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73-595: Attempts were made to replace the K4s, including the K5 and the T1 duplex locomotive . However, the low factor-of-adhesion of K5s meant that they were limited in their pulling power. By contrast, the T1s were very successful but suffered from greater maintenance costs, wheel slip due to poor springing, and inexperienced crews. The T1s also came too late in the game for steam traction. As such,

146-810: A Bachelor of Industrial Design (B.I.D.), Bachelor of Science (B.Sc) or Bachelor of Fine Arts (B.F.A.). Afterwards, the bachelor programme can be extended to postgraduate degrees such as Master of Design , Master of Fine Arts and others to a Master of Arts or Master of Science . Industrial design studies function and form—and the connection between product, user, and environment. Generally, industrial design professionals work in small scale design, rather than overall design of complex systems such as buildings or ships. Industrial designers don't usually design motors, electrical circuits, or gearing that make machines move, but they may affect technical aspects through usability design and form relationships. Usually, they work with other professionals such as engineers who focus on

219-454: A works plate Altoona Works 4205 / 1929. This according to late Mr Ivan W. Saunders, Pittsburgh, Pa. A one-piece cast steel locomotive bed was used; this produced the locomotive frame , cylinders , and smokebox saddle as one giant steel casting. This casting was produced by Commonwealth Steel's Granite City, Illinois plant. This cast locomotive bed design was a successful trial, and was repeated on 1930s order for 100 M1a class 4-8-2s, as

292-631: A 1940s Pennsylvania Railroad passenger train. It would work with the state's educators to give rides at tourist railroads within the state to school children on field trips, thus educating them on the history of how the Pennsylvania Railroad shaped their state. On June 25, 2021, the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona announced that it would launch a complete $ 2.6 million restoration of #1361. The Museum Chairman

365-419: A CAD model. From this the manufacturing process may be modified to improve the product. Product characteristics specified by industrial designers may include the overall form of the object, the location of details with respect to one another, colors , texture, form, and aspects concerning the use of the product . Additionally, they may specify aspects concerning the production process, choice of materials and

438-415: A better quality of life. " Although the process of design may be considered 'creative,' many analytical processes also take place. In fact, many industrial designers often use various design methodologies in their creative process. Some of the processes that are commonly used are user research, sketching, comparative product research, model making, prototyping and testing. These processes are best defined by

511-406: A combination of aesthetics and user-focused considerations, but also often provides solutions for problems of form, function, physical ergonomics , marketing, brand development, sustainability, and sales. For several millennia before the onset of industrialization , design, technical expertise, and manufacturing was often done by individual crafts people , who determined the form of a product at

584-581: A competitive footing with Great Britain and the United States. The earliest published use of the term may have been in The Art-Union , 15 September 1840. Dyce's Report to the Board of Trade, on Foreign Schools of Design for Manufactures. Mr. Dyce's official visit to France, Prussia, and Bavaria, for the purpose of examining the state of schools of design in those countries, will be fresh in

657-536: A complete line of modern furniture, among many other items. Richard Teague , who spent most of his career with the American Motors Corporation , originated the concept of using interchangeable body panels so as to create a wide array of different vehicles using the same stampings. He was responsible for such unique automotive designs as the Pacer , Gremlin , Matador coupe , Jeep Cherokee , and

730-535: A decade. Christopher Dresser is considered among the first independent industrial designers. Industrial design's origins lie in the industrialization of consumer products. For instance, the Deutscher Werkbund (a precursor to the Bauhaus founded in 1907 by Peter Behrens and others) was a state-sponsored effort to integrate traditional crafts and industrial mass-production techniques, to put Germany on

803-534: A design in use to this day. Schreckengost also founded The Cleveland Institute of Art's school of industrial design. Oskar Barnack was a German optical engineer, precision mechanic, industrial designer, and the father of 35mm photography. He developed the Leica , which became the hallmark for photography for 50 years, and remains a high-water mark for mechanical and optical design. Charles and Ray Eames were most famous for their pioneering furniture designs, such as

