Seoul National University of Science and Technology (abbreviated SeoulTech ) is a national university located in Nowon-gu , Seoul , South Korea.
76-509: The K9 Thunder is a South Korean 155 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and developed by the Agency for Defense Development and private corporations including Dongmyeong Heavy Industries, Kia Heavy Industry , Poongsan Corporation , and Samsung Aerospace Industries for the Republic of Korea Armed Forces , and is now manufactured by Hanwha Aerospace . K9 howitzers operate in groups with
152-433: A K10 Ammunition Resupply Vehicle , enter from the door behind the turret and are automatically rolled and loaded on the rack. When the shooting specification is decided, the chosen shell is placed on the tray in the center of the rack. A loader pulls the tray handle, and the shell slides into the carrier. Then the carrier repositions to the angle of shooting, and transfers the shell to the autoloader, which immediately "throws"
228-521: A 1,000 horsepower (750 kW) MT881Ka-500 MTU Friedrichshafen engine licensed by Ssangyong Heavy Industries (now STX Engine) and an Allison Transmission X1100-5A3 transmission licensed by Tongil Precision Machinery Industries (now SNT Dynamics ), and is installed on a hydropneumatic suspension chassis. Driven by Firstec driving system, the 47 metric tons (46 long tons; 52 short tons) vehicle has maximum speed of 67 kilometers per hour (42 mph) or maintains above 56 km/h at 60% longitudinal slope, and
304-611: A 160 billion KRW export deal with BAE Systems to supply a modular charge system (MCS) for NATO members. In April 2024, Hanwha Aerospace conducted test fires of the M982A1 Excalibur Increment Ib at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona using Norwegian K9 VIDAR variant. The K9 used various fuze modes and achieved less than one meter circular error probability (CEP) in Point Detonating mode and 5 meters above
380-532: A Data Exchange Agreement meeting, South Korea and the United States confirmed that the U.S. had no claim to any intellectual property rights of the howitzer, to avoid possible disputes in the future. From 1992 to 1993, the developers explored and confirmed the required operational capability, such as the system suitability of major components and the possibility of reaching the maximum firing range of 40 kilometers (25 mi). An internal review predicted that
456-478: A K10 ARV demonstrated compatibility with a variety of American munitions in a live-fire test at Yuma Proving Ground in Arizona . The howitzer managed to fire 3 rounds in 16 seconds and 6 rounds in 43.3 seconds using M795 projectiles . K9A1 became the first foreign platform to fire XM1113 RAP munition and achieved 53 km in shooting distance at an elevation of 900 mils. In November 2023, Hanwha Aerospace signed
532-518: A Korean developer visited the United Kingdom in search of turret design technology which was known to have been developed by British Vickers for AS-90 . Vickers refused the technology transfer. Instead, the company offered the AS-90 for sale. The developer also visited Marconi , but the negotiations ended with an unsatisfactory result due to a high requested price. Therefore, developers pursued
608-688: A common caliber between the Royal Navy and the British Army . Despite superficially appearing to be inferior based on a simple comparison of round diameters, when firing conventional ammunition the smaller, 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun is comparable to the standard 155 mm (6.1 in) gun-howitzer of the British Army. The standard shell from a 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun has the same, if not better, range. Only by using rocket-assisted projectiles (RAPs) can most 155 mm (6.1 in) guns have comparable range to
684-402: A dedicated language center building which houses all needed facilities: professors' offices, administration offices, conference hall, conversation classrooms with round tables, etc. The ILER is a developing PLC (Professional Learning Community), focused on modernizing curriculum, expanding opportunities for research and publication, and fostering a spirit of intercultural exchange. In March 2014,
760-575: A digital manual was also adopted for the K9 in May 2007. In May 2018, an ABC (Automatic Bore Cleaner) model RB-155 by SDI (SooSung Defense Industries) was adapted for the South Korean K9. The automatic cleaner provides efficiency in maintenance by requiring just one person to clean the barrel in 20 minutes, with incomparable results compared to conventional cleaning. As of June 2023, the localization rate
836-500: A domestic electrohydraulic driving system, using the experience in turret design and turret driving devices of the K1 MBT . The simulator was built in 1991. The next year, researchers found that the disproportionate moment of the 52-caliber was twice of the K55. The balancing machine, which increased the capacity of the existing hydraulic balancing machine, did not sufficiently compensate for
