The OHAL region ( Turkish : Olağanüstü Hâl Bölge Valiliği , lit. 'Governorship of Region in State of Emergency') was a "super-region" created in Turkey under state of emergency legislation, as part of its approach to the Kurdish–Turkish conflict . From 1994 onwards the scope of the OHAL super-region was gradually narrowed, with provinces being downgraded to "neighbouring province" and then removed from OHAL altogether. The state of emergency was extended 46 times, for four months each time. OHAL was finally discontinued on 30 November 2002.
41-398: A new era started with the declaration of a region under emergency legislation in the provinces of Bingöl , Diyarbakır , Elazığ , Hakkari , Mardin , Siirt , Tunceli and Van and the declaration of Adıyaman , Bitlis and Muş provinces as neighbouring provinces ( Mücavir İl ) on 19 July