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876-456: A feature of most PRR steam locomotives built after the K5, and indeed those on many other railroads. Both locomotives were scrapped. Industrial designer Industrial design is a process of design applied to physical products that are to be manufactured by mass production . It is the creative act of determining and defining a product's form and features, which takes place in advance of

949-500: A first drop in filings since 2014. The Hague System for the International Registration of Industrial Designs provides an international mechanism that secures protection of up to 100 designs in multiple countries or regions, through a single international application. International design applications are filed directly through WIPO . The domestic legal framework of each designated contracting party governs

1022-610: A larger Pacific than the standard K4s was worthwhile. Two prototypes were built, #5698 at the PRR's own Altoona Works , and #5699 by the Baldwin Locomotive Works . Although classified identically, the two locomotives differed in many aspects, as detailed below. They were both fitted with a much wider boiler than the K4s, but dimensionally similar to those of the I1s 2-10-0 "Decapods". Most other dimensions were enlarged over

1095-651: A pair of classes with the L1 class 2-8-2 Mikado , sharing the same boiler design and other features. Some inspiration came from the large experimental K29 class Pacific built in 1911 by the American Locomotive Company (ALCO). Also influential was Gibbs' design for the successful E6 class 4-4-2 Atlantic , from which the K4 class inherited its heat-treated and lightweight machinery, its cast-steel KW trailing truck , and much of its appearance. No. 1737

1168-402: A procedure for an international registration exists. An applicant can file for a single international deposit with WIPO or with the national office in a country party to the treaty. The design will then be protected in as many member countries of the treaty as desired. In 2022, about 1.1 million industrial design applications were filed worldwide. This represents a decrease of 3% on 2021, marking

1241-647: A significant number of household items, such as chairs, stools, lamps, a tea-cart, and vases. Raymond Loewy was a prolific American designer who is responsible for the Royal Dutch Shell corporate logo, the original BP logo (in use until 2000), the PRR S1 steam locomotive, the Studebaker Starlight (including the later bulletnose), as well as Schick electric razors, Electrolux refrigerators, short-wave radios, Le Creuset French ovens, and

1314-403: A smokebox extension and a different feedwater heater within. 5698 was again modified by 1948 with a new (one-piece) smokebox, new cylinders with outside steam pipes, and “modern” front end. In contrast, Baldwin-built #5699 ( Baldwin 60660 / 1928) used a conventional, fabricated locomotive frame , longer smokebox with the feedwater mixing chamber in front of the stack and the generator mounted on

1387-503: A wide range of products, and whose creation took place in advance of their application. The use of drawing to specify how something was to be constructed later was first developed by architects and shipwrights during the Italian Renaissance . In the 17th century, the growth of artistic patronage in centralized monarchical states such as France led to large government-operated manufacturing operations epitomized by

1460-495: A wooden cowcatcher pilot; a square-cased, old-fashioned headlight and piston tailrods (soon to go). The K4s design was successful enough that it influenced other locomotive designs, and not only those of other PRR locomotives. London and North Eastern Railway Chief Mechanical Engineer Nigel Gresley incorporated much of the boiler design (including the tapered shape) into his famous Class A1 Pacific. A World War I -era prototype had distinctive "chicken coop" slat pilots, while

1533-674: Is Charles "Wick" Moorman , retired Chairman and CEO of Norfolk Southern Railway , and its Board includes Henry Posner III , President of Railroad Development Corporation of Pittsburgh, head of the Posner Foundation and well-known venture capitalist. As of December 2022, a new Belpaire firebox was nearing completion, although with thicker steel and other modifications of the 1914 design in order to comply with current federal safety requirements. Pennsylvania Railroad class K5 The Pennsylvania Railroad 's class K5 were experimental 4-6-2 "Pacific" types, built in 1929 to see if