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#1732779738547912-529: A domestic production of shells. As of December 2022, the production rate was "in the thousands". The US declared its plans to increase the production to 90,000 per month, to reach 1,000,000 shells per year in 2025. Rheinmetall said it was ready to boost production to 500,000 per year. In summer 2023, the EU approved a plan that provides for the production of 650,000 large-calibre ammunition per year, and pledged to supply one million artillery shells to Ukraine over
988-465: A maximum rate of fire of six to eight rpm for three minutes (until emptying ammunitions store in the bustle), then reduced to two to three rpm for sustain fire (hand carrying ammunitions to feeder). The vehicle can shoot-and-scoot and be ready to fire in 30 seconds between stops or 60 seconds between maneuvers. After firing, it can relocate to a new position in 30 seconds to increase survivability from enemy counter-battery attacks. The shells, fed by from
1064-656: A navigation computer that calculates using data detected by these sensors. This positioning device calculates the location of the self-propelled gun, the azimuth angle of the gun to the north, and the elevation and inclination angle of the earth's horizontal plane by itself. The calculated navigation information and posture information are provided to the fire control system, which has a positional accuracy within 10 m, an azimuthal accuracy within 0.7 mil, and an elevation and inclination angle accuracy within 0.35 mil. The K9 has both manual (mechanical and optical) and automatic (electronic) fire control system. The manual fire control system
1140-467: A new artillery system to contest North Korean equipment. The armed forces operated M107 self-propelled guns and K55 self-propelled howitzers . However, they had shorter firing ranges compared to M-1978 Koksan and were outnumbered by various North Korean artillery. With the success in designing and manufacturing the KH178 105 mm and KH179 155 mm towed howitzers , and experience gained by license producing
1216-422: A new weapon system and worked on a conceptual model until 1991. Early concepts requested by the military included river crossing capability and the installation of M61 Vulcan as an anti-air weapon, which were later removed due to being unnecessary for such a long-range weapon. In 1989, the only design data the researchers could obtain at that time were the provisions of the four-nation ballistic agreements, namely
1292-426: A project for indigenous engines for the vehicle. The project is expected to cost ₩75 billion over a period of 5 years. On 31 May 2021, engine manufacturer STX Engine was selected as the winner after competing against Doosan Infracore (now HD Hyundai Infracore ). 155 mm 155 mm (6.1 in) is a NATO -standard artillery shell caliber that is used in many field guns , howitzers , and gun-howitzers . It
1368-556: A reference room, reference room for western books, room for study groups, notebook computer reading room and general reading room. The library has collected academic research works of the professors and the students for the past 100 years. Aside from the library there is also an Information and Computer Center; a Press and Broadcasting Center; a General Laboratory Building; a Business Incubation Center; an Educational Equipment Management & Technical Support Center; and an International Office/ Centre for International Exchange. Finally, there
1444-485: A result of purge of Hanahoe , a private military club within the Republic of Korea Armed Forces , who aligned with military dictator Chun Doo-hwan , by president Kim Young-sam who was elected by democratic election. In addition, the army logistics department also refused to sign the letter of agreement for XK9 until a development plan for the maintenance elements is created. When the Joint Chiefs of Staff finalized
1520-466: A single caliber greatly simplifies the logistics burden. This has led to the obsolescence of larger caliber artillery shells such as the 175 and 203 mm (6.9 and 8.0 in). Some militaries continue to retain the smaller 105 mm (4.1 in) weapons for their light weight and greater portability. Russia and former Eastern Bloc countries tend to use 122, 130, and 152 mm (4.8, 5.1, and 6.0 in) artillery in similar roles. Since
1596-475: Is an Institute for Language Education and Research staffed by twenty native-speaking English instructors. About half of the student body benefit from a scholarship program which offers education at a comparatively low cost. In 2015, about 6,000 of 11,500 students benefited from scholarship. The school's current tuition only amounts to 40% of an average private university's costs and 80% of tuition fees charged by other national universities. In 2014, 47% of tuition
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#17327797385471672-409: Is at 80%. Several minor upgrades were added, such as structural changes to the chassis to shorten the time to remove the power pack from hours to ten minutes. On 8 December 2023, Norway, Finland, and South Korea signed an agreement for the two Nordic countries to share spare parts without submitting signed applications to South Korea. The agreement allows Norway and Finland to simply send a report after
