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22-510: The four legislative bodies of the Assembly are as follows: Little is known about the historical background of these local and regional institutions prior to the 14th century. Broadly speaking, two historical periods can be distinguished: This legislative bodies go back to the 14th century. They were part of an early form of democratic institutions. At the local level, the heads of households (male or female) would meet on Sundays after church at

44-501: A makila as a sign of authority. A fiel was normally chosen for one year through a number of methods. Some were nominated by the outgoing fiel , in some places the position of fiel would rotate through all farmholders of the elizate and in others the most recently married farmholder would be named fiel . Each elizate was subdivided into smaller units called kofradiak ( cofradías in Spanish, "brotherhoods") which corresponded to

66-717: A land torn by revolution and war. He made peace with the Roman Catholic Church and reversed the most radical religious policies of the Convention . In 1804 Napoleon promulgated the Civil Code , a revised body of civil law, which also helped stabilize French society. The Civil Code affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men and established a merit-based society in which individuals advanced in education and employment because of talent rather than birth or social standing. The Civil Code confirmed many of

88-657: Is an early form of local government in the Basque Country which was particularly common in Biscay but also existed in the other provinces. The terms elizate (in Standard Basque ) and elexate (in Biscayan ) literally translate as "church door" ( eliza "church" + ate "door"). The Spanish term anteiglesia translates as "before [the] church" or " parvise ". The peculiar name derives from

110-1028: The French Revolution , the first being the National Assembly , the second being the Legislative Assembly , and the third being the Directory . The Napoleonic era begins roughly with Napoleon Bonaparte 's coup d'état , overthrowing the Directory (9 November 1799), establishing the French Consulate , and ends during the Hundred Days and his defeat at the Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815). The Congress of Vienna soon set out to restore Europe to pre-French Revolution days. Napoleon brought political stability to

132-589: The Kingdom of Castile from 1200 onwards. The modern Juntas Generales of Biscay were re-instated in 1979 and form a unicameral assembly . Its 51 (90 in 1979 only) members, the batzarkideak (in Basque) or apoderados (in Spanish), are elected by the people of Biscay every four years alongside the municipal elections . Their duties are to: The party political composition since 1979 has been as follows: Since

154-606: The Navarrese charters stemming from similar values, traditions and institutions to the other Basque regions . It did have a charter however, the 1841 Ley Paccionada de Fueros which Navarre managed to protect when the fueros of Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava were abolished in 1879. Both historically and currently, the Juntas Generales of Biscay are based in Gernika-Lumo , at the famous Casa de Juntas . Prior to

176-811: The Third Carlist War in 1876. Although the Spanish Government of the time established the conciertos económicos involving low taxes, protective tariffs and self-collection of taxes, Madrid demolished Basque institutions including the Juntas Generales. Following the Spanish transition to democracy in the 1970s the Statute of Autonomy of the Basque Country re-instated the Juntas Generales in Biscay, Gipuzkoa and Álava in 1979. Unlike

198-585: The 1995 elections the EE has been part of the PSE (PSOE). The president of the Juntas Generales of Biscay has hailed from the Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) since 1987: While they were overall less widely known due to the northern districts— Labourd , Lower Navarre , Soule —falling behind in terms of economic development, they also had assemblies that were largely independent of those of

220-542: The Basque custom where the family heads of a settlement connected to a particular parish would gather after mass at the entrance or portico of the church to make decisions regarding issues affecting their community. Their medieval history is closely linked to the emergence of the Batzar Nagusiak or "Grand Meetings", especially those of Biscay and Gipuzkoa ( Juntas Generales de Vizcaya/Guipúzcoa in Spanish) and

242-833: The French state and held charters - the fors , the northern equivalent of the fueros . Their powers and sovereignty were gradually curtailed by the French Crown, notably in 1620 and 1659-1660 following the Treaty of the Pyrenees , but remained in place and relevant (e.g. the Biltzar of Labourd) about decisions affecting regional life until the Napoleonic period (1790). Elizate An elizate ( Basque pronunciation: [elis̻ate] ), ( Spanish : anteiglesia )

