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125-597: June —abbreviated Jun —is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars —the latter the most widely used calendar in the world. Its length is 30 days. June succeeds May and precedes July . This month marks the start of summer in the Northern Hemisphere and contains the summer solstice , which is the day with the most daylight hours. In the Southern Hemisphere , June

250-659: A liturgical feast observed by numerous denominations, always occurs on 29 June. In Buddhism, Vesak (Buddha Day), the most significant Buddhist festival , occurs on 2 June in Singapore and on 3 June in Thailand as of 2024. Shavuot , one of the biblically-ordained Three Pilgrimage Festivals observed in Judaism , takes place during the month of Sivan in the Hebrew calendar , which corresponds to being between May and June in

375-650: A month-long observance aimed at increasing awareness of, and ultimately decreasing, the number of unintentional injuries and deaths in the country. National Smile Month , the largest oral health campaign in the United Kingdom and organised by the Oral Health Foundation , commences between alternating dates from mid-May to mid-June. In Barbados, June is part of the Season of Emancipation which takes place between 14 April and 23 August to commemorate

500-525: A reformation of the calendar in 46 BC. This was undertaken by a group of scholars apparently including the Alexandrian Sosigenes and the Roman M. Flavius. Its main lines involved the insertion of ten additional days throughout the calendar and regular intercalation of a single leap day every fourth year to bring the Roman calendar into close agreement with the solar year. The year 46 BC

625-440: A 24-year cycle, there were only three intercalary years, each of 377   days. This refinement brings the calendar back in line with the seasons and averages the length of the year to 365.25   days over 24   years. The Pontifex Maximus determined when an intercalary month was to be inserted. On average, this happened in alternate years. The system of aligning the year through intercalary months broke down at least twice:

750-577: A cure for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , and Filipino Heritage Month . In the United States, June is Pride Month , which is the celebration of LGBT individuals. Caribbean-American Heritage Month also occurs annually in June. In Brazil, the Festa Juninas (June Festivals) occur throughout the entire month to celebrate the harvest. It is also National Safety Month in the United States,

875-470: A date for his daughter's wedding, but was advised to wait until after 15 June. The Greek philosopher and writer Plutarch , however, implied that the entire month of June was more favorable for weddings than May. In 46 BC, Julius Caesar reformed the calendar, which thus became known as the Julian calendar after himself. This reform fixed the calendar to 365 days with a leap year every fourth year, and made June 30 days long; however, this reform resulted in

1000-405: A decimal division fitting general Roman practice. There were four months of "31" days —March, May, Quintilis, and October—called "full months" ( pleni menses ) and six months of "30" days —April, June, Sextilis, September, November, and December—called "hollow months" ( cavi menses ). These "304" days made up exactly 38  nundinal cycles . The months were kept in alignment with

1125-569: A fist, each month will be listed as one proceeds across the hand. All months landing on a knuckle are 31 days long and those landing between them are 30 days long, with variable February being the remembered exception. When the knuckle of the index finger is reached (July), go over to the first knuckle on the other fist, held next to the first (or go back to the first knuckle) and continue with August. This physical mnemonic has been taught to primary school students for many decades, if not centuries. This cyclical pattern of month lengths matches

1250-436: A further correction to the calendar method, resulting in the establishment of the modern Gregorian calendar . The original Roman calendar is usually believed to have been an observational lunar calendar whose months ended and began from the new moon . Because a lunar cycle is about 29.5 days long, such months would have varied between 29 and 30 days . Twelve such months would have fallen 10 or 11 days short of

1375-589: A person born in June. In astrology , the Zodiac signs for people born between 21 May and 21 June is Gemini (♊︎); for those born between 22 June and 22 July, their sign is Cancer (♋︎). The birthstones associated with June in the United States are pearl , moonstone and alexandrite . The birth flowers of June are rose and honeysuckle . Noteworthy people born in June include: Noteworthy people who died in June include: Literary sources cited on multiple occasions: Month Calendars that developed from

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1500-637: A rebellion in Hispania. Plutarch believed Numa was responsible for placing January and February first in the calendar; Ovid states January began as the first month and February the last, with its present order owing to the Decemvirs . W. Warde Fowler believed the Roman priests continued to treat January and February as the last months of the calendar throughout the Republican period. According to

1625-601: Is polar night in places within the Antarctic Circle , during which the Sun remains below the horizon for more than 24 hours. In astronomy , certain meteor showers occur annually during this month. The Arietids —among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year—last from 22 May until 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June; the Beta Taurids take place between 5 June and 18 July, peaking on 28 June; and

1750-565: Is Duin Shing. The Roman calendar was reformed several times, the last three enduring reforms during historical times. The last three reformed Roman calendars are called the Julian , Augustan , and Gregorian ; all had the same number of days in their months. Despite other attempts, the names of the months after the Augustan calendar reform have persisted, and the number of days in each month (except February) have remained constant since before

1875-439: Is an a priori interpretation by late Republican writers. Other traditions existed alongside this one, however. Plutarch 's Parallel Lives recounts that Romulus 's calendar had been solar but adhered to the general principle that the year should last for 360 days. Months were employed secondarily and haphazardly, with some counted as 20 days and others as 35 or more. Plutarch records that while one tradition

2000-574: Is based on the cycles of the Moon around the Earth in one year. The months are: Pingelapese , a language from Micronesia , also uses a lunar calendar. There are 12 months associated with their calendar. The Moon first appears in March, they name this month Kahlek . This system has been used for hundreds of years and throughout many generations. This calendar is cyclical and relies on the position and shape of