1748-495: Is capable of operating in various terrain conditions including desert, snow, jungle, and mountains. It can also be deployed as self-propelled coastal artillery for surface targets, creating a no-access zone within its firing range. The main armament is a CN98 155 mm , 52-calibre artillery gun manufactured by Kia Heavy Industry (now Hyundai WIA ), with a maximum firing range of 41 kilometers (25 mi) with K307 rounds. Or 60 kilometers (37 mi) with K315 rounds fired from
1824-694: Is defined in AOP-29 part 1 with reference to STANAG 4425. The 155 mm (6.1 in) caliber originated in France after the Franco-Prussian War (1870–1871) . A French artillery committee met on 2 February 1874 to discuss new models for French fortress and siege artillery, among which there was a weapon in the 14–16 cm (5.5–6.3 in) caliber range (later it became known as the De Bange 155 mm cannon ). After several meetings, on 16 April 1874
1900-412: Is of welded construction, using 20,000 kilograms (44,000 lb) of MIL-12560H armor steel developed by POSCO for K2 Black Panther project, which can withstand explosion pressure and fragments from 152 mm HE rounds, 14.5 mm armor piercing rounds, and anti-personnel mines all around. The vehicle can protect crews from CBRN threats using an air-purification system. The power-pack consists of
1976-704: Is similar to that of K55, while the AFCS consists largely of a system controller, display, a shooting controller with a built-in ballistic program, a communication processor, and a power controller, and serves as an interface between the operator and the machine. Various electronic control devices such as positioning devices, gun & turret driving systems, ammunition transports, trigger devices, gun temperature sensors, and radios are interlinked to achieve automation. The AFCS uses ballistic programs and muzzle velocity sensors to calculate firing data on its own, as well as to receive shooting commands via data and voice communication from
2052-555: The K10 Ammunition Resupply Vehicle variant. The entire K9 fleet operated by the ROK Armed Forces is now undergoing upgrades to K9A1 , and a further upgrade variant K9A2 is being tested for production. As of 2022, the K9 series has had a 52% share of the global self-propelled howitzer market, including wheeled vehicles, since the year 2000. In the 1980s, the ROK Armed Forces came in need of
2128-666: The K21 and the K30 . In September 2015, offset trade was signed between Honeywell Aerospace and Navcours. Under the agreement, Navcours will license production and service of the TALIN 5000 INS, which is already being used in the K9 and K55A1, for domestic use, and supply Honeywell Aerospace as well. In December 2006, the South Korean military distributed a digital manual for the K10. The manual
2204-552: The US Navy 's Advanced Gun System (AGS) also uses a 155 mm (6.1 in) caliber, it is not compatible with NATO-standard 155 mm (6.1 in) ammunition. Only one type of ammunition was ever developed and procurement was discontinued in 2016 due to its high cost, making the AGS unusable. Compatible with NATO projectiles: Unknown compatibility: As of February 2023 –March 2023, Ukraine was firing up to 10,000 artillery shells per day, with
2280-408: The 100th anniversary of its foundation. The institution is also known as 'Seoultech'. Today Seoultech is a large and comprehensive university consisting of six colleges, 23 departments, seven graduate schools and a student enrolment of 11,500 people in a spacious campus of 508,690 square meters (124 acres). This is the fifth-largest campus in the universities of Seoul. The campus, formerly occupied by
2356-618: The 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun and by doing so there is a reduction in the payload. This is because naval guns can be built much more strongly than land-based self-propelled gun-howitzers, and have much longer barrels in relation to caliber (for example the 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun has a barrel length of 55 calibers , while the standard AS-90 self-propelled gun has a barrel length of 39 calibers). This allows naval guns to fire heavier shells in comparison to shell diameter and to use larger propellant charges in relation to shell weight, leading to greater projectile velocities. Even without active cooling,
K9 Thunder - Misplaced Pages Continue
2432-563: The ADD for its first M109A6 Paladin release ceremony and expressed interest in participating in Korea's self-propelled howitzer program by upgrading the K55 to Paladin standard. In May, members of BMY Combat Systems and Taledyne Brown visited the ADD, and suggested co-development of a new howitzer based on the P-52, a 52-caliber Paladin variant. This proposal was rejected by Korean developers. Later, during