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1606-477: Is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences." An extended version of this definition is as follows: "Industrial Design is a strategic problem-solving process that drives innovation, builds business success and leads to a better quality of life through innovative products, systems, services and experiences. Industrial Design bridges

1679-601: Is effectively defined by credentials and/or licensure required to engage in the practice of engineering. "Industrial design" as such does not overlap much with the engineering sub-discipline of industrial engineering , except for the latter's sub-specialty of ergonomics . At the 29th General Assembly in Gwangju, South Korea, 2015, the Professional Practise Committee unveiled a renewed definition of industrial design as follows: "Industrial Design

1752-541: Is often difficult to describe to non-designers because the meaning accepted by the design community is not made of words. Instead, the definition is created as a result of acquiring a critical framework for the analysis and creation of artifacts. One of the many accepted (but intentionally unspecific) definitions of design originates from Carnegie Mellon's School of Design : "Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing existing situations into preferred ones." This applies to new artifacts, whose existing state

1825-457: Is undefined, and previously created artifacts, whose state stands to be improved. Industrial design can overlap significantly with engineering design , and in different countries the boundaries of the two concepts can vary, but in general engineering focuses principally on functionality or utility of products, whereas industrial design focuses principally on aesthetic and user-interface aspects of products. In many jurisdictions this distinction

1898-522: The Broadway Limited . These four locomotives were streamlined in 1940 and 1941 with simpler, closer-fitting casings that hid less of the steam locomotives' workings, In that sense, they were similar to Henry Dreyfuss 's casings for NYC Hudsons . According to an interview with John W. Epstein, Special Projects Manager and vice president, Raymond Loewy & Assoc., these four streamlined K4s were designed by Raymond Loewy but, due to WWII, there

1971-620: The Eames Lounge Chair Wood and Eames Lounge Chair . Other influential designers included Henry Dreyfuss , Eliot Noyes , John Vassos , and Russel Wright . Dieter Rams is a German industrial designer closely associated with the consumer products company Braun and the Functionalist school of industrial design. German industrial designer Luigi Colani , who designed cars for automobile manufacturers including Fiat , Alfa Romeo , Lancia , Volkswagen , and BMW ,

2044-576: The Gobelins Manufactory , opened in Paris in 1667 by Louis XIV . Here teams of hundreds of craftsmen, including specialist artists, decorators and engravers, produced sumptuously decorated products ranging from tapestries and furniture to metalwork and coaches , all under the creative supervision of the King's leading artist Charles Le Brun . This pattern of large-scale royal patronage

2117-529: The PRR S1 #6100, PRR Q1 #6130 , T1 's #6110 and #6111; and K4s #3768. Streamlined shrouding of these four K4s Pacific locomotives was removed after 1950, together with PRR K4s #3678. There are only two surviving K4s class locomotives: No. 3750 sits on outdoor static display at the Railroad Museum of Pennsylvania , outside Strasburg, Pennsylvania . The museum's volunteer group plans to have No. 3750 cosmetically restored prior to it being placed in

2190-421: The growth of empires broadened tastes and diversified markets, and the emergence of a wider middle class created demand for fashionable styles from a much larger and more heterogeneous population. The first use of the term "industrial design" is often attributed to the industrial designer Joseph Claude Sinel in 1919 (although he himself denied this in interviews), but the discipline predates 1919 by at least

2263-401: The 1910s, the Pennsylvania Railroad (PRR) were in need of a larger and heavier passenger locomotive to haul their heavier main line passenger trains on their entire system. The result was the K4 class 4-6-2 Pacific , which was designed under the supervision of PRR Chief of Motive Power J.T. Wallis, assisted by Chief Mechanical Engineer Alfred W. Gibbs and Mechanical Engineer Axel Vogt, as one of

