to provide training in areas such as advocacy and ethics for students, pupil barristers and newly qualified barristers. Most of

4896-417: Was described by Charles Dickens in Martin Chuzzlewit . In her notes to her poem The Middle Temple Gardens , Letitia Elizabeth Landon says of it: 'it is the poetry of the place, or, rather, the voice of the poetry with which it is filled'. To the south of Fountain Court are, from west to east, Garden Court (where the old library used to be), Middle Temple Gardens (which extend to the southern perimeter of

4968-424: Was eventually only contained by blowing up some buildings with gunpowder. The Lord Mayor of London tried to exploit the occasion to assert his own jurisdiction over the Temple – which was independent of the City – and on being thwarted in this endeavour, he turned back a fire engine which was on its way to the fire from the City. Issues related to the destruction of records of the Office of the Chirographer of Fines of

5040-412: Was published years later as The Growth of Plato 's Ideal Theory ) and remained a Classics Fellow all his life. From Trinity, he went on to study law at the Middle Temple , but never practised. Four times elected to Trinity's Title Alpha Fellowship, he was associated with the college for most of his life, except for the year 1907–1908, spent at the University of Liverpool . He was knighted in 1914, and

5112-511: Was said that the Jade Emperor sent word from heaven to mankind that, when they became old, they should shed their skins while the serpents would die and be buried. But some snakes overheard the command and threatened to bite the messenger unless he switched the message, so that man would die while snakes would be eternally renewed. For the natives of the island of Nias , the story was that the messenger who completed their creation failed to fast and ate bananas rather than crabs. If he had eaten

5184-538: Was slow and dawdled, taking time to eat and sleep. Unkulunkulu meanwhile had changed his mind and gave a message of death to the lizard who travelled quickly and so overtook the chameleon. The message of death was delivered first and so, when the chameleon arrived with its message of life, mankind would not hear it and so is fated to die. Because of this, Bantu people, such as the Ngoni , punish lizards and chameleons. For example, children may be allowed to put tobacco into

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