2508-506: The BTCS. The FCS is the first of its kind in that it can calculate weather measurements by altitude, thus providing more precise shooting specifications. In October 2013, the DAPA announced a future plan for K9 upgrades along with a new extended range ammunition starting in 2014. In August 2014, Hanwha and Poongsan were selected as the preferred bidders for new extended ammunition used for both
2584-533: The CV12 Condor, which was also used in the Challenger 2 , but detuned to 1,000 hp. The price was slightly higher than that of Detroit Diesel; it was a relatively large 12-cylinder, which would require a design change on the chassis and there was a technical insufficiency of cooling devices. MTU's MT-881, though more expensive, offered a compact eight-cylinder with the same cutting-edge cooling system from
2660-518: The K-AIC participants without the purchase, thus candidates for future sales: Qatar, Vietnam In October 2013, Daeshin Metal became the major parts supplier for Allison Transmission in making X1100-5A3 as an offset trade, further increasing localization. Applicated transmission will be equipped starting on the 10th and the 5th batch production of K9 and K10 respectively. In September 2020, the DAPA launched
2736-518: The K55 (KM109A2), the Ministry of Defense ordered the development of a new system that would have a longer firing range, faster firing rate, and high mobility. The development started in 1989 and was led by the Agency for Defense Development (ADD) and Samsung Aerospace Industries (now Hanwha Defense). Since 1983, the ADD researchers have been collecting and analyzing data for future artillery. They saw that burst fire and quick relocation would become
2812-584: The K9 and the K55A1. The two companies will compete to win the project. In July 2019, Hanwha was removed from the new ammunition project due to unsatisfactory results, making Poongsan the sole bidder. In November 2020, new extended-range ammunition by Poongsan was accepted for service after years of tests. The new ammunition combines BB (base bleed) with RAP (rocket-assisted propulsion), reaching 54 km with HE or 45 km with DP-ICM . The manufacturing will start in 2022, and will be operational by 2023. However,
2888-517: The U.S. Aberdeen Test Center. Armor plates went through a series of tests such as stress and ballistic impacts, and researchers verified that the domestic plate performed better than the imported plate. The ADD saw that the HSU (Hydropneumatic Suspension Unit) provides better mobility and crew comfort. At that time, the HSU caused problems with some equipment and it was yet to be fully verified for durability, igniting controversy internationally. Therefore, it
2964-580: The United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Italy, to secure the homogeneity of the ammunitions—the new 52 caliber gun fires a NATO standard ammunition (L15A1) at a speed of 945 m per second from chamber volume of 3,556 cm. The first domestic design was prepared by extending and modifying the 155 mm 39 caliber gun used for the KH179. The first firing test was held in January 1992 but experienced many problems due to design errors. In September 1990,
3040-483: The agreement, the army will run separate training programs specialized for foreign soldiers twice a year in connection with various military schools, including the artillery school (K9 SPH) and the mechanized school (K2 MBT). Participants will also train on equipment and combat operation for four weeks and observe the Korea Combat Training Center (KCTC) as well as manufacturing plants. List of
3116-501: The average monthly rate of 90,000–110,000 of 155 mm shells. In March 2023, the Ukrainian defense minister asked allies for 250,000 of such shells per month. Before the start of the large-scale Russian invasion of Ukraine (2022), the United States produced 14,400 shells per month. As of March 2023 , the rate has increased to 20,000 per month. Germany's Rheinmetall was producing 60,000–70,000 per year in 2022. Ukraine has
K9 Thunder - Misplaced Pages Continue
3192-455: The biggest challenges designing main gun and suspension due to lack of experience. While licensing the K55, its main gun was brought as a finished product and the suspension was produced from knowledge from the United States. Based on a review of the required operational capability in October 1992, a firing rate of three shots within 15 seconds was chosen for economic feasibility. The rationale
3268-899: The colleges of engineering of Seoul National University , is in Nowon-gu in the northern part of Seoul . Seoul National University of Science and Technology was ranked second in South Korea and 23rd in Asia in field of focused university in the 2015 by Quacquarelli Symonds (QS) and ranked 15th in South Korea in the field of Science and Engineering in 2015 by Korea Economic Daily (한국경제신문). College of Engineering College of Information and Communication Engineering College of Energy and Biotechnology College of Art and Design College of Humanities and Social Sciences College of Business and Technology There are three professional graduate schools and three special graduate schools within