2125-438: Is calculated to a precision of within 24 hours of the lunar phase, achieved by a particular arrangement of months, and the month of EQUOS having a variable length of 29 or 30 days to adjust for any lunar slippage. This setup means the calendar could stay precisely aligned to its lunar phase indefinitely. The lunar month is divided into two halves, the first of 15 days and the second of 14 or 15 days. The month

2250-413: Is calculated to start at the first quarter moon, with the full moon at the centre of the first half-month and the dark moon at the centre of the second half-month. The calendar does not rely on unreliable visual sightings. An intercalary lunar month is inserted before every 30 lunar months to keep in sync with the solar year. Every 276 years this adds one day to the solar point, so if for example

2375-643: Is clear that, for a variety of reasons, the intercalation necessary for the system's accuracy was not always observed. Astronomical events recorded in Livy show the civil calendar had varied from the solar year by an entire season in 190 BC and was still two months off in 168 BC . By the 191 BC Lex Acilia or before, control of intercalation was given to the pontifex maximus but—as these were often active political leaders like Caesar —political considerations continued to interfere with its regular application. Notably, intercalation had to be personally announced by

2500-592: Is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus , and known as the Month of the Sacred Heart . In the United States, June is dedicated to Pride Month , a month-long observance of LGBT individuals. Father's Day , which honours fathers and fatherhood , occurs on the third Sunday in June in most countries. June is the sixth month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars —the latter

2625-514: Is longer than a sidereal month because the Earth-Moon system is orbiting the Sun in the same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth. The Sun moves eastward with respect to the stars (as does the Moon) and it takes about 2.2 days longer for the Moon to return to the same apparent position with respect to the Sun. An anomalistic month is longer than a sidereal month because the perigee moves in

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2750-774: Is one of the hottest months in the Northern Hemisphere, alongside July and August, with July being the hottest; in the Southern Hemisphere, it is the inverse. For instance, the lowest temperature ever recorded in South America occurred on 1 June 1907 in the town of Sarmiento in the Chubut Province of Argentina, measuring -32.8°C (-27°F). The crops which are harvested this month include several varieties of corn; wheat , barley , maize , rapeseed , rice , rye and sorghum in most of

2875-517: Is only added 7 times in 19 years. In ordinary years, Adar 2 is simply called Adar. There are also twelve months in the Islamic calendar. They are named as follows: See Islamic calendar for more information on the Islamic calendar. The Hindu calendar has various systems of naming the months. The months in the lunar calendar are: These are also the names used in the Indian national calendar for

3000-416: Is peculiar in that the months always start on the same weekday rather than on the same date . Hence Þorri always starts on a Friday sometime between January 22 and January 28 ( Old style : January 9 to January 15) , Góa always starts on a Sunday between February 21 and February 27 ( Old style : February 8 to February 14) . *NOTE: New Year in ancient Georgia started from September. Like

3125-475: Is possible the original calendar was agriculturally based, observational of the seasons and stars rather the moon, with ten months of varying length filling the entire year. If this ever existed, it would have changed to the lunisolar system later credited to Numa during the kingdom or early Republic under the influence of the Etruscans and of Pythagorean Southern Italian Greeks . After the establishment of

3250-426: Is that Numa added two new months to a ten-month calendar, another version is that January and February were originally the last two months of the year and Numa just moved them to the start of the year, so that January (named after a peaceful ruler called Janus ) would come before March (which was named for Mars, the god of war). Rome's 8-day week, the nundinal cycle , was shared with the Etruscans , who used it as

3375-586: Is the calendar used by the Baháʼí Faith . It is a solar calendar with regular years of 365 days, and leap years of 366 days. Years are composed of 19 months of 19 days each (361 days), plus an extra period of " Intercalary Days " (4 in regular and 5 in leap years). The months are named after the attributes of God. Days of the year begin and end at sundown. The Iranian / Persian calendar , currently used in Iran , also has 12 months. The Persian names are included in

3500-747: Is the fiftieth day after Easter Sunday, while Trinity Sunday is the first Sunday after Pentecost. The Catholic Church also observes the Feast of the Sacred Heart , which happens on the Friday following the second Sunday after Pentecost. The Feast of Corpus Christi , observed by the Latin Church and certain Western Orthodox , Lutheran , and Anglican churches, takes place on the Thursday after Trinity Sunday. The feast of Saints Peter and Paul ,

3625-624: Is the start of winter and contains the winter solstice , the day with the fewest hours of daylight out of the year . In places north of the Arctic Circle , the June solstice is when the midnight sun occurs, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight . The Atlantic hurricane season —when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in the north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. Several monsoons and subsequent wet seasons also commence in

3750-574: The fasti , which designated the religious and legal character of each month's days. The Romans marked each day of such calendars with the letters: Each day was also marked by a letter from A to H to indicate its place within the nundinal cycle of market days. The nundinae were the market days which formed a kind of weekend in Rome , Italy , and some other parts of Roman territory. By Roman inclusive counting , they were reckoned as "ninth days" although they actually occurred every eighth day. Because

3875-471: The Byzantine Empire in its calendar . Roman dates were counted inclusively forward to the next one of three principal days within each month: These are thought to reflect a prehistoric lunar calendar, with the kalends proclaimed after the sighting of the first sliver of the new crescent moon a day or two after the new moon , the nones occurring on the day of the first-quarter moon , and

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4000-556: The Christian Lord's Day . The system was originally used for private worship and astrology but had replaced the nundinal week by the time Constantine made Sunday ( dies Solis ) an official day of rest in AD ;321. The hebdomadal week was also reckoned as a cycle of letters from A to G; these were adapted for Christian use as the dominical letters . The names of Roman months originally functioned as adjectives (e.g.,

