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20-612: The Finnic and Mari terms for 'god' are usually considered to derive from a common Finno-Permic root *juma . Related terms have been proposed to be found also in the Mordvinic languages : ёндол /jondol/ "lightning", interpretable as an old compound meaning "fire of Juma" (cf. тол /tol/ "fire"). A single 17th century source on Mordvinic moreover mentions Jumishipas as the name of a pre-Christian deity. The exact meaning of this however remains unclear (cf. ши /ʃi/ 'sun', пас /pas/ 'god'). There are different theories concerning

40-603: A proposed subdivision of the Uralic languages which comprise the Balto-Finnic languages , Sámi languages , Mordvinic languages , Mari language , Permic languages and likely a number of extinct languages. In the traditional taxonomy of the Uralic languages, Finno-Permic is estimated to have split from Finno-Ugric around 3000–2500 BC, and branched into Permic languages and Finno-Volgaic languages around 2000 BC. Nowadays

60-513: A puzzling topic, for which there are several models. There is general agreement on the existence of two series of close vowels , one of which results in modern /i ɯ u/ in literary Udmurt and literary Komi-Zyryan, the other in correspondences of Udmurt /e ɯ u/ to Komi /e ə o/ (but /i ʉ u/ in the Komi-Yazva language ). Proposed distinguishing factors for these include length ( *u, *uː ), tenseness ( *ʊ, *u ) and height ( *u, *o ). Here

80-661: Is preserved in the Sámi and Permic languages but whose meaning was shifted to "air" in Finnic. The older sense remains in the Finnish divine name Ilmarinen . No certain equivalents are found in the Ugric languages , though a minority view proposes a connection with words meaning 'good', such as Hungarian jó , Northern Mansi ёмас /jomas/ . The source of these words has been reconstructed as *jomV rather than *juma. In Estonia , Jumal

100-454: Is retained nearly unchanged in the modern-day Permic languages. Komi has merged original *w into /ʋ/ and undergone a word-final a change *l → /ʋ/ ~ /w/ in many dialects, while Udmurt has changed word-initially *r → /d͡ʒ/ or /d͡ʑ/ . *ŋ is retained only in some Udmurt dialects; in other Permic varieties it has become /m/ next to back vowels , /n/ next to central vowels, /ɲ/ next to front vowels . In later Russian loanwords,

120-589: Is the vowel table used in Wiktionary: Beserman *wo- > ўа- Irregularly, Udmurt *o > ы/и Irregularly, Beserman *o > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *ɛ > e Irregularly, Udmurt *e > e Irregularly, Udmurt *ɔ̇ > а Beserman unstressed *ȯ > ө Irregularly, Komi *ɔ̈ > е Irregularly, Beserman *u > ө Irregularly, Udmurt *u > ы/и dialectal Udmurt Noun roots in the Permic languages are predominantly monosyllabic and invariable with

140-468: The Kalevala : The Finnish deities, like the ancient gods of Italy , Greece , Egypt , Vedic India or any ancient cosmogony , are generally represented in pairs, and all the gods are probably wedded. They have their individual abodes and are surrounded by their respective families. ... The heavens themselves were thought divine. Then a personal deity of the heavens, coupled with the name of his abode,

160-516: The Finno-Permic languages varies among scholars. During the 20th century, most classifications treated Permic vs Finno-Volgaic as the primary division. In the 21st century, Salminen rejected Finno-Permic and Finno-Volgaic entirely. Other classifications treat the five branches of Finno-Permic as follows. Permic languages The Permic or Permian languages are a branch of the Uralic language family. They are spoken in several regions to

180-582: The Permic languages to other Uralic languages remains uncertain. The word Permian can be traced back philologically to the Russian word Perem (Перемь) or Perm (Пермь) which is found in medieval Russian chronicles. The word was initially used to designate certain territories, including the lower reaches of the Dvina River , as well as the area bounded by the Pechora , Vychegda and Kama rivers in

200-516: The Zyrians and the Udmurts . Proto-Uralic word roots have been subject to particularly heavy reduction in the Permic languages. A peculiarity of Permic is the occurrence of the voiced consonants such as *b, *g word-initially even in inherited vocabulary, apparently a development from original PU voiceless consonants. The Proto-Permic consonant inventory is reconstructed as: This inventory