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2336-583: The Fine Arts or to Industrial Design, until they have completed their exercises in drawing and painting of the figure from the antique and from the living model. It is for this reason, and from the fact that artists for industrial purposes are both well-paid and highly considered (as being well-instructed men), that so many individuals in France engage themselves in both pursuits. The Practical Draughtsman's Book of Industrial Design by Jacques-Eugène Armengaud

2409-405: The K4s as well; the exceptions being the 70 square feet (6.5 m ) grate area and the 80 in (2.032 m) drivers. In comparison: The K5's factor of adhesion was much worse than the K4s'. This is because the K5 was more powerful than the K4s but with little more weight on drivers (and thus adhesion). Factors of adhesion below 4 are often considered undesirable for steam locomotives, and

2482-559: The K5 design did prove to be rather less sure-footed because of it. For this reason, 4-8-2 "Mountain" and 4-8-4 "Northern" designs with more drivers (and thus a greater allowable weight on drivers within the same axle load limit) were generally considered preferable for locomotives as powerful as the K5. Both K5 locomotives were given a 130-P-75 tender carrying 12,475  US gal (47,220  L ; 10,388  imp gal ) of water and 22 short tons (20.0 t; 19.6 long tons) of coal. Despite being such large locomotives built late in

2555-402: The K5 was only a qualified success. Both locomotives performed well enough to be kept in service, but not enough to persuade the PRR to build more. They proved that building a larger Pacific than the K4s was not worthwhile, as the reduced factor of adhesion limited the locomotives' ability to put their greater power to full use. A larger locomotive with eight driving wheels was needed. This route

2628-699: The National Association of Schools of Art and Design (NASAD). Of course, engineering education requires heavy training in mathematics and physical sciences, which is not typically required in industrial design education. Most industrial designers complete a design or related program at a vocational school or university. Relevant programs include graphic design , interior design, industrial design, architectural technology, and drafting . Diplomas and degrees in industrial design are offered at vocational schools and universities worldwide. Diplomas and degrees take two to four years of study. The study results in

2701-510: The PRR's Juniata Shops. The PRR experimented extensively with its K4s fleet, trying out streamlining, poppet valves, smoke deflectors, driving wheel types and others. Several K4 locomotives had streamlining applied over the years, to varying degrees. All were later removed, restoring the locomotives to their original appearance. Locomotive #3768 was clad in a shroud designed by famed industrial designer Raymond Loewy in February 1936. This

2774-587: The PRR's premier, all-coach trains between New York and St. Louis. They were also seen hauling the Broadway Limited (New York to Chicago), Liberty Limited (Washington to Chicago), and the Trail Blazer (New York to Chicago) occasionally. During World War II, these four locomotives formed a streamlined steam engine fleet within the PRR system, with another five locomotives that were also designed by noted industrial designer Raymond Loewy ; they were

2847-527: The Paris school; and having been disorganized by the revolution, was restored by Napoleon and differently constituted, being then erected into an Academy of Fine Art: to which the study of design for silk manufacture was merely attached as a subordinate branch. It appears that all the students who entered the school commence as if they were intended for artists in the higher sense of the word and are not expected to decide as to whether they will devote themselves to

2920-642: The USA's first industrial design degree programs in 1934 at Carnegie Institute of Technology . Product design and industrial design overlap in the fields of user interface design , information design , and interaction design . Various schools of industrial design specialize in one of these aspects, ranging from pure art colleges and design schools (product styling), to mixed programs of engineering and design, to related disciplines such as exhibit design and interior design , to schools that almost completely subordinated aesthetic design to concerns of usage and ergonomics,

2993-465: The complete interior of the Eagle Premier . Milwaukee's Brooks Stevens was best known for his Milwaukee Road Skytop Lounge car and Oscar Mayer Wienermobile designs, among others. Viktor Schreckengost designed bicycles manufactured by Murray bicycles for Murray and Sears, Roebuck and Company. With engineer Ray Spiller, he designed the first truck with a cab-over-engine configuration,