4125-672: The European monsoon season intensifies that month. The East Asian monsoon commences the East Asian rainy season . The highest volume of rainfall ever recorded in a one-hour period occurred on 22 June 1947 in the small city of Holt, Missouri in the United States, measuring 305 mm (12 inches) of rainfall. The greatest rainfall within a 48-hour period occurred between 15–16 June 1995 in the town of Cherrapunji in Meghalaya , India, with 2.493 metres (98.15 inches) of rainfall recorded. June

4250-532: The Hebrew Lunisolar calendar and the Islamic Lunar calendar started the month with the first appearance of the thin crescent of the new moon . However, the motion of the Moon in its orbit is very complicated and its period is not constant. The date and time of this actual observation depends on the exact geographical longitude as well as latitude, atmospheric conditions, the visual acuity of

4375-611: The Islamic New Year has a different Gregorian calendar date in each (solar) year. Purely solar calendars often have months which no longer relate to the phase of the Moon, but are based only on the motion of the Sun relative to the equinoxes and solstices, or are purely conventional like in the widely used Gregorian calendar . The complexity required in an accurate lunisolar calendar may explain why solar calendars have generally replaced lunisolar and lunar calendars for civil use in most societies. The Hellenic calendars ,

4500-476: The Julian reform . The Gregorian calendar , like the Roman calendars before it, has twelve months, whose Anglicized names are: The famous mnemonic Thirty days hath September is a common way of teaching the lengths of the months in the English-speaking world. The knuckles of the four fingers of one's hand and the spaces between them can be used to remember the lengths of the months. By making

4625-469: The June Bootids commence between 22 June and 2 July, peaking on 27 June. The full moon that occurs in June is most commonly known as the strawberry moon because it coincides with the strawberry -picking season; other names for it include the rose moon , honey moon and the poetic midsummer moon . The Atlantic hurricane season —when tropical or subtropical cyclones are most likely to form in

4750-534: The Metonic cycle centuries before its development by Babylonian and Greek astronomers . Plutarch 's account claims he ended the former chaos of the calendar by employing 12   months totalling 354   days—the length of the lunar and Greek years —and a biennial intercalary month of 22   days called Mercedonius . According to Livy's Periochae , the beginning of the consular year changed from March to 1   January in 153   BC to respond to

4875-861: The Normandy landings (D-Day), the largest seaborne invasion in history, which occurred on 6 June 1944 as part of the Second World War . Global Wind Day is on 15 June, and on 16 June is the International Day of the African Child , which raises awareness for the need of improved education provided to children in Africa. Autistic Pride Day occurs on 18 June. 19 June is World Sauntering Day , which encourages people to slow down ("saunter") and enjoy life. Go Skateboarding Day and World Hydrography Day both occur on 21 June. Midsummer ,

5000-520: The Roman Empire . ( Egyptians used the related Alexandrian calendar , which Augustus had adapted from their wandering ancient calendar to maintain its alignment with Rome's.) A few emperors altered the names of the months after themselves or their family, but such changes were abandoned by their successors. Diocletian began the 15-year indiction cycles beginning from the AD 297 census; these became

5125-486: The Roman calendar system, such as the internationally used Gregorian calendar , divide the year into 12 months, each of which lasts between 28 and 31 days. The names of the months were Anglicized from various Latin names and events important to Rome, except for the months 9–12, which are named after the Latin numerals 7–10 ( septem , octo , novem , and decem ) because they were originally the seventh through tenth months in

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5250-502: The bissextile ( bis sextum ) leap day every three years due to their inclusive counting. In order to bring the calendar back to its proper place, Augustus was obliged to suspend intercalation for one or two decades. At 365.25 days, the Julian calendar remained slightly longer than the solar year (365.24 days). By the 16th century, the date of Easter had shifted so far away from the vernal equinox that Pope Gregory XIII ordered

5375-561: The emancipation of slaves of African descent. The first day of June commences with International Children's Day and World Milk Day . International Whores' Day , an observance to honour sex workers (prostitutes) and recognise their often exploited and poor working conditions, occurs on 2 June. Several memorials and other commemorations are held around the world on 4 June to honour the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre that occurred in China. Similar annual memorials are held for

5500-476: The later calendar , there remained several moveable feasts ( feriae conceptivae , "proclaimed festivals") like the Sementivae that were dependent on local conditions. Michels suggests this was the original state of all ancient festivals, marking divisions between the seasons and occasions within them. The Romans themselves usually described their first organized year as one with ten fixed months,

5625-462: The musical keyboard alternation of wide white keys (31 days) and narrow black keys (30 days). The note F corresponds to January , the note F corresponds to February , the exceptional 28–29 day month, and so on. The mean month-length in the Gregorian calendar is 30.436875 days. Any five consecutive months, that do not include February, contain 153 days. Months in

5750-569: The new moon , the first-quarter moon , and the full moon respectively. To a late date, the College of Pontiffs formally proclaimed each of these days on the Capitoline Hill and Roman dating counted down inclusively towards the next such day in any month. (For example, the year-end festival of Terminalia on 23   February was called VII. Kal. Mart. , the 6th day before the March kalends.) Romulus's successor Numa Pompilius

5875-682: The ordinal numbers from 5 to 10 , their position in the calendar when it began around the spring equinox in March. Others are uncertain. February may derive from the Februa festival or its eponymous februa ("purifications, expiatory offerings"), whose name may be either Sabine or preserve an archaic word for sulphuric . April may relate to the Etruscan goddess Apru or the verb aperire ("to open"). May and June may honor Maia and Juno or derive from archaic terms for "senior" and "junior". A few emperors attempted to add themselves to