220-449: The canonical shape (C)VC. CV roots, such as Udmurt ву /ʋu/, Komi and Permyak ва /ʋa/ 'water', and (C)VCC roots, such as Udmurt урт /urt/, Komi орт /ort/ 'soul', exist as well. In Udmurt, there are furthermore a number of bisyllabic roots, mostly of the shape (C)VCɯ. In noun roots with certain final clusters, the second consonant surfaces only when followed with a vowel in inflected or derived forms : Udmurt has similar alternation for

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240-729: The consonants /f x t͡s/ may occur. The consonant *w was marginal and occurred only word-initially or after a word-initial *k , generally traceable to diphthongization of the close back vowel of the 2nd series. An exceptional word is the numeral "six", *kwatʲ , which in Komi is the only native word root with an initial cluster. Literary Komi and literary Udmurt both possess a seven-vowel system /i ɯ u e ə o a/ . These are however not related straightforwardly, and numerous additional vowels are required for Proto-Permic, perhaps as many as 15 altogether. The reconstruction of Proto-Permic vocalism and its development from Proto-Uralic has always been

260-440: The earlier origin of the word. An Indo-Iranian origin for the name has been proposed, comparing e.g. Sanskrit dyumān "heavenly", "shining", accepted in some sources but disputed in others due to the inexact meaning. A different possible origin is Baltic languages (cf. Jumis — Latvian god of the evergreen Otherworld, and his sister/wife Jumala). This name replaced the original Finno-Ugric word for "heaven" ( * ilma ), which

280-563: The north, west and south, and the Urals in the east, which was incorporated into the Russian state in the late 15th century. The word Permian was then used to designate the non-Russian peoples who lived in there, which mostly included the Zyrians , and the Russians later began using the appellation Zyrian . From the 19th century, the word Permian was used in scholarly writing to designate

300-688: The pantheon, Jumala became the Finnish name for the Christian God. Two Old Norse texts mention a god called Jómali , worshipped in Bjarmaland : Óláfs saga helga chapter 133 and Bósa saga chapters 8-10. The attestation in Bósa saga is probably borrowed from the earlier Óláfs saga . The name of this god is generally assumed to be a loanword from a Finnic language. Finno-Permic languages The Finno-Permic or Finno-Permian languages, sometimes just Finnic or Fennic languages, are

320-501: The validity of the group as a taxonomical entity is being questioned, and the interrelationships of its five branches are debated with little consensus. The term Finnic languages has often been used to designate all the Finno-Permic languages, with the term Balto-Finnic used to disambiguate the Finnic languages proper. However, in many works, Finnic refers to the Baltic-Finnic languages alone. The subclassification of

340-576: The west of the Ural Mountains within the Russian Federation . The total number of speakers is around 950,000, of which around 550,000 speak the most widely spoken language, Udmurt . Like other Uralic languages, the Permic languages are primarily agglutinative and have a rich system of grammatical cases. Unlike many other agglutinative languages, they do not have vowel harmony . The earliest Permic language to be preserved in writing

360-467: Was Old Permic or Old Zyryan, in the 14th century. The extant Permic languages are: The Permic languages have traditionally been classified as Finno-Permic languages , along with the Finnic, Saami, Mordvin, and Mari languages. The Finno-Permic and Ugric languages together made up the Finno-Ugric family . However, this taxonomy has more recently been called into question, and the relationship of

380-512: Was the name of the god of the sky. He was believed to make the earth fertile through the rains of the summer's thunderstorms. Among the south Estonians, he was represented by a wooden statue in their homes. In Finland , Jumala was the name of two of the Finns ' sky gods, or one of two names for the sky god (cf. Ilmarinen ). According to John Martin Crawford in the preface to his translation of

400-505: Was the next conception; finally this sky-god was chosen to represent the supreme Ruler. To the sky, the sky-god, and the supreme God, the term Jumala (thunder-home) was given. Later on, the sky itself was called taivas and the sky-god Ukko Ylijumala , literally Grandfather or Old Man Overgod . However, when Christianity came to dominate Finnish religious life in the Middle Ages and the old gods were ousted or consolidated away from

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