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3066-561: The creation of a shape, configuration or composition of pattern or color, or combination of pattern and color in three-dimensional form containing aesthetic value. An industrial design can be a two- or three-dimensional pattern used to produce a product, industrial commodity or handicraft. Under the Hague Agreement Concerning the International Deposit of Industrial Designs , a WIPO -administered treaty,

3139-449: The design protection provided by the resulting international registrations. The Hague System does not require the applicant to file a national or regional design application. in 2019 in 2020 in 2021 in 2022 in 2023 A number of industrial designers have made such a significant impact on culture and daily life that their work is documented by historians of social science. Alvar Aalto , renowned as an architect , also designed

3212-533: The emergence of large workshops in cities such as Florence , Venice , Nuremberg , and Bruges , where groups of more specialized craftsmen made objects with common forms through the repetitive duplication of models which defined by their shared training and technique. Competitive pressures in the early 16th century led to the emergence in Italy and Germany of pattern books : collections of engravings illustrating decorative forms and motifs which could be applied to

3285-436: The emotional attachment of the user. These values and accompanying aspects that form the basis of industrial design can vary—between different schools of thought, and among practicing designers. Industrial design rights are intellectual property rights that make exclusive the visual design of objects that are not purely utilitarian. A design patent would also be considered under this category. An industrial design consists of

3358-454: The final design. At first, the locomotive was not painted in standard Dark Green Locomotive Enamel (DGLE) but instead in a bronze color. It was later refinished in DGLE. A matching tender ran on unusual six-wheel trucks. Like most streamlined steam locomotives, the shrouds impeded maintenance and the covers over the wheels were later removed. For a time, the locomotive was the preferred engine for

3431-559: The gap between what is and what's possible. It is a trans-disciplinary profession that harnesses creativity to resolve problems and co-create solutions with the intent of making a product, system, service, experience or a business, better. At its heart, Industrial Design provides a more optimistic way of looking at the future by reframing problems as opportunities. It links innovation, technology, research, business and customers to provide new value and competitive advantage across economic, social and environmental spheres. Industrial Designers place

3504-484: The human in the centre of the process. They acquire a deep understanding of user needs through empathy and apply a pragmatic, user centric problem solving process to design products, systems, services and experiences. They are strategic stakeholders in the innovation process and are uniquely positioned to bridge varied professional disciplines and business interests. They value the economic, social and environmental impact of their work and their contribution towards co-creating

3577-454: The industrial designers and/or other team members. Industrial designers often utilize 3D software, computer-aided industrial design and CAD programs to move from concept to production. They may also build a prototype or scaled down sketch models through a 3D printing process or using other materials such as paper, balsa wood, various foams, or clay for modeling. They may then use industrial CT scanning to test for interior defects and generate

3650-417: The manufacture or production of the product. Industrial manufacture consists of predetermined, standardized and repeated, often automated, acts of replication, while craft -based design is a process or approach in which the form of the product is determined personally by the product's creator largely concurrent with the act of its production. All manufactured products are the result of a design process, but

3723-484: The mechanical and other functional aspects of the product, assuring functionality and manufacturability, and with marketers to identify and fulfill customer needs and expectations. Industrial design (ID) is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer. Industrial Designers Society of America , Design, itself,

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3796-541: The nature of this process can vary. It can be conducted by an individual or a team, and such a team could include people with varied expertise (e.g. designers, engineers, business experts, etc.). It can emphasize intuitive creativity or calculated scientific decision-making , and often emphasizes a mix of both. It can be influenced by factors as varied as materials , production processes , business strategy , and prevailing social, commercial, or aesthetic attitudes. Industrial design, as an applied art , most often focuses on

3869-633: The newly proposed roundhouse exhibit. No. 1361 was being restored to operating condition by the Railroaders Memorial Museum in Altoona in 1987, but persistent bearing problems ended its operation the following year. The locomotive was moved to the Steamtown National Historic Site and the boiler moved to the East Broad Top shops. The disassembled locomotive lay in pieces for 22 years before