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264-575: The abolition of the foral laws and the Juntas Generales of Biscay, the Basque señoríos met under the Oak of Gernika to swear they would respect the ancient laws of Biscay. Of all historical Juntas Generales, this is perhaps the most widely known and important one as it was in Gernika the Spanish monarchs were required to swear to uphold the Basque freedoms since the incorporation of Biscay and Gipuzkoa into

286-544: The church door in a meeting called elizate (or anteiglesia in Spanish) to debate and decide on local issues. An elizate in turn would elect someone to represent the local community at the assembly ( juntas) , which existed from the district level right up to the General Assemebly ( Juntas Generales) . After the First Carlist War , the fueros were much weakened and eventually fully abolished after

308-415: The establishment of parochial churches. Each elizate would elect a representative who would represent the elizate at a Batzar Nagusia , so the elizate represents an early form of local democracy. These enjoyed considerable autonomy in decision-making from the higher administrative authorities. An elizate was steered by a fiel sindiko ( fiel síndico in Spanish), who would organise meetings and bear

330-478: The individual boroughs of an elizate . A group of elizates was a merindad . Through time elizates often became municipalities. In Biscay, during the time of the Lordship of Biscay ( Bizkaiko Jaurerria in Basque, Señorío de Vizcaya in Spanish), the territory of all anteiglesias were referred to as Flat Land ( Lur Laua in Basque, Tierra Llana in Spanish), as opposed to the more stratified cities. It

352-788: The moderate revolutionary policies of the National Assembly but retracted measures passed by the more radical Convention. The code restored patriarchal authority in the family, for example, by making women and children subservient to male heads of households. Whilst working to stabilise France, Napoleon also sought to extend his authority throughout Europe. Napoleon's armies conquered the Iberian and Italian peninsulas, occupied lands, and he forced Austria, Prussia, and Russia to ally with him and respect French hegemony in Europe. The United Kingdom refused to recognize French hegemony and continued

374-405: The name of the elizates was changed to auzo (neighbourhood, district) and they were merged into municipalities. The current term, auzo , is undistinguishable from the subdivisions of a city, which are called by the same term. Napoleonic period The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe . It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of

396-582: The next year was resisted by all the allies and his army was defeated by a Prussian and Anglo-Allied force at Waterloo. The Napoleonic era is a period in the history of France and Europe. It is generally classified as including the fourth and final stage of the French Revolution, the first being the National Assembly, the second being the Legislative Assembly, and the third being the Directory. The Napoleonic era, from 1799 to 1815,

418-485: The other Basque provinces, Navarre had evolved into the Kingdom of Navarre and had developed to a large extent feudal traditions and institutions in line with other European kingdoms of the time. As a result, it was largely excluded from the development of such early democratic institutions. However, the royal authority was but one layer of the governmental institutions, and the latter— diputacion or government council, " The Three States" (Cortes) —were based on

440-525: The war throughout. The First French Empire began to unravel in 1812, when he decided to invade Russia . Napoleon underestimated the difficulties his army would have to face whilst occupying Russia. Convinced that the Tsar was conspiring with his British enemies, Napoleon led an army of 600,000 soldiers to Moscow. He defeated the Russian army at Borodino before capturing Moscow, but the Tsar withdrew and Moscow

462-523: Was further incorporated into the administration. They became subject to the fueros which at the same time re-affirmed the status of nobility to all farmholders. This meant that unlike in most of feudal Europe, the farmers legally owned their land. After centuries of political change, very few elizate remain today, two of the most notable in Iurreta and Derio . In 1962, in Francoist Spain ,

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484-424: Was set ablaze, leaving Napoleon's vast army without adequate shelter or supplies. Napoleon ordered a retreat, but the bitter Russian winter and repeated Russian attacks whittled down his army, and only a battered remnant of 30,000 soldiers managed to limp back to French territory. The allies then continued a united effort against Napoleon until they had seized Paris forcing his abdication in 1814. His return to power

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