3344-427: The committee settled on the 155 mm (6.1 in) caliber (in the subsequent program-letter of the committee, dating from 21 April 1874, the caliber was for the first time expressed as 155 mm (6.1 in)). Since the early 21st century, most NATO armies have adopted 155 mm (6.1 in) weapons as an all-purpose standard. They are seen as striking a good compromise between range and power, while using just
3420-547: The development of model MVRS-3000, increasing both performance and localization of the vehicle. In February 2012, the Defense Acquisition Program Administration (DAPA) launched an arms localization project, which includes the K9's INS. In May 2012, Doosan DST was selected for the domestic INS development. The plan to install a domestic INS on the K9 was later changed to license production in 2015, while domestic models were to be used for
3496-675: The development of the new HSU, the design was exported back to Britain. Developers changed the power pack for the MTR with the combination of an 850 hp engine from Detroit Diesel , which offered a smaller cooling system, and Allison Transmission 's X1100 automatic transmission. This powertrain passed the tests on the MTR, but the engine failed on prototype vehicles due to low durability. The researchers looked for new engines from overseas. Perkins Engines and MTU Friedrichshafen showed interest in selling engines in August 1995. Perkins Engines offered
3572-405: The dominant factor in artillery battles and built an automatic loading system for testing in 1984. In 1987, the ADD offered an upgrade plan to the existing K55 inspired by the United States' M109 Howitzer Improvement Program (standardized in 1990 as M109A6 ), but was rejected by the Republic of Korea Army in 1988. As a result, and at the beginning of K9 development, the ADD was determined to create
3648-585: The end of World War II , the 155 mm (6.1 in) caliber has not found any use among naval forces despite its ubiquity on land with most NATO and aligned navies using 76 mm (3.0 in), 100 mm (3.9 in), 114 mm (4.5 in), or 127 mm (5.0 in) guns on modern warships. At one point the British Ministry of Defence studied "up-gunning" the Royal Navy 's 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval guns to give increased firepower and
3724-554: The experience in manufacturing K55 under license. The decision was overturned and the manufacture of the MTR (Mobility Test Rig) was decided upon. Samsung worked with KAIST on suspension and Seoul National University & Pohang University of Science and Technology on mobility systems. The engine was co-developed with American AAI Corporation . The test of the MTR was finished in November 1992. In April 1992, BMY Combat Systems (now BAE Systems Land and Armaments) invited members of
3800-454: The extended range program. New ammunition, known as LAP, is scheduled for mass production in 2024. In 2010, K9 test fired M982 Excalibur during Australia's Land 17 artillery replacement program. In May 2016, K9 test fired JBMoU (Joint Ballistics Memorandum of Understanding) compliant HE-ER ammunition in Sweden successfully, reaching 43 km in distance. In September 2022, a K9A1 SPH and
3876-539: The first batch of K9 artillery system was awarded to Samsung Aerospace Industries in December 1998. The produced vehicles were supposed to be delivered to the Republic of Korea Army . However, a 1999 naval battle between the two Koreas caused the delivery to be rerouted to the Republic of Korea Marine Corps . The first vehicle was rolled out in December 1999, and was given to the marines in Yeonpyeongdo . The K9
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#17327797385473952-507: The foundation of Eoeudong Public Vocational Continuing School in April 1910. Today, the Library has 600,987 volumes, 11,928 e-books, 23,259 audiovisual materials, and 446 periodicals and academic journals published domestically and abroad. The Central Library building, completed at the end of 2004, consists of three stories with an area of 9,281 m (2,807 pyeong ). The first floor houses
4028-458: The heavier naval gun barrels allow a faster sustained rate of fire than field guns, and this is exploited with an autoloading system with a capacity of several hundred rounds. The 155 mm (6.1 in) is better than the 4.5 inch Mark 8 naval gun for firing cannon-launched guided projectiles (CLGP) as the lower velocity of the 155 mm (6.1 in) shell makes it much easier for the projectiles' internal electronic guidance systems to survive being fired. While
4104-487: The howitzer would achieve a localization rate of 107 out of 235 (45.5%) technologies by the late 1990s. Unsatisfied with the review, South Korea decided to continue developing main system, main gun, 155 mm ammunition, fire control system, structure, and autoloader; meanwhile, the engine, transmission, and INS (inertial navigation system) were to be imported from foreign partners, and license produce hydropneumatic suspension to target 70% localization rate. The engineers faced