6000-404: The rising of stars , with only occasional supplementary mention of the civil calendar of their times until the 4th or 5th century author Palladius . Augury , formal Roman ornithomancy , continued to be the focus of a prestigious dedicated priesthood until at least the end of the 4th century. Although most Roman festivals in the historical record were closely tied to the nundinal cycle of

6125-483: The solar year and, without adjustment, such a year would have quickly rotated out of alignment with the seasons in the manner of the Islamic calendar . Given the seasonal aspects of the calendar and its associated religious festivals , this was presumably avoided through some form of arbitrary curtailment or intercalation or through the suspension of the calendar during winter. Against this, Michels has argued that

6250-402: The 11th and 12th months respectively, came first—thus moving Iunius to the sixth month of the year—but later Roman scholars generally dated this to 153 BC. In ancient Rome , the period from mid-May through mid-June may have been considered inauspicious for marriages. The Roman poet Ovid claimed to have consulted the flaminica Dialis , the high priestess of the god Jupiter , about setting

6375-655: The Chinese communities of Southeast Asia, may commence between late May and mid-June. The following are global holidays which are formally observed by the United Nations : As Easter is celebrated on the first Sunday after the Paschal full moon , which is the first full moon on or after 21 March (a fixed approximation of the March equinox ), Ascension Day , observed 39 days after Easter, can occur in June. Pentecost

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6500-663: The February ides are attested as sometimes counting down towards the Quirinalia (February 17), the Feralia (February 21), or the Terminalia (February 23) rather than the intercalary or March kalends. The third-century writer Censorinus says: When it was thought necessary to add (every two years) an intercalary month of 22 or 23 days , so that the civil year should correspond to the natural (solar) year, this intercalation

6625-507: The Gregorian calendar. Islamic holidays are determined by the Hijri calendar (colloquially the Islamic calendar), a lunar calendar of 354 or 355 days; thus, Islamic observances do not align with those of the Gregorian calendar. This is the same for Hindu holidays , which are based on the Hindu calendar . The quadrennial FIFA World Cup , an international association football tournament and

6750-575: The January kalends occur in the January month) before being treated as substantive nouns in their own right (e.g., the kalends of January occur in January). Some of their etymologies are well-established: January and March honor the gods Janus and Mars ; July and August honor Julius Caesar and his successor, the emperor Augustus ; and the months Quintilis, Sextilis, September, October, November, and December are archaic adjectives formed from

6875-558: The Moon. The Sinhalese calendar is the Buddhist calendar in Sri Lanka with Sinhala names. Each full moon Poya day marks the start of a Buddhist lunar month. The first month is Bak. The old Icelandic calendar is not in official use anymore, but some Icelandic holidays and annual feasts are still calculated from it. It has 12 months, broken down into two groups of six often termed "winter months" and "summer months". The calendar

7000-427: The Moon; the new moon marking the end of an old month and start of a new month; the full moon occurring in the middle of the month, after which the whole month took its name. When an intercalary month was needed, a third Litha month was inserted in mid-summer. The Coligny calendar (Gaulish/Celtic) is an Iron Age Metonic lunisolar calendar, with 12 lunar months of either 29 or 30 days. The lunar month

7125-520: The Northern Hemisphere and winter solstice in the Southern Hemisphere—occurs for one-day between 20–22 June (most often on 21 June), marking the longest day of the year in terms of daylight hours in the Northern Hemisphere and the shortest day in the Southern Hemisphere. In places north of the Arctic Circle , this is when the midnight sun occurs for the longest period, during which the Sun remains visible even at midnight . Conversely, it

7250-498: The Northern Hemisphere during this month. Multiple meteor showers occur annually in June, including the Arietids , which are among the most intense daylight meteor showers of the year; they last between 22 May and 2 July, peaking in intensity on 8 June. Numerous observances take place in June. Midsummer , the celebration of the summer solstice in the Northern Hemisphere, is celebrated in several countries. In Catholicism, this month

7375-542: The Northern Hemisphere, and maize, cotton , pearl millet , sorghum and soybeans in most of the Southern Hemisphere. In much of the Northern Hemisphere, apricots , blackberries , blueberries , cherries , mangoes , raspberries , strawberries and watermelons are fruits which are considered to be in season or at their peak in June. Vegetables that are in season in this hemisphere during June include asparagus , beetroot , cucumbers , lettuce , peas , radishes , spinach , tomatoes and zucchini (courgettes). In much of

7500-577: The Old Norse calendar, the Anglo-Saxons had their own calendar before they were Christianized which reflected native traditions and deities. These months were attested by Bede in his works On Chronology and The Reckoning of Time written in the 8th century. His Old English month names are probably written as pronounced in Bede's native Northumbrian dialect . The months were named after

7625-540: The Republic , years began to be dated by consulships but the calendar and its rituals were otherwise very conservatively maintained until the Late Republic . Even when the nundinal cycles had completely departed from correlation with the moon's phases, a pontiff was obliged to meet the sacred king , to claim that he had observed the new moon, and to offer a sacrifice to Juno to solemnize each kalends. It

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7750-416: The Roman calendar were generally credited by the Romans to Numa Pompilius , Romulus 's successor and the second of Rome's seven kings , as were the two new months of the calendar. Most sources thought he had established intercalation with the rest of his calendar. Although Livy 's Numa instituted a lunar calendar, the author claimed the king had instituted a 19-year system of intercalation equivalent to

7875-415: The Roman calendar. In the modern Gregorian calendar, the only month with a variable number of days is the second month, February, which has 29 days during a leap year and 28 days otherwise. The following types of months are mainly of significance in astronomy. Most of them (but not the distinction between sidereal and tropical months) were first recognized in Babylonian lunar astronomy . A synodic month

