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28-467: The Jureia-Itatins Mosaic covers parts of the municipalities of Iguape , Itariri , Miracatu and Peruíbe in the state of São Paulo. When first created in 2006 it covered 110,898 hectares (274,030 acres). After being recreated in 2013 it covered 97,213 hectares (240,220 acres). The Jureia-Itatins area is environmentally important since it holds one of the best preserved remnants of Atlantic Forest . It includes an extensive fluvial marine plain through which

56-452: A humid subtropical climate (Cfa) that closely borders the tropical rainforest climate (Af). Summers are warm, humid and rainy, whilst winters are noticeably cooler and somewhat drier, although there is no true dry season. The mean temperature is 21.6 °C (70.9 °F) and the mean annual rainfall is 1,976 mm (77.8 in). In telecommunications, the city was served by Telecomunicações de São Paulo . In July 1998, this company

84-722: A 2000 population of 481,224. It includes 22 municipalities in São Paulo and 9 in Paraná. 21 other municipalities in Paraná and 18 in São Paulo contain parts of the Ribeira basin. Sub-basins of the Ribeira de Iguape River in São Paulo are: Coastal basins of the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex are: The region has over 10,000 species of flora and fauna. It has over 21,000 square kilometres (8,100 sq mi) of well-preserved forests, about 21% of

112-529: A strictly protected area of well-preserved Atlantic Forest created in 1986. It contains the 2,700 hectares (6,700 acres) Chauás Ecological Station , created in 1987. It also contains the 1,828 hectares (4,520 acres) Prelado State Park , created in 2006. The state park is just west of the Juréia Massif , an isolated group of mountains on the coast separated from the Serra dos Itatins by a sandy plain and

140-433: Is a source of income for many communities. Commercialization of Juçara juice has potential. Mariculture, including oysters, shellfish and fish, is also showing promise. The state and federal governments are investing in development of ecotourism and adventure tourism. Some of the main attractions are the impressive calcareous caves such as those of Diabo , Santana , Morro Preto, Água Suja and Casa da Pedra . In São Paulo

168-482: Is close to the major industrial centers of São Paulo and Curitiba , and there are proposals to divert water to these centers. In recent years infrastructure improvements have included making BR-116 a divided highway and construction of hydroelectric plants. The Vale do Ribeira today has large numbers of small properties, up to 50 hectares (120 acres), producing bananas, beef, tomatoes and tangerines. Other products include maté tea, rice, corn and flowers, and fish in

196-474: Is sometimes attributed to Rui Garcia de Mosquera, a Spanish navigator and colonizer who established a good relationship with the Tupiniquin Indians. In another unproved account, in 1498 a Spanish group landed in the region giving the name Iguape to a tiny village, in reference to a local Indian name for a common regional plant. Some years later, a French pirate vessel attacked Iguape and set fire to

224-712: The IPHAN since 2009. Its name has tupi origins and its translation means "in the river cove", 'y (water/river), kûá (cove) and pe (in). The extinct unclassified Jaguanan language was formerly spoken by indigenous peoples in Iguape. Because of its location, close to the limits established by the Tordesillas Treaty , the Iguape region was the stage for constant disputes among Portuguese, Spanish, and French pirates who landed there in order to refill their vessels or to trade in their goods. The foundation of Iguape

252-626: The Superagui lion tamarin ( Leontopithecus caissara ). Conservation units include: Gold was mined in the region from the 17th century, and more recently other minerals. Farms produced rice, coffee, tea and bananas. The Vale do Ribeira became a supplier of low-cost natural resources, exploited without regard for the environment or cultural heritage. It is one of the poorest parts of the states of São Paulo and Paraná, with low levels of education and employment. The economically active and young population continues to migrate to other regions. The region

280-651: The Una do Prelado River flows, with rich flora and fauna. The Jureia-Itatins Mosaic of conservation units was created by law 12.406 of 12 December 2006. It included the Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station and the newly created Itinguçu and Prelado state parks, Despraiado and Barra do Una sustainable development reserves and the Ilhas do Abrigo e Guararitama Wildlife Refuge . The state parks and sustainable development reserves were carved out of

308-543: The Una do Prelado River . Further east it contains 9% of the 1,487 hectares (3,670 acres) Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve , created in 2006. These conservation units are all part of the Juréia-Itatins Mosaic . The municipality contains 45% of the 455 hectares (1,120 acres) Guará Area of Relevant Ecological Interest , created in 2008. According to the Köppen climate classification , Iguape has

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336-582: The 3,953 hectares (9,770 acres) Despraiado Sustainable Development Reserve. The Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station now covered 84,425 hectares (208,620 acres). The law recreated the Jureia-Itatins Mosaic, this time covering 97,213 hectares (240,220 acres). The process of preparing management plans for the units in the mosaic restarted in September 2015 with a series of meetings with people of the mosaic. 27 workshops were scheduled, involving all

364-500: The Brazilian coast: the "Valo Grande" channel. Aside from rice, other products from the Ribeira valley were transported by boat to a river port on the shore of the Ribeira river, close to Iguape, and from there by donkeys or carts to the ocean harbor, where they were loaded into big ships. To facilitate and cheapen transport, Iguape obtained permission from emperor D. Pedro II to build a 4 km long and 2 m wide channel, connecting

392-423: The business, six newspapers were circulated in the city, and France maintained a permanent consulate in the city. The population was accustomed to attending shows from Europe. At that time, Iguape was as important as Rio de Janeiro or Salvador. Consequently, the city had no difficulties in obtaining the necessary resources for the construction of one of the biggest and most controversial hydraulic installations on

420-466: The coastal Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex . The region is environmentally rich, with large areas of well-preserved Atlantic Forest , but economically poor. The Vale do Ribeira is in the south of the state of São Paulo and in the north of the state of Paraná. It includes the Ribeira de Iguape River Basin and the Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex. It has an area of 28,306.66 square kilometres (10,929.26 sq mi), with

448-655: The coastal portion. There are about 80 caiçaras communities along the 140 kilometres (87 mi) Iguape-Cananéia-Paranaguá estuary lagoon complex, mainly engaged in sustainable subsistence artisanal fishing or collection of crustaceans. There are ten Guarani villages, with families from the Mbyá and Ñandeva subgroups. They practice subsistence agriculture and sustainable hunting and fishing. They have been forced to move more than once when state or national parks were established on their traditional lands. Agroforestry, producing and selling seedlings of native Atlantic Forest species,

476-399: The ecological station, and an area of banana plantations in the municipality of Miracatu, north of the station, was also dropped from the station. However the Iguape swamps were added to the ecological station, which now covered 96,000 hectares (240,000 acres) rather than its former 79,000 hectares (200,000 acres). On 11 September 2007 the procurer general of the state declared that law 12.406

504-523: The first money producing institution in Brazil (today Iguape's local museum). The discovery of gold at Serra da Paranapiacaba, in the interior of Vale do Ribeira , intensified the navigation of the Ribeira de Iguape River resulting in the formation of new villages such as Registro, Eldorado Paulista, Iporanga, Jacupiranga and Sete Barras. Around 1780, the gold cycle had come to an end and many families left

532-464: The region covers 18,112.80 square kilometres (6,993.39 sq mi) and contains 23 municipalities. The total population is 443,325 inhabitants, of which 114,995 live in rural areas. There are 33 quilombola communities and 13 indigenous territories. The municipalities that make up the region in São Paulo are: In Paraná the region covers an area of 6,079.30 square kilometres (2,347.23 sq mi) and contains 7 municipalities. The total population

560-809: The region, containing rare species such as cedar, palmito, cinnamon, araucaria and caxeta, and many types of bromeliad and orchid. Preserved areas are found outside the conservation units in indigenous territories , quilombos and rural districts whose inhabitants practice small-scale subsistence agriculture. Endangered species include the southern muriqui ( Brachyteles arachnoides ), jaguar ( Panthera onca ), ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ), Pampas deer ( Ozotoceros bezoarticus ), black-fronted piping guan ( Pipile jacutinga ), broad-snouted caiman ( Caiman latirostris ) and red-tailed amazon ( Amazona brasiliensis ). Endemic species include saw-billed hermit ( Ramphodon naevius ), Guiana dolphin ( Sotalia guianensis ), yellow-legged tinamou ( Crypturellus noctivagus ) and

588-476: The region. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 18th century the fertile grounds of the Ribeira valley were converted into large rice plantations. The rice, of an excellent quality, was intensively commercialized in Iguape and from there exported to Europe. From 1820 to 1900, Iguape experienced a period of great prosperity reaching its economic peak. Five rice factories were working day and night, filling on average 10 large vessels per week. Banks were financing

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616-489: The region. Most people had to leave Iguape, and those who decided to stay experienced serious difficulties, surviving by fishing and shrimping, much reduced in the coastal waters due to the large influx of fresh water. Iguape is situated on the Atlantic Ocean coast, at the delta of the Ribeira de Iguape River . The municipality contains 86% of the 84,425 hectares (208,620 acres) Juréia-Itatins Ecological Station ,

644-434: The river port with the ocean port. The request was approved by D. Pedro and after hard work (by enslaved workers) the canal was concluded in 1855. While meant to improve Iguape's economic conditions, the result was disastrous. The voluminous waters of the river, now with a shorter connection to the sea, washed away the sandy banks of the river, destroying both ports. Trade collapsed, resulting in rapid economic deterioration of

672-505: The stakeholders. Iguape Iguape is a municipality located into the Ribeira Valley in the southern portion of the state of São Paulo , Brazil . The population is 30,989 (2020 estimate) in an area of 1,977.96 km (763.69 sq mi), making it the largest municipality area in São Paulo state. The city was officially founded on December 3, 1538, and its historic constructions are classified as national heritage by

700-569: The total remaining Atlantic Forest in Brazil. It also has 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) of restinga and 170 square kilometres (66 sq mi) of mangroves . In 1999 the Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserve, which covered 17 municipalities in the Vale do Ribeira, was one of six regions in Brazil that were considered by UNESCO to be natural World Heritage Sites . There are 24 conservation units in

728-481: The village, destroying all official documentation. The veracity of those events is unknown, but there is no doubt that the first years of Iguape's history were strongly influenced by the presence of the Spanish. With the discovery of gold at the end of the 16th century, Iguape was increasingly visited by adventurers searching for gold along the rivers. In 1635, there already existed the so-called "Casa da Oficina Real",

756-506: Was acquired by Telefónica, which adopted the Vivo brand in 2012. The company is currently an operator of cell phones, fixed lines, internet (fiber optics/4G) and television (satellite and cable). Vale do Ribeira Vale do Ribeira is a region in the south of the state of São Paulo and the northeast of the state of Paraná , Brazil. It contains a large part of the Ribeira de Iguape River valley, from which it takes its name, as well as

784-555: Was unconstitutional. On 10 June 2009 a judgement upheld the finding of unconstitutionality. The Jureia-Itatins Mosaic was suspended in 2009. Law 14.982 of 8 April 2013 again altered the limits of the Jureia-Itatins Ecological Station, re-categorising some areas. These were the 5,040 hectares (12,500 acres) Itinguçu State Park, the 1,828 hectares (4,520 acres) Prelado State Park, the 1,487 hectares (3,670 acres) Barra do Una Sustainable Development Reserve and

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