3942-403: The point of its creation, according to their own manual skill, the requirements of their clients, experience accumulated through their own experimentation, and knowledge passed on to them through training or apprenticeship . The division of labour that underlies the practice of industrial design did have precedents in the pre-industrial era. The growth of trade in the medieval period led to

4015-604: The postwar versions had modern pilots. Three years elapsed until production examples were built. Partly, this was due to extensive testing, but wartime necessitated priority in construction to the L1s Mikado type for freight. In 1917, Altoona's Juniata Shops started producing K4s in numbers. The first 168 carried widely scattered road numbers, traditional for the PRR, but subsequent locomotives produced after 1920 were numbered in consecutive blocks. Numbers 5400–5474 were built by Baldwin, while all others were constructed at

4088-579: The product remained in the hands of the individual craftsman, and tended to decline as the scale of production increased. The emergence of industrial design is specifically linked to the growth of industrialization and mechanization that began with the Industrial Revolution in Great Britain in the mid 18th century. The rise of industrial manufacture changed the way objects were made, urbanization changed patterns of consumption ,

4161-470: The project was officially abandoned in 2010. The Museum cited changes in FRA safety standards and new limits to mainline railway access that would make operation impractical. In May 2018, a group of preservationists, engineers and financial backers initiated a new restoration study. The work would include a detailed assessment of the engineering needs and a sustainable operating plan. The group plans to replicate

4234-455: The recollection of our readers. His report on this subject was ordered to be printed some few months since, on the motion of Mr. Hume; and it is the sum and substance of this Report that we are now about to lay before our own especial portion of the reading public. The school of St. Peter, at Lyons, was founded about 1750, for the instruction of draftsmen employed in preparing patterns for the silk manufacture. It has been much more successful than

4307-542: The right side (below the stack), and separate cylinder plus half-saddle castings. The innovation trialled on #5699 was its use of Caprotti valve gear , a poppet valve gear invented in Italy . The greater efficiencies of this gear gave the locomotive a higher tractive effort of 58,092 lbf (258.41 kN). Although efficient, the Caprotti gear proved less reliable than the regular Walschaerts valve gear and required more frequent, more skilled maintenance, and in 1937 it

4380-495: The so-called functionalist school. Except for certain functional areas of overlap between industrial design and engineering design, the former is considered an applied art while the latter is an applied science. Educational programs in the U.S. for engineering require accreditation by the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) in contrast to programs for industrial design which are accredited by

4453-449: The standard front-end "beauty treatment" given to most K4s locomotives: a sheet-steel drop coupler pilot, higher-mounted headlight, and turbo-generator mounted on the smokebox front for easier access. They lost their unique bell placement at this time for a location equally unique for the PRR: under the generator-service platform on the front of the smokebox. Like many experimental locomotives,

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4526-447: The steam era, both were equipped for hand firing. They were fitted with Worthington-pattern feedwater heaters , power reverse, unflanged main drivers, and both used nickel steel boiler shells. As built, both carried their bell on the smokebox front, hung below the headlight; this arrangement was common on other roads but at the time unique on the PRR. K5 #5698 was built at the PRR's Juniata Works (Juniata 4205 / 1929) in 1929, but having

4599-428: The tried and tested K4s held their role as the PRR's primary express passenger locomotives for 30-40 years. The K4s hauled the vast majority of express passenger trains until they were replaced by diesel locomotives . The K4s were not powerful enough for the heavier trains they often pulled from the mid-1930s onward, so they were often double-headed or even triple-headed, sometimes with early Atlantics and E6s . This