8000-416: The Roman superstition about even numbers, an additional day was added to January to make the calendar 355 days long. Auspiciously, each month now had an odd number of days: Martius (March), Maius (May), Quinctilis (July), and October continued to have 31; the other months, 29, except for February, which had 28 days. Considered unlucky, it was devoted to rites of purification (februa) and expiation appropriate to

8125-531: The Romans to date their years began in 509 BC. Gnaeus Flavius , a secretary ( scriba ) to censor App. Claudius Caecus , introduced a series of reforms in 304 BC. Their exact nature is uncertain, although he is thought to have begun the custom of publishing the calendar in advance of the month, depriving the priests of some of their power but allowing for a more consistent calendar for official business. Julius Caesar , following his victory in his civil war and in his role as pontifex maximus , ordered

8250-415: The Southern Hemisphere, the fruits which are in season are avocados , bananas , citrus (such as grapefruit , lemons , mandarins and oranges ), kiwifruit and pears . In Catholicism, June is dedicated to the devotion of the Sacred Heart of Jesus . This observance is called the Month of the Sacred Heart . In Canada, June is ALS Awareness Month , a campaign to spread awareness and raise funds for

8375-424: The Terminalia, where they placed the intercalary month". This appears to have been generally correct. In 170   BC, Intercalaris began on the second day after February 23 and, in 167   BC, it began on the day after February 23. Varro , writing in the first century   BC, says "the twelfth month was February, and when intercalations take place the five last days of this month are removed." Since all

8500-436: The average year of the Julian calendar being 365.25 days long, slightly more than the actual solar year of 365.2422 days (the current value, which varies). In 1582, Pope Gregory XIII promulgated a revised calendar—the Gregorian calendar —that reduced the average length of the calendar year from 365.25 days to 365.2425, correcting the Julian calendar's drift against the solar year. In the Northern Hemisphere , June marks

8625-436: The bad luck that followed a nundinae on the nones of a month or, later, on the first day of January . Intercalation was supposedly used to avoid such coincidences, even after the Julian reform of the calendar. The 7-day week began to be observed in Italy in the early imperial period, as practitioners and converts to eastern religions introduced Hellenistic and Babylonian astrology , the Jewish Saturday sabbath , and

8750-410: The calendar after Augustus, but without enduring success. In classical Latin, the days of each month were usually reckoned as: Dates after the ides count forward to the kalends of the next month and are expressed as such. For example, March 19 was expressed as "the 14th day before the April Kalends" ( a.d. XIV Kal. Apr. ), without a mention of March itself. The day after a kalends, nones, or ides

8875-400: The calendar in the second year of the four-year cycle and 23 days in the fourth. This produced an excess of four days over the four years in line with the normal one day excess over one year. The method of correction was to truncate February by five days and follow it with the intercalary month which thus commenced (normally) on the day after February 23 and had either 27 or 28 days. February 23

9000-461: The calendar until it seemed things were restored to their proper place. Licinius Macer 's lost history apparently similarly stated that even the earliest Roman calendar employed intercalation. Later Roman writers usually credited this calendar to Romulus , their legendary first king and culture hero , although this was common with other practices and traditions whose origin had been lost to them. Censorinus considered him to have borrowed

9125-485: The calendar used in the Antikythera Mechanism about 21 centuries ago, and the Hebrew calendar . Alternatively in a pure lunar calendar , years are defined as having always 12 lunations, so a year is 354 or 355 days long: the Islamic calendar is the prime example. Consequently, an Islamic year is about 11 days shorter than a solar year and cycles through the seasons in about 33 solar = 34 lunar years:

9250-494: The calendar was 1,000 years old, it would only have slipped by less than 4 days against the solar year. Nagyszombati kalendárium (in Latin: Calendarium Tyrnaviense ) from 1579. Historically Hungary used a 12-month calendar that appears to have been zodiacal in nature but eventually came to correspond to the Gregorian months as shown below: Roman calendar The Roman calendar

9375-427: The change. This created confusion with regard to certain anniversaries. For instance, Augustus 's birthday on the 23rd   day of September was a.d. VIII Kal. Oct. in the old calendar but a.d. IX Kal. Oct. under the new system. The ambiguity caused honorary festivals to be held on either or both dates. The Republican calendar only had 355   days, which meant that it would quickly unsynchronize from

9500-574: The chief pontiff in Rome so, when his war in Gaul and civil war against Pompey kept Caesar out of the city for years at a time, the calendar was repeatedly left unadjusted. Victorious in civil war, Caesar reformed the calendar in 46 BC, coincidentally making the year of his third consulship last for 446   days. This new Julian calendar was an entirely solar one , influenced by Egypt's . In order to avoid interfering with Rome's religious ceremonies,

9625-408: The commencement of summer , while in the Southern Hemisphere , it is the start of winter . In the Northern Hemisphere, the beginning of the traditional astronomical summer is 21 June, while meteorological summer commences on 1 June. In the Southern Hemisphere, astronomical winter starts on 21 June while meteorological winter begins on 1 June. The June solstice —known as the summer solstice in

9750-541: The days after the Ides of Intercalaris were counted down to the beginning of March, the month had either 27   days (making 377 for the year) or 28 (making 378 for the year). There is another theory which says that in intercalary years February had 23 or 24 days and Intercalaris had 27. No date is offered for the Regifugium in 378-day years. Macrobius describes a further refinement whereby, in one 8-year period within