4180-446: The hydraulic pulsation was significantly reduced. Overall, the domestic design showed driving precision of less than 1 mil in the standard error range. In the winter of 1991, the ADD held talks with engineers from Samsung Aerospace Industries' special research institute. The ADD originally demanded that Samsung be in charge of system assembly only, as the company had no experience in developing its own tracked vehicle design despite having
4256-481: The imbalance moment value due to the change in the position of the armament. The driving force was very different depending on the driving angle. The same problem appeared in Germany's Panzerhaubitze 2000 , which was under development. A joint research team from the ADD and Seoul National University of Science and Technology calculated an accurate theoretical model, and concluded that adjustment to system configuration
4332-595: The introduction was delayed as 5 out of 77 items did not meet the standards during heat wave and cold wave tests. Poongsan also has been working on different types of ammunition, such as POM (PARA – Observation Munition) and GGAM (Gliding Guided Artillery Munition) since 2013 and 2014 respectively. In February 2023, the South Korean military accepted new high performance 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO ammunition that increases performance by three times compared to previous models. The new technology can be applied on any projectiles, allowing K9 Thunder to possibly increase
4408-576: The latest Euro Pack. The engine was also used for the PzH 2000 in Germany, and was undergoing trials in Germany and Canada. After examinations, the German design was chosen for the program, and was tested on an ATR (Automotive Test Rig) for a year starting in September 1997. In the spring of 1992, the test gun experienced a detonator breakage caused by a differential pressure, at which the pressure increases in
4484-408: The library office, seminar rooms, Western archive, and information processing center. The second floor is occupied with Eastern archives and references, periodicals, and an academic journal room. The third floor houses a multimedia room, group study room, and reading room. The annex to Central Library, remodelled in 2011, is a building with an area of 4,896.25 m (1,400 pyeong) that is equipped with
4560-460: The next 12 months. Seoul National University of Science and Technology Seoul National University of Science and Technology originated from Public Eoeudong Vocational Continuing School. Later the school was re-organized as Gyeongseong Public Industrial School, Gyeonggi Technical College, and Seoul National University of Technology before it was finally reborn as Seoul National University of Science and Technology in September 2010 to celebrate
4636-529: The opposite direction of the shell. After many years of failures and updates, researchers decided to change the shape of the propellant in 1997. The tiny pellets of the U.S.-style propellant, which have seven holes similar to briquettes, were replaced with 19 holes by mimicking the German style without knowing the specification. After numerous tests, the gun achieved a range of 40 kilometers (25 mi) below 53,000 psi in 1998. A total of three prototypes were built and performed their first open trials in 1996. During
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#17327797385474712-668: The parts sharing has occurred, which shortens processing time and thus improves logistics support. On 20 June 2024, the Republic of Korea Army and Hanwha Aerospace signed an MOU on cooperation and support for the promotion of the Korea-Army International Course (K-AIC), a Korean weapons system curriculum that will begin in July. The program was created to provide Korean military regular training to nations that have purchased or plan to purchase Korean weapons. Under
4788-475: The range by three times. The technology is patented in the United States, Russia, the European Union, and other countries. In August 2023, the extended range ammunition from Poongsan Corporation completed a combat test, further increasing the firing range from initial 54 km to 60 km. The new ammunition was scheduled to enter service in 2024. On 6 February 2024, the DAPA announced completion of
4864-508: The shell into the barrel. The K9 uses the TALIN (Tactical Advanced Land Inertial Navigator) 5000 for its INS, purchased from Honeywell Aerospace after the announcement of the development of a ring laser gyroscope system that can withstand the shock from gunfire. The positioning device consists of a ring laser gyro that can detect up to one-ten-thousandth of Earth's rotational angular velocity, an accelerometer that can detect up to one-hundred-thousandth of Earth's gravitational acceleration, and
4940-553: The system development agreement in late August 1993, the Defense Ministry approved a prototype development plan in September and the president approved the project in early October. Since domestically developed armor steel plates were applied for the first time, the researchers decided to produce and compare armor plates from both imported and domestic materials to reduce the risk. Meantime, Samsung began to train and employ master craftsman welders whose skills were verified by
