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24-505: (Redirected from ONO ) [REDACTED] Look up ono in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. ONO , Ono or Ōno may refer to: Places [ edit ] Fiji [ edit ] Ono Island (Fiji) Israel [ edit ] Kiryat Ono Ono, Benjamin , ancient site Italy [ edit ] Ono San Pietro Ivory Coast [ edit ] Ono, Ivory Coast ,

48-438: A stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . 2R hypothesis The 2R hypothesis or Ohno's hypothesis , first proposed by Susumu Ohno in 1970, is a hypothesis that the genomes of the early vertebrate lineage underwent two whole genome duplications , and thus modern vertebrate genomes reflect paleopolyploidy . The name derives from the 2 r ounds of duplication originally hypothesized by Ohno, but refined in

72-422: A 1994 version, and the term 2R hypothesis was probably coined in 1999. Variations in the number and timings of genome duplications typically still are referred to as examples of the 2R hypothesis. The 2R hypothesis has been the subject of much research and controversy; however, with growing support from genome data, including the human genome , the balance of opinion has shifted strongly in favour of support for

96-451: A black, name unknown; a boy, name unknown, and two Tahiti men, and five persons wounded – total 10 killed and 5 wounded, out of the crew of 25 persons. As the result of the death of the first officer, Charles Shipman, a full court of inquiry into this event was held upon their return to the US. The US Navy trial was inconclusive and included an open warrant to return anyone involved in the event to

120-613: A list of people bearing the name Ono language ONO [ edit ] The FAA identifier of Ontario Municipal Airport in Ontario, Oregon Organization of News Ombudsmen (ONO) ONO (Spain) , a Spanish cable company ONO Estadi , a football stadium in Mallorca, Spain, named for the cable company ONO, the name Yoko Ono uses for releasing remixes of her own work ONO (band) , an experimental music group from Chicago Other uses [ edit ] Ono (P2P) ,

144-563: A peer-to-peer file transfer system to find nearby peers Ono (weapon) , a Japanese axe USS  Ono , the name of a number of United States Navy ships Ono, an alternate name for the Wahoo , a fish found in Hawaiian waters Ono (more precisely O'NO 99 ) was a 1970s card game similar to Uno Ono, a character in the animated television series The Lion Guard See also [ edit ] Ohno's hypothesis, an alternate name for

168-431: A prediction of Ohno's hypothesis that genome duplication occurred in the common ancestor of lancelets and vertebrates . However, this analysis did not examine vertebrates, so could say nothing about later duplication events. (Furthermore, much later molecular phylogenetics has shown that vertebrates are more closely related to tunicates than to lancelets, thus negating the logic of this analysis. ) The 2R hypothesis saw

192-665: A process of this 2R duplication . The name was first given in honour of Susumu Ohno by Ken Wolfe . It is useful for evolutionary analysis because all ohnologues in a genome have been diverging for the same length of time (since their common origin in the whole genome duplication). Well-studied ohnologous genes include genes in human chromosome 2, 7, 12 and 17 containing Hox gene clusters, collagen genes, keratin genes and other duplicated genes, genes in human chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10 containing neuropeptide receptor genes, NK class homeobox genes and many more gene families , and parts of human chromosomes 13, 4, 5 and X containing

216-399: A resurgence of interest in the 1990s for two reasons. First, gene mapping data in humans and mice revealed extensive paralogy regions - sets of genes on one chromosome related to sets of genes on another chromosome in the same species, indicative of duplication events in evolution. Paralogy regions were generally in sets of four. Second, cloning of Hox genes in lancelet revealed presence of

240-418: A single Hox gene cluster , in contrast to the four clusters in humans and mice. Data from additional gene families revealed a common one-to-many rule when lancelet and vertebrate genes were compared. Taken together, these two lines of evidence suggest that two genome duplications occurred in the ancestry of vertebrates, after it had diverged from the cephalochordate evolutionary lineage. Controversy about

264-718: A village in Comoé District Japan [ edit ] Ōno Castle , Fukuoka Ōno District, Fukui Ōno District, Gifu Ōno District, Ōita Ōno, Chita District, Aichi Ōno, Fukui Ono, Fukushima Ōno, Gifu Ōno, Hiroshima Ōno, Hokkaidō Ono, Hyōgo Ōno, Ibaraki Ōno, Iwate Ōno, Ōita Ōno River , in Ōita Prefecture United States [ edit ] Ono Island (Alabama) Ono, California Ono, Kentucky Ono, Pennsylvania Ono, Wisconsin People and language [ edit ] Ono (surname) , including

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288-532: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ono Island (Fiji) A massacre occurred there on September 8, 1836, on the US Brigg Charles Daggett on a return visit to the sea slug drying station set up there in 1831 by Captain Driver on the ship Clay from Salem, Massachusetts. The Charles Dagget (Doggett) returned to Vabea under