9875-756: The early calendars used by Rome and its neighbors were more probably observational of seasonal markers in nature (the leafing of trees), animal behavior (the migration of birds), and the agricultural cycle (the ripening of grain ) combined with observation of stars in the night sky . She considers that this more sensibly accounts for later legends of Romulus 's decimal year and the great irregularity in Italian month lengths recorded in Censorinus . Roman works on agriculture including those of Cato , Varro , Vergil , Columella , and Pliny invariably date their practices based on suitable conditions or upon

10000-487: The eighth month is repeated (as a "leap month") every two or three years, making 13 months instead of 12. Each lunar month has 29 or 30 days. The year normally has then 354 or 384 days (when an intercalary month is added), but the calendar follows the rules of the Gregorian calendar to determine leap years and add a lead day to one month, so the Khmer lunar year may have a total of 354, 355, 384 or 385 days. The Tongan calendar

10125-441: The fifth or the seventh. The calends are always the first day of the month, and before Julius Caesar's reform fell sixteen days (two Roman weeks) after the ides (except the ides of February and the intercalary month). Within a month, the following dates fall on the same day of the week: Some months have the same date/weekday structure. In a non-leap year: In a leap year: The Hebrew calendar has 12 or 13 months. Adar 1

10250-592: The first Wednesday in June. Father's Day , which honours fathers and fatherhood , most often occurs on the third Sunday in June. The King's Official Birthday , which celebrates the birthday of the monarch of the Commonwealth realms (presently Charles III ), occurs in either May or June. It includes the British Trooping the Colour commemoration. The Dragon Boat Festival , observed in China and by

10375-418: The first 16 years of a 24-year cycle. In the last 8 years, the intercalation took place with the month of Mercedonius only 27 days, except the last intercalation which did not happen. Hence, there would be a typical common year followed by a leap year of 377 days for the next 6 years and the remaining 2 years would sequentially be common years. The result of this twenty-four-year pattern was of great precision for

10500-477: The first time was during and after the Second Punic War . It led to the reform of the 191 BC Acilian Law on Intercalation , the details of which are unclear, but it appears to have successfully regulated intercalation for over a century. The second breakdown was in the middle of the first century BC and may have been related to the increasingly chaotic and adversarial nature of Roman politics at

10625-529: The five remaining days beginning with the Regifugium on the 24th ( a.d. VI Kal. Mart. ) formed the second part; and the intercalary month Mercedonius was inserted between them. In such years, the days between the ides and the Regifugium were counted down to either the Intercalary Kalends or to the Terminalia. The intercalary month counted down to nones and ides on its 5th and 13th day in

10750-493: The ides on the day of the full moon . The kalends of each month were sacred to Juno and the ides to Jupiter . The day before each was known as its eve ( pridie ); the day after each ( postridie ) was considered particularly unlucky. The days of the month were expressed in early Latin using the ablative of time , denoting points in time, in the contracted form "the 6th   December Kalends" ( VI Kalendis Decembribus ). In classical Latin, this use continued for

10875-679: The last month of the year. (Although these legendary beginnings attest to the venerability of the lunar calendar of the Roman Republic, its historical origin probably was the publication of a revised calendar by the Decemviri in 450 BC as part of the Twelve Tables , Rome's first code of law.) The inequality between the lunar year of 355 days and the tropical year of 365.25 days led to a shortfall over four years of (10.25 × 4) = 41 days. Theoretically, 22 days were interpolated into

11000-471: The later writers Censorinus and Macrobius, to correct the mismatch of the correspondence between months and seasons due to the excess of one day of the Roman average year over the tropical year, the insertion of the intercalary month was modified according to the scheme: common year (355 days), leap year with 23-day February followed by 27-day Mercedonius (377 days), common year, leap year with 23-day February followed by 28-day Mercedonius (378 days), and so on for

11125-604: The manner of the other short months. The remaining days of the month counted down towards the March Kalends, so that the end of Mercedonius and the second part of February were indistinguishable to the Romans, one ending on a.d. VII Kal. Mart. and the other picking up at a.d. VI Kal. Mart. and bearing the normal festivals of such dates. Apparently because of the confusion of these changes or uncertainty as to whether an intercalary month would be ordered, dates after

11250-498: The moon, however, by counting the new moon as the last day of the first month and simultaneously the first day of the next month. The system is usually said to have left the remaining two to three months of the year as an unorganized "winter", since they were irrelevant to the farming cycle. Macrobius claims the 10-month calendar was fixed and allowed to shift until the summer months were completely misplaced, at which time additional days belonging to no month were simply inserted into

11375-425: The most widely used calendar in the world. Containing 30 days, June succeeds May and precedes July . It is one of four months that have 30 days—alongside April , September and November —and is the second 30-day month of the year, following April, the fourth month of the year, and preceding September—the ninth month of the year. June is in the second quarter (Q2) of a calendar year , alongside April and May, and

11500-418: The most-watched sporting event on television, usually commences in June. The annual Wimbledon Championships , the oldest tennis tournament in the world and widely regarded as the most prestigious, traditionally occurred on the last Monday in June. Glastonbury Festival , a major music festival in the United Kingdom, also takes place in June, attracting over 100,000 attendees. June is a female given name for

11625-434: The newly redefined months. Purushottam Maas or Adhik Maas ( translit. adhika = 'extra', māsa = 'month') is an extra month in the Hindu calendar that is inserted to keep the lunar and solar calendars aligned. "Purushottam" is an epithet of Vishnu , to whom the month is dedicated. The names in the solar calendar are just the names of the zodiac sign in which the sun travels. They are The Baháʼí calendar

11750-430: The next year. These months each had 30 or 31 days and ran for 38 nundinal cycles , each forming a kind of eight-day week —nine days counted inclusively in the Roman manner —and ending with religious rituals and a public market . This fixed calendar bore traces of its origin as an observational lunar one . In particular, the most important days of each month—its kalends , nones , and ides —seem to have derived from

