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46-399: OOA may mean: Object-oriented analysis Old Order Amish Open-ocean aquaculture Out of Africa Out of Africa theory Out of Area The Legend of Zelda: Oracle of Ages , a video game See also [ edit ] OA (disambiguation) OO (disambiguation) Out of Africa (disambiguation) Topics referred to by

92-444: A developer applies implementation constraints to the conceptual model produced in object-oriented analysis. Such constraints could include the hardware and software platforms, the performance requirements, persistent storage and transaction, usability of the system, and limitations imposed by budgets and time. Concepts in the analysis model which is technology independent, are mapped onto implementing classes and interfaces resulting in

138-402: A customizable framework. As a result, it is often impossible to say whether a refinement of the process was derived from UP or from RUP, and so the names tend to be used interchangeably. The name unified process as opposed to rational unified process is generally used to describe the generic process, including those elements which are common to most refinements. The unified process name

184-583: A model of the solution domain, i.e., a detailed description of how the system is to be built on concrete technologies. Important topics during OOD also include the design of software architectures by applying architectural patterns and design patterns with the object-oriented design principles. The input for object-oriented design is provided by the output of object-oriented analysis . Realize that an output artifact does not need to be completely developed to serve as input of object-oriented design; analysis and design may occur in parallel, and in practice,

230-608: A notation for depicting both logical and physical as well as state and dynamic models of the system under design. The software life cycle is typically divided up into stages, going from abstract descriptions of the problem, to designs, then to code and testing, and finally to deployment. The earliest stages of this process are analysis and design. The analysis phase is also often called "requirements acquisition". In some approaches to software development—known collectively as waterfall models—the boundaries between each stage are meant to be fairly rigid and sequential. The term "waterfall"

276-442: A problem that was identified and documented during object-oriented analysis . What follows is a description of the class-based subset of object-oriented design, which does not include object prototype-based approaches where objects are not typically obtained by instantiating classes but by cloning other (prototype) objects. Object-oriented design is a method of design encompassing the process of object-oriented decomposition and

322-425: A result, in object-oriented processes "analysis and design" are often considered at the same time. The object-oriented paradigm emphasizes modularity and re-usability. The goal of an object-oriented approach is to satisfy the "open–closed principle" . A module is open if it supports extension, or if the module provides standardized ways to add new behaviors or describe new states. In the object-oriented paradigm this

368-406: A series of timeboxed iterations. (The inception phase may also be divided into iterations for a large project.) Each iteration results in an increment , which is a release of the system that contains added or improved functionality compared with the previous release. Although most iterations will include work in most of the process disciplines ( e.g. requirements, design, implementation, testing)

414-475: A series of short, time-boxed iterations. Each iteration results in an executable release of the software. It is customary to write full-text use cases during the construction phase and each one becomes the start of a new iteration. Common Unified Modeling Language (UML) diagrams used during this phase include activity diagrams , sequence diagrams , collaboration diagrams , state transition diagrams and interaction overview diagrams . Iterative implementation for

460-554: A successful mission to merge their own methodologies, OMT , OOSE and Booch method , with various insights and experiences from other industry leaders into the Rational Unified Process (RUP), a comprehensive iterative and incremental process guide and framework for learning industry best practices of software development and project management. Since then, the Unified Process family has become probably

506-441: Is also used to avoid potential issues of trademark infringement since Rational Unified Process and RUP are trademarks of IBM . The first book to describe the process was titled The Unified Software Development Process ( ISBN   0-201-57169-2 ) and published in 1999 by Ivar Jacobson , Grady Booch and James Rumbaugh . Since then various authors unaffiliated with Rational Software have published books and articles using

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552-446: Is an iterative and incremental software development process framework. The best-known and extensively documented refinement of the unified process is the rational unified process (RUP). Other examples are OpenUP and agile unified process . The unified process is not simply a process, but rather an extensible framework which should be customized for specific organizations or projects. The rational unified process is, similarly,

598-431: Is built in a series of small time-boxed iterations. By the end of the elaboration phase, the system architecture must have stabilized and the executable architecture baseline must demonstrate that the architecture will support the key system functionality and exhibit the right behavior in terms of performance, scalability, and cost. The final elaboration phase deliverable is a plan (including cost and schedule estimates) for

644-411: Is created during the elaboration phase. This partial implementation of the system serves to validate the architecture and act as a foundation for remaining development. The unified process requires the project team to focus on addressing the most critical risks early in the project life cycle. The deliverables of each iteration, especially in the elaboration phase, must be selected in order to ensure that

690-470: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Object-oriented analysis and design OOAD in modern software engineering is typically conducted in an iterative and incremental way. The outputs of OOAD activities are analysis models (for OOA) and design models (for OOD) respectively. The intention is for these to be continuously refined and evolved, driven by key factors like risks and business value. In

736-468: Is often accomplished by creating a new subclass of an existing class. A module is closed if it has a well defined stable interface that all other modules must use and that limits the interaction and potential errors that can be introduced into one module by changes in another. In the object-oriented paradigm this is accomplished by defining methods that invoke services on objects. Methods can be either public or private, i.e., certain behaviors that are unique to

782-474: Is that software development is a knowledge-intensive process and that things like analysis can't really be completely understood without understanding design issues, that coding issues can affect design, that testing can yield information about how the code or even the design should be modified, etc. Although it is possible to do object-oriented development using a waterfall model, in practice most object-oriented systems are developed with an iterative approach. As

828-799: Is to first address "what" questions and then address "how" questions, i.e. first determine the functionality the system is to provide without consideration of implementation constraints, and then consider how to make specific solutions to these abstract requirements, and refine them into detailed designs and codes by constraints such as technology and budget. Object-oriented modeling enables this by producing abstract and accessible descriptions of both system requirements and designs, i.e. models that define their essential structures and behaviors like processes and objects, which are important and valuable development assets with higher abstraction levels above concrete and complex source code. Unified Process The unified software development process or unified process

874-431: The addition of eight "enterprise" disciplines. Agile refinements of UP such as OpenUP/Basic and the agile unified process simplify RUP by reducing the number of disciplines. Refinements also vary in the emphasis placed on different project artifacts . Agile refinements streamline RUP by simplifying workflows and reducing the number of expected artifacts. Refinements also vary in their specification of what happens after

920-402: The analysis model and makes the needed technology and other implementation choices. In object-oriented design the emphasis is on describing the various objects, their data, behavior, and interactions. The design model should have all the details required so that programmers can implement the design in code. The purpose of any analysis activity in the software life-cycle is to create a model of

966-469: The appropriate requirements and structure of the system. A key goal of the object-oriented approach is to decrease the "semantic gap" between the system and the real world, and to have the system be constructed using terminology that is almost the same as the stakeholders use in everyday business. Object-oriented modeling is an essential tool to facilitate this. Useful and stable abstraction Modeling helps coding. A goal of most modern software methodologies

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1012-409: The construction phase. At this point the plan should be accurate and credible since it should be based on the elaboration phase experience and since significant risk factors should have been addressed during the elaboration phase. Construction is the largest phase of the project. In this phase, the remainder of the system is built on the foundation laid in elaboration. System features are implemented in

1058-435: The early days of object-oriented technology before the mid-1990s, there were many different competing methodologies for software development and object-oriented modeling , often tied to specific Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) tool vendors. No standard notations, consistent terms and process guides were the major concerns at the time, which degraded communication efficiency and lengthened learning curves. Some of

1104-419: The final application classes or objects involved. Object-oriented modeling (OOM) is a common approach to modeling applications, systems, and business domains by using the object-oriented paradigm throughout the entire development life cycles . OOM is a main technique heavily used by both OOD and OOA activities in modern software engineering. Object-oriented modeling typically divides into two aspects of work:

1150-497: The greatest risks are addressed first. Use cases are the primary modeling tools to define the system functionalities. It also acts as straightforward communication means for technical and non-technical team members. The unified process divides the project into four phases: Each phase will generally contain multiple iterations (named I1, E1, E2, C1, etc. in the UP phase illustration). The exact number of iterations in each phase depends on

1196-506: The lower risks and easier elements are done. The final construction phase deliverable is software ready to be deployed in the transition phase. The final project phase is transition. In this phase the system is deployed to the target users. Feedback received from an initial release (or initial releases) may result in further refinements to be incorporated over the course of several transition phase iterations. The transition phase also includes system conversions and user training. Refinements of

1242-433: The main objects. User-interface mockups or prototypes can also be created to help understanding. Object-oriented design (OOD) is the process of planning a system of interacting objects to solve a software problem. It is a method for software design . By defining classes and their functionality for their children (instantiated objects), each object can run the same implementation of the class with its state. During OOD,

1288-688: The modeling of dynamic behaviors like business processes and use cases , and the modeling of static structures like classes and components. OOA and OOD are the two distinct abstract levels (i.e. the analysis level and the design level) during OOM. The Unified Modeling Language (UML) and SysML are the two popular international standard languages used for object-oriented modeling. The benefits of OOM are: Efficient and effective communication Users typically have difficulties in understanding comprehensive documents and programming language codes well. Visual model diagrams can be more understandable and can allow users and stakeholders to give developers feedback on

1334-427: The most popular methodology and reference model for object-oriented analysis and design. An object contains encapsulated data and procedures grouped to represent an entity. The 'object interface' defines how the object can be interacted with. An object-oriented program is described by the interaction of these objects. Object-oriented design is the discipline of defining the objects and their interactions to solve

1380-469: The name Unified Process , whereas authors affiliated with Rational Software have favored the name Rational Unified Process . In 2012 the disciplined agile delivery framework was released, a hybrid framework that adopts and extends strategies from unified process, scrum , extreme programming , and other methods. The unified process is an iterative and incremental development process. The elaboration, construction and transition phases are divided into

1426-503: The object are not exposed to other objects. This reduces a source of many common errors in computer programming. The software life cycle is typically divided up into stages going from abstract descriptions of the problem to designs then to code and testing and finally to deployment. The earliest stages of this process are analysis and design. The distinction between analysis and design is often described as "what vs. how". In analysis developers work with users and domain experts to define what

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1472-442: The programming language. These features are often referred to by these common names: The main advantage of using a design pattern is that it can be reused in multiple applications. It can also be thought of as a template for how to solve a problem that can be used in many different situations and/or applications. Object-oriented design patterns typically show relationships and interactions between classes or objects, without specifying

1518-435: The relative effort and emphasis will change over the course of the project. The unified process insists that architecture sits at the heart of the project team's efforts to shape the system. Since no single model is sufficient to cover all aspects of a system, the unified process supports multiple architectural models and views. One of the most important deliverables of the process is the executable architecture baseline which

1564-412: The results of one activity can feed the other in a short feedback cycle through an iterative process. Both analysis and design can be performed incrementally, and the artifacts can be continuously grown instead of completely developed in one shot. Some typical input artifacts for object-oriented design are: The five basic concepts of object-oriented design are the implementation-level features built into

1610-403: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title OOA . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OOA&oldid=1123298478 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

1656-404: The scale and nature of the project. The UP phase illustration here contains exactly 1, 2, 4 and 2 iterations in the four phases, but this is merely an example of how a specific project could look. Inception is the smallest phase in the project, and ideally, it should be quite short. If the inception phase is long then it may be an indication of excessive up-front specification, which is contrary to

1702-404: The spirit of the unified process. Develop an approximate vision of the system, make the business case, define the scope, and produce a rough cost estimate and project schedule. During the elaboration phase, the project team is expected to capture a healthy majority of the system requirements. However, the primary goals of Elaboration are to address known risk factors and to establish and validate

1748-452: The system architecture. Common processes undertaken in this phase include the creation of use case diagrams , conceptual diagrams ( class diagrams with only basic notation) and package diagrams (architectural diagrams). The architecture is validated primarily through the implementation of an executable architecture baseline. This is a partial implementation of the system which includes the core most architecturally significant components. It

1794-441: The system is supposed to do. Implementation details are supposed to be mostly or totally (depending on the particular method) ignored at this phase. The goal of the analysis phase is to create a functional model of the system regardless of constraints such as appropriate technology. In object-oriented analysis this is typically done via use cases and abstract definitions of the most important objects. The subsequent design phase refines

1840-426: The system's functional requirements that is independent of implementation constraints. The main difference between object-oriented analysis and other forms of analysis is that by the object-oriented approach we organize requirements around objects, which integrate both behaviors (processes) and states (data) modeled after real world objects that the system interacts with. In other or traditional analysis methodologies,

1886-409: The transition phase. In the rational unified process the transition phase is typically followed by a new inception phase. In the enterprise unified process the transition phase is followed by a production phase. The number of unified process refinements and variations are countless. Organizations utilizing the unified process invariably incorporate their own modifications and extensions. The following

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1932-491: The two aspects: processes and data are considered separately. For example, data may be modeled by ER diagrams , and behaviors by flow charts or structure charts . Common models used in OOA are use cases and object models . Use cases describe scenarios for standard domain functions that the system must accomplish. Object models describe the names, class relations (e.g. Circle is a subclass of Shape), operations, and properties of

1978-399: The unified process vary from each other in how they categorize the project disciplines or workflows . The rational unified process defines nine disciplines: business modeling , requirements , analysis and design , Implementation , test , deployment , configuration and change management , project management , and environment . The enterprise unified process extends RUP through

2024-622: The well-known early object-oriented methodologies were from and inspired by gurus such as Grady Booch , James Rumbaugh , Ivar Jacobson (the Three Amigos ), Robert Martin , Peter Coad , Sally Shlaer , Stephen Mellor , and Rebecca Wirfs-Brock . In 1994, the Three Amigos of Rational Software started working together to develop the Unified Modeling Language (UML). Later, together with Philippe Kruchten and Walker Royce (eldest son of Winston Royce ), they have led

2070-408: Was coined for such methodologies to signify that progress went sequentially in one direction only, i.e., once analysis was complete then and only then was design begun and it was rare (and considered a source of error) when a design issue required a change in the analysis model or when a coding issue required a change in design. The alternative to waterfall models are iterative models. This distinction

2116-430: Was popularized by Barry Boehm in a very influential paper on his Spiral Model for iterative software development. With iterative models it is possible to do work in various stages of the model in parallel. So for example it is possible—and not seen as a source of error—to work on analysis, design, and even code all on the same day and to have issues from one stage impact issues from another. The emphasis on iterative models

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