312-481: Is now "incontrovertible evidence supporting the 2R hypothesis" and that "a long-standing debate on the 2R hypothesis is approaching the end". Michael Benton , in the 2014 edition of Vertebrate Palaeontology , states, "It turns out that, in places where amphioxus has a single gene, vertebrates often have two, three, or four equivalent genes as a result of two intervening whole-genome duplication events." Ohnologous genes are paralogous genes that have originated by

336-451: Is stored in a hole in the ground, sometimes for several years, in preparation for future emergencies. The primary sector dominates the economy; a reforestation program, replanting the island with pine seedlings, is in progress. 18°54′S 178°29′E  /  18.900°S 178.483°E  / -18.900; 178.483 This article about a geographical location in Fiji is

360-537: The 2R hypothesis , named for Susumu Ohno Oh No (disambiguation) Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ono . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ono&oldid=1256385321 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

384-592: The 2R hypothesis hinged on the nature of paralogy regions . It is not disputed that human chromosomes bear sets of genes related to sets of genes on other chromosomes; the controversy centres on whether they were generated by large-scale duplications that doubled all the genes at the same time, or whether a series of individual gene duplications occurred followed by chromosomal rearrangement to shuffle sets of genes together. Hughes and colleagues found that phylogenetic trees built from different gene families within paralogy regions had different shapes, suggesting that

408-619: The United States for questioning in the sailing orders of the US Exploring Expedition that left for a voyage around the world from Newport News, Virginia, on August 18, 1838, and returning on June 10, 1842. The result was that when the US Exploring Expedition visited Rewa in 1841, Ro Vendovi was captured and taken to the United States to be questioned in the affair. Vendovi survived the trip around

432-608: The command of Captain Batchelor (sic. Bachelor), Chief Officer Charles Shipman, and a crew of 25 to collect sea slugs ( Beach le Mar ). The chief Ro Veidovi, whose parents were Roko Tabiawalu, chief of Rewa and mother was the daughter of the paramount chief of Tavuki, was part of the group of natives who took part. The names of those killed were Charles Shipman, 1st officer, Benjamin Barton, trading master, John Clark, seaman, William Wall, seaman, John Evans, seaman, Eggbert Smith, seaman;

456-460: The early evolution of vertebrates, after divergence from amphioxus, consistent with the 2R hypothesis. When complete genome sequences became available for vertebrates, Ciona intestinalis and lancelets, it was found that much of the human genome was arranged in paralogy regions that could be traced to large-scale duplications, and that these duplications occurred after vertebrates had diverged from tunicates and lancelets. This would date

480-453: The evidence that most paralogous genes in vertebrates do not demonstrate genetic linkage . Ohno argued that linkage should be expected in the case of individual tandem duplications (in which a duplicate gene is added adjacent to the original gene on the same chromosome), but not in the case of chromosome duplications. In 1977, Schmidtke and colleagues showed that isozyme complexity is similar in lancelets and tunicates , contradicting

504-611: The gene families had different evolutionary histories. This was suggested to be inconsistent with the 2R hypothesis. However, other researchers have argued that such 'topology tests' do not test 2R rigorously, because recombination could have occurred between the closely related chromosomes generated by polyploidy , because inappropriate genes had been compared and because different predictions are made if genome duplication occurred through hybridisation between species. In addition, several researchers were able to date duplications of gene families within paralogy regions consistently to

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528-671: The hypothesis. According to Karsten Hokamp, Aoife McLysaght and Kenneth H. Wolfe , the version of the genome duplication hypothesis from which 2R hypothesis takes its name appears in Holland et al. and the term was coined by Austin L. Hughes. Ohno presented the first version of the 2R hypothesis as part of his larger argument for the general importance of gene duplication in evolution . Based on relative genome sizes and isozyme analysis, he suggested that ancestral fish or amphibians had undergone at least one and possibly more cases of "tetraploid evolution". He later added to this argument

552-409: The two genome duplications to between 550 and 450 million years ago. The controversy raging in the late 1990s was summarized in a 2001 review of the subject by Wojciech Makałowski, who stated that "the hypothesis of whole genome duplications in the early stages of vertebrate evolution has as many adherents as opponents". In contrast, a more recent review in 2007 by Masanori Kasahara states that there

576-656: The world from Fiji to the Brooklyn, New York Navy Hospital, where he died a few hours after arriving. The samples, plants, and artwork collected during the expedition became the start of the Smithsonian Institution. Vendovi's personal effects, skull, and mandible (ascension #242) are part of the Anthropology Department collection. Ono is known for its ancient method of fermenting breadfruit , plantains , and dalo underground. The food

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