11875-613: The north Atlantic Ocean—begins on 1 June and lasts until 30 November. In the Indian Ocean north of the equator , around the Indian subcontinent , year-round tropical cyclones appear frequently between May and June. In contrast, Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones are least likely to form in June because of the dry season of the Mediterranean having stable air. The East Asian , North American , South Asian (Indian) and West African monsoons generally begin in June, while

12000-449: The object of another preposition, or simply originated in a mistaken agreement of dies with the preposition ante once it moved to the beginning of the expression. In late Latin , this idiom was sometimes abandoned in favor of again using the ablative of time. The kalends were the day for payment of debts and the account books ( kalendaria ) kept for them gave English its word calendar . The public Roman calendars were

12125-562: The observers, etc. Therefore, the beginning and lengths of months defined by observation cannot be accurately predicted. While some like orthodox Islam and the Jewish Karaites still rely on actual moon observations, reliance on astronomical calculations and tabular methods is increasingly common in practice. There are 12 months and an additional leap year month in the Ahom sexagenary calendar known as Lak-ni. The first month

12250-536: The original Roman calendar used during the Roman Republic . The origin of this calendar is obscure. Iunius was originally the fourth month of the year, and had 29 days alongside Aprilis (" April "), Sextilis (later renamed Augustus " August "), September , November and December . It is not known when the Romans reset the course of the year so that Ianuarius (" January ") and Februarius (" February "), originally

12375-647: The parentheses. It begins on the northern Spring equinox. The Bengali calendar , used in Bangladesh , follows solar months and it has six seasons. The months and seasons in the calendar are: The months in the Nanakshahi calendar are: Different from the Hindu calendar, the Khmer calendar consists of both a lunar calendar and a solar calendar. The solar is used more commonly than the lunar calendar. The Khmer lunar calendar most often contains 12 months; however,

12500-408: The pre-Julian Roman calendar included: The Romans divided their months into three parts, which they called the calends , the nones , and the ides . Their system is somewhat intricate. The ides occur on the thirteenth day in eight of the months, but in March, May, July, and October, they occur on the fifteenth. The nones always occur 8 days (one Roman 'week') before the ides, i.e., on

12625-448: The priests had (owing to their inclusive counting) been intercalating every third year instead of every fourth, suspended the addition of leap days to the calendar for one or two decades until its proper position had been restored. See Julian calendar: Leap year error . In 8 BC, the plebiscite Lex Pacuvia de Mense Augusto renamed Sextilis August ( Augustus ) in his honor. In large part, this calendar continued unchanged under

12750-421: The reform distributed the unassigned days among the months (towards their ends) and did not adjust any nones or ides, even in months which came to have 31   days. The Julian calendar was designed to have a single leap day every fourth year by repeating February 24 (a doubled VI. Kal. Mart. or ante diem bis sextum Kalendas Martias ) but, following Caesar's assassination , the priests mistakenly added

12875-460: The republican and Julian years were not evenly divisible into eight-day periods, Roman calendars included a column giving every day of the year a nundinal letter from A to H marking its place in the cycle of market days. Each year, the letter used for the markets would shift 2–5 letters along the cycle. As a day when the city swelled with rural plebeians , they were overseen by the aediles and took on an important role in Roman legislation, which

13000-465: The required format for official dating under Justinian . Constantine formally established the 7-day week by making Sunday an official holiday in 321. Consular dating became obsolete following the abandonment of appointing nonimperial consuls in AD 541. The Roman method of numbering the days of the month never became widespread in the Hellenized eastern provinces and was eventually abandoned by

13125-426: The same direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in nine years. Therefore, the Moon takes a little longer to return to perigee than to return to the same star. A draconic month is shorter than a sidereal month because the nodes move in the opposite direction as the Moon is orbiting the Earth, one revolution in 18.6 years. Therefore, the Moon returns to the same node slightly earlier than it returns to

13250-470: The same star. At the simplest level, most well-known lunar calendars are based on the initial approximation that 2 lunations last 59 solar days : a 30-day full month followed by a 29-day hollow month — but this is only roughly accurate and regularly needs intercalation (correction) by a leap day . Additionally, the synodic month does not fit easily into the solar (or 'tropical') year , which makes accurate, rule-based lunisolar calendars that combine

13375-612: The schedule of royal audiences. It was presumably a part of the early calendar and was credited in Roman legend variously to Romulus and Servius Tullius . The attested calendar of the Roman Republic was quite different. It had twelve months, already including January and February during the winter. It also followed Greek calendars in assuming a lunar cycle of 29.5 days and a solar year of 12.5 synodic months (368.75 days), which align every fourth year after two additions of an intercalary month ( mensis intercalaris ), sometimes known as Mercedonius . According to Livy, it

13500-507: The sixth and final month in the first half of the year (January–June). Under the ISO week date system, June incidentally begins in either the 22nd or 23rd week of the year. This month is abbreviated as Jun , and may be spelled with or without a concluding period (full stop). Etymologically, June is ultimately derived from the Latin month of Iunius , named after the ancient Roman goddess Juno (Latin: Iūnō ). The present English spelling

13625-460: The solar year, causing, for example, agricultural festivals to occur out of season. The Roman solution to this problem was to periodically lengthen the calendar by adding extra days within February. February was broken into two parts, each with an odd number of days. The first part ended with the Terminalia on the 23rd ( a.d. VII Kal. Mart. ), which was considered the end of the religious year;