4672-517: The way the product is presented to the consumer at the point of sale . The inclusion of industrial designers in a product development process may lead to added value by improving usability , lowering production costs, and developing more appealing products. Industrial design may also focus on technical concepts, products, and processes. In addition to aesthetics , usability, and ergonomics , it can also encompass engineering, usefulness, market placement, and other concerns—such as psychology, desire, and

4745-532: Was a very concealing, enveloping streamlined casing that hid most of the functionality of the steam locomotive, leading to its nickname of "The Torpedo" by train crews. Clay models of Loewy's design streamlined K4s and conventional K4s were tested in a wind tunnel for smoke-lifting ability by Alexander Klemin of the Daniel Guggenheim School of Aeronautics of New York University (CMP). Of 24 variations, 4 were chosen for wind tunnel tests to determine

4818-399: Was effective but expensive, and several crews were needed. The PRR did have the locomotives needed for this, many having been displaced by electrification east of Harrisburg. The two preserved K4s, Nos. 1361 and 3750, were designated as Pennsylvania's official state steam locomotives on December 18, 1987, when Pennsylvania Governor Robert P. Casey signed into law House Bill No. 1211. By

4891-600: Was eventually taken by the T1 4-4-4-4 duplex locomotives , but the Great Depression and the large cost of electrification meant that PRR steam locomotive development effectively ceased after the K5 and M1a . The electrical department became the thrust of PRR locomotive policy, and the displaced steam locomotives from electrified territory gave the PRR a surplus of locomotives, giving little incentive to develop more. The cast steel locomotive bed and Worthington feedwater heater both proved themselves, and they became

4964-862: Was no publicity about it. PRR #1120 and #2665 were streamlined in 1940 for the South Wind , a named passenger train equipped and operated jointly by the Pennsylvania Railroad, the Louisville and Nashville Railroad, the Atlantic Coast Line Railroad (later Seaboard Coast Line) and the Florida East Coast Railway. The South Wind began operations in December 1940, providing streamliner service between Chicago, Illinois, and Miami, Florida. PRR No. 3678 and No. 5338 were streamlined in 1941 for The Jeffersonian , one of

5037-522: Was printed in 1853. The subtitle of the (translated) work explains, that it wants to offer a "complete course of mechanical, engineering, and architectural drawing." The study of those types of technical drawing, according to Armengaud, belongs to the field of industrial design. This work paved the way for a big expansion in the field of drawing education in France, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Robert Lepper helped to establish one of

5110-538: Was repeated in the court porcelain factories of the early 18th century, such as the Meissen porcelain workshops established in 1709 by the Grand Duke of Saxony , where patterns from a range of sources, including court goldsmiths, sculptors, and engravers, were used as models for the vessels and figurines for which it became famous. As long as reproduction remained craft-based, however, the form and artistic quality of

5183-474: Was replaced by Walschaerts gear driving regular piston valves, making the two locomotives (except for frames) functionally identical. The two locomotives were originally assigned to haul Philadelphia to Pittsburgh through trains. After the electrification reached Harrisburg , they were reassigned to the twisting Harrisburg– Baltimore route. Finally, they were reassigned to Pittsburgh– Crestline trains. Both were updated after World War 2 with

5256-523: Was the Worthington feedwater heater with mixing chamber behind the stack. K5 #5698 used conventional Walschaerts valve gear and piston valves , and developed a starting tractive effort of 54,675 lbf (243.21 kN). During the New York World’s Fair of 1939-40, K5 5698 was displayed along with several other PRR locomotives at the fair. Following the fair, in 1941 it was modified with

5329-612: Was the first K4 class locomotive built in May 1914 at PRR's Juniata Shops in Altoona, Pennsylvania with the construction number 2825. The boiler barrel was bigger than previous classes, and the increase in heating surface and boiler size gave the class good steam-generating capability. No. 1737 was conservative and included a screw reverse ( power reverse would soon be added); a small 70-P-70 tender holding only 7,000 US gallons (26,000 L) of water and 12½ tons of coal, set up for hand-firing;

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