5016-490: The target in Height of Burst mode from 50 km away. In 2004, KRCMI (Korea Research Center for Measuring Instruments) developed a Doppler radar calibration system, which significantly increased accuracy by lowering the impact error from 0.1% to 0.05%. Using the new technology, the ADD and DST (Davit System Technology) launched a joint project for a domestic MVRS (muzzle velocity radar system). In September 2007, DST announced
5092-406: The test, the prototypes succeeded in firing at distances of 40 kilometers (25 mi) and six rounds per minute, but failed to fire three rounds in 15 seconds. In December 1997, one of the prototypes was damaged by fire, due to failing complete combustion, after testing 18 rounds in three minutes. One researcher was killed and two injured. The damaged prototype's internal system survived the fire, and
5168-466: The university's Public Relations Office held its first Symbolic Committee to determine its symbolism. Following the first questionnaire for teachers and faculty members in April 2013, we conducted a second questionnaire involving 12,807 undergraduate and graduate students in June 2013 in order to enact the symbol of university. The second questionnaire for undergraduate and graduate students who answered 91% of
5244-545: The university. Aside from these, there are a number of specialist research institutes. Graduate School of Engineering: Graduate School of Science: Graduate School of Art and Physical Education: Graduate School of Humanities and Social Sciences: Graduate School of Railway: Graduate School of Public Policy and Information Technology: Graduate School of Energy and Environment Graduate School of Industry Graduate School of Housing The library at Seoul National University of Science and Technology has been operational since
5320-524: The upgraded K9A1 variant. The K9 stores 32 rounds in the bustle rack (16 rounds in each row), while an additional 16 rounds are stored at the rear of the hull (8 rounds on each side). Assisted by a semi-automatic feeding system, fire control system, and the Battalion Tactical Command System (BTCS), the vehicle can burst fire three rounds in 15 seconds and has the ability of multiple rounds simultaneous impact (MRSI) mode. It has
5396-510: Was developed with a budget of 1 billion KRW. It can easily identify the equipment composition, specifications, operation procedures, operating principles, maintenance tips, and signs of failure of the K10 ARV. It visualizes the vehicle in 3D virtual reality, so operators can easily understand compared to conventional text-based manuals. After seeing significant improvement in training efficiency, operating capability, and soldiers' maintenance skill,
5472-478: Was inevitable to introduce and localize a British Air-Log (now Horstman) HSU that is used for the AS-90. However, when researchers applied the Air-Log HSU on the MTR and prototypes, they soon found that the HSU couldn't support heavier vehicles, thus failing the durability test. Since May 1997, engineers from the ADD and Dongmyeong Heavy Industries have spent a year on five redesigns and 11 durability tests. After
5548-450: Was possible without major design changes. Meanwhile, loud noise from hydraulic generators, which can cause hearing loss under long exposure, was also a problem. The engineers of the ADD and Dongmyeong Heavy Industries (now Mottrol) found that the noise was due to excessive shaking of hydraulic pressure, thus creating an experimental device using the principle of Helmholtz attenuators used in car mufflers. The noisy equipment became quieter and
5624-447: Was repaired for further use. The prototypes fired 4,100 rounds and underwent 13,800 kilometers (8,600 mi) of mobility tests including extreme temperature conditions and various type of terrain such as ski courses during the winter season. After firing 12,000 rounds and driving 18,000 kilometers (11,000 mi) over 10 years, the development was finished in October 1998 with the achievement of an 87% localization rate. The contract for
5700-431: Was reused for scholarships. Seoultech also has a number of funded international cooperation programs, and two joint degree programs with Northumbria University in the United Kingdom. The Institute for Language Education and Research (ILER) provides a variety of language programs to serve the university's English, Korean, Chinese and Japanese learning needs. There are currently 26 full-time faculty positions. The ILER has
5776-404: Was that it is difficult for targets to be out of fatal range within 15 seconds after the first impact, and that the firing rate can be shortened depending on training level. If a firing rate of three shots in 10 seconds was demanded, it would have caused a huge increase in development costs as well as an unnecessary burden on researchers. The development was delayed between March and August 1993 as
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