13750-434: The start of the mensis intercalaris ) for the purpose of avoiding a clash between a particular festival and a particular day of the week (see Hebrew calendar § Rosh Hashanah postponement rules for another example). The Roman superstitions concerning the numbering and order of the months seem to have arisen from Pythagorean superstitions concerning the luckiness of odd numbers . These Pythagorean-based changes to

13875-425: The system from Alba Longa , his supposed birthplace. Some scholars doubt the existence of this calendar at all, as it is only attested in late Republican and Imperial sources and supported only by the misplaced names of the months from September to December. Rüpke also finds the coincidence of the length of the supposed "Romulan" year with the length of the first ten months of the Julian calendar to indicate that it

14000-529: The three principal days of the month but other days were idiomatically expressed in the accusative case , which usually expressed a duration of time , and took the form "6th day before the December Kalends" ( ante diem VI Kalendas Decembres ). This anomaly may have followed the treatment of days in Greek , reflecting the increasing use of such date phrases as an absolute phrase able to function as

14125-401: The time. The position of Pontifex Maximus was not a full-time job; it was held by a member of the Roman elite, who would almost invariably be involved in the machinations of Roman politics. Because the term of office of elected Roman magistrates was defined in terms of a Roman calendar year, a Pontifex Maximus had an incentive to lengthen a year in which he or his allies were in power or shorten

14250-498: The time: 365.25 days, as shown by the following calculation: 355 ⋅ 13 + 377 ⋅ 7 + 378 ⋅ 4 24 = 8766 24 = 365.25 {\displaystyle {\frac {355\cdot 13+377\cdot 7+378\cdot 4}{24}}={\frac {8766}{24}}=365.25} The consuls' terms of office were not always a modern calendar year, but ordinary consuls were elected or appointed annually. The traditional list of Roman consuls used by

14375-424: The two cycles complicated. The most common solution to this problem is the Metonic cycle , which takes advantage of the fact that 235 lunations are approximately 19 tropical years (which add up to not quite 6,940 days): 12 years have 12 lunar months, and 7 years are 13 lunar months long. However, a Metonic calendar based year will drift against the seasons by about one day every 2 centuries. Metonic calendars include

14500-474: The various celebrations of the commencement of summer, happens on 21 June; it is also associated with the Fête de la Musique (World Music Day). 25 June is the observation of World Vitiligo Day , which aims to decrease negative sentiments regarding vitiligo —a chronic autoimmune disorder that causes patches of skin to lose pigment or colour. 26 June is World Refrigeration Day . Global Running Day occurs on

14625-415: Was Numa Pompilius, the second king of Rome (715–673 BC), who divided the year into twelve lunar months (History of Rome, I.19). Fifty days, says Censorinus, were added to the calendar and a day taken from each month of thirty days to provide for the two winter months: Januarius (January) and Februarius (February), both of which had 28 days (The Natal Day, XX). This was a lunar year of 354 days but, because of

14750-455: Was also often expressed as the "day after" ( postridie ) owing to their special status as particularly unlucky "black days". The anomalous status of the new 31-day months under the Julian calendar was an effect of Caesar's desire to avoid affecting the festivals tied to the nones and ides of various months. However, because the dates at the ends of the month all counted forward to the next kalends, they were all shifted by one or two days by

14875-404: Was in preference made in February, between the Terminalia [23rd] and Regifugium [24th]. The fifth-century writer Macrobius says that the Romans intercalated 22 and 23 days in alternate years; the intercalation was placed after February 23 and the remaining five days of February followed. To avoid the nones falling on a nundine, where necessary an intercalary day was inserted "in the middle of

15000-663: Was influenced by the Anglo-Norman join , junye and junie . It was also written in Middle English as Iun and Juin , while the spelling variant Iune was in use until the 17th century. It displaced the Old English name for June, ærra liþa . As of 27 November 2024, June last occurred 150 days ago ( UTC ); it will be June again on 1 June 2025. June originates from the month of Iunius (also called mensis Iunius lit.   ' month of June ' ) in

15125-412: Was supposed to be announced for three nundinal weeks (between 17 and 24 days ) in advance of its coming to a vote. The patricians and their clients sometimes exploited this fact as a kind of filibuster , since the tribunes of the plebs were required to wait another three-week period if their proposals could not receive a vote before dusk on the day they were introduced. Superstitions arose concerning

15250-491: Was the Terminalia and in a normal year it was a.d. VII Kal. Mart. Thus the dates of the festivals of the last five days of February were preserved on account of them being actually named and counted inclusively in days before the calends of March; they were traditionally part of the celebration for the new year. There was occasionally a delay of one day (a dies intercalaris being inserted between February 23 and

15375-682: Was the calendar used by the Roman Kingdom and Roman Republic . Although the term is primarily used for Rome's pre-Julian calendars, it is often used inclusively of the Julian calendar established by the reforms of the Dictator Julius Caesar and Emperor Augustus in the late 1st century BC. According to most Roman accounts, their original calendar was established by their legendary first king Romulus . It consisted of ten months , beginning in spring with March and leaving winter as an unassigned span of days before

15500-403: Was the last of the old system and included three intercalary months, the first inserted in February and two more— Intercalaris Prior and Posterior —before the kalends of December. After Caesar's assassination , Mark Antony had Caesar's birth month Quintilis renamed July ( Iulius ) in his honor. After Antony's defeat at Actium , Augustus assumed control of Rome and, finding

15625-487: Was then usually credited with a revised calendar that divided winter between the two months of January and February , shortened most other months accordingly, and brought everything into rough alignment with the solar year by some system of intercalation . This is a typical element of lunisolar calendars and was necessary to keep the Roman religious festivals and other activities in their proper seasons . Modern historians dispute various points of this account. It

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