19-891: This article is about the surname. For the former settlement, see Jurgens, California . For the archaeological site, see Jurgens Site . Jurgen Antonius Johannes Jurgens (1867–1945), Dutch-British entrepreneur Antoon Jurgens (1805–1880), Dutch margarine and butter merchant and industrialist Arvīds Jurgens (1905–1955), Latvian footballer, ice hockey, basketball and bandy player Bruce Jurgens (born 1965), American film maker Cam Jurgens (born 1999), American football player Dan Jurgens (born 1959), American comic artist Dick Jurgens (1910–1995), American musician Lois Jurgens (1925–2013), American criminal Michael Jurgens (born 2000), American football player William Jurgens (fl. late 20th century), American historian and religious leader See also [ edit ] Jürgens ,
38-661: A bison herd of at least 22 individuals. At the time of deposition, the site was a steep-sided arroyo (dry watercourse) that formed a dead end, suggesting that hunters trapped the bison herd within the arroyo before killing them. Other arroyo trap sites include Cooper in northwest Oklahoma and Badger Hole also in Oklahoma, which are associated with Folsom points . B. antiquus remains exhibiting butchery marks have been found at Ayer Pond on Orcas Island in Washington State. The living American bison ( Bison bison )
57-557: A list of people with the surname Jürgen , a list of people with the given name, also Jurgen [REDACTED] Surname list This page lists people with the surname Jurgens . If an internal link intending to refer to a specific person led you to this page, you may wish to change that link by adding the person's given name (s) to the link. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jurgens&oldid=1222771863 " Category : Surnames Hidden categories: Articles with hatnote templates targeting
76-574: A nonexistent page Articles with short description Short description is different from Wikidata All set index articles Jurgens Site The Jurgens Site is a Paleo-Indian site located near Greeley in Weld County, Colorado . While the site was used primarily to hunt and butcher bison antiquus , there is evidence that the Paleo-Indians also gathered plants and seeds for food about 7,000 to 7,500 BC . The site
95-567: A very successful paleo-Indian hunt, while others believe the herd died as a result of some dramatic natural event, to be later scavenged by humans. Individuals of B. antiquus of both sexes and a typical range of ages have been found at the site. B. antiquus may have been hunted by Clovis people in North and South Carolina , based on blood residue from Clovis points . At Jake Bluff in northern Oklahoma, Clovis points are associated with numerous butchered Bison antiquus bones, which represented
114-464: A weight of 1,588 kg (3,501 lb), with an average of around 800 kg (1,800 lb). The horns were also considerably larger than those of living American bison and differed somewhat in shape, being on average 87 centimetres (2.85 ft) across tip to tip, but could be as much as 106.7 centimetres (3.50 ft) across. Unlike living American bison, which are almost exclusively grazers , dental wear analysis suggests that Bison antiquus
133-621: Is an extinct species of bison that lived in North America during the Late Pleistocene from over 60,000 years ago until around 10,000 years ago. Bison antiquus was one of the most common large herbivores in North America during this time period. It is a direct ancestor of the living American bison . The first described remains of Bison antiquus were collected at Big Bone Lick , Kentucky in Pleistocene deposits in
152-535: Is located on a South Platte River terrace in northeastern Colorado, 9 miles (14 km) east of Greeley near the town of Kersey . There are three sites located nearby; The Frazier site is 1 mile (1.6 km) away and the Dent site is 16 miles (26 km) southwest. Paleo-Indians were primarily hunters of large mammals, such as the Bison antiquus , during a transitional period from Ice Age to Ice Age summer. As
171-474: The steppe bison ( Bison priscus ) crossed the Bering Land Bridge into North America. In North America, B. priscus evolved into the large long-horned Bison latifrons , which then gave rise to B. antiquus sometime prior to 60,000 years ago. B. antiquus became increasingly abundant in parts of midcontinent North America from 18,000 until about 10,000 years ago. A number of sites document
190-441: The 1850s and only consisted of a fragmentary posterior skull and a nearly complete horn core. The fossil ( ANSP 12990) was briefly described by Joseph Leidy in 1852. Although the original fossils were fragmentary, a complete skull of an old male was discovered in southern California and were described as a new species, B. californicus , by Samuel Rhoads in 1897, but the species is considered synonymous with B. antiquus . Since
209-537: The 19th century, several well preserved specimens of B. antiquus have been discovered in many parts of the United States, Canada, and southern Mexico. Bison antiquus is known from fossils found across North America south of the Laurentide Ice Sheet (whose southernmost extent is around the modern United States-Canada border), ranging from southern Canada (southern Alberta and Ontario ) in
SECTION 10
#1732797604347228-454: The Cody and Jurgens site, other Cody bison kill sites include Green River Basic (WY), Carter/Kerr-McGee (WY) and Frasca (CO). The sites are distinguished by their campsites, tools and butchering process. The tools, dated between about 6,000 and 8,000 BC, include Cody knives and Scottsbluff and diamond shaped Eden projectile points . Shaft abraders, used to straighten spear shafts, were found at
247-714: The Jurgens Site and a few other Cody complex sites. According to Noel Justice, the site was inhabited first by people of the Agate Basin Site culture and a second time by people defined as the "Kersey culture". Although bison antiquus were dying off as the result of climate changes at the end of the Ice Age , the Jurgens site was evidence of their ability to acquire significant numbers of bison about 7150 B.C. Artifacts were found in distinct areas within
266-403: The U.S. Forest Service, 18 mi (29 km) northwest of Crawford, Nebraska . A number of paleo-Indian spear and projectile points have been recovered in conjunction with the animal skeletons at the site, which is dated around 9,700 to 10,000 years ago. The reason for the "die-off" of so many animals in one compact location is still in conjecture; some professionals argue it was the result of
285-458: The climate warmed, glacial run-off created lakes and savannas . At the end of the summer period the land became drier, food was not as abundant, and they became extinct. People adapted by hunting smaller mammals and gathering wild plants to supplement their diet. The items found at the site were identified as Cody complex culture. The Cody complex was first identified at a bison antiquus kill site near Cody, Wyoming in 1951. In addition to
304-518: The exploltation of Bison antiquus by Palaeoindian groups, such as those associated with the Clovis culture and the later Folsom tradition . The Folsom tradition in particular is thought to have been reliant on hunting bison. One of the best educational sites to view in situ semifossilized skeletons of over 500 individuals of B. antiquus is the Hudson-Meng archeological site operated by
323-506: The north, and Washingon State and California in the west, southwards to Southern Mexico and eastwards to South Carolina and Florida. Compared to the living American bison ( Bison bison ). B. antiquus was considerably larger and had longer limbs, with the upper limbs being more slender while the lower limbs were more robust. The skull was also somewhat more elongate and less domed than that of American bison. It reached up to 2.27 m (7.4 ft) tall, 4.6 m (15 ft) long, and
342-561: The site: There was also an area where tools were resharpened or replaced. In addition to the bison bones at the site, there were also butchered mammal (such as antelope, elk, deer), fish and bird bones. Tools at the site included: In 1967 Wormington excavated the Frazier site where she found Agate Basin Site (WY) artifacts and bison bones. Malde was the geologist on the Dent and Frazier sites. Bison antiquus Bison antiquus
361-474: Was a variable mixed feeder (both browsing and grazing) with an adaptable diet depending on geographical location, with diets varying from strict grazing to mixed feeding. Bison antiquus was likely preyed upon by large carnivores, which may have included the American lion ( Panthera atrox ), the sabertooth cat Smilodon fatalis , and dire wolves ( Aenocyon dirus ). Around 195,000-130,000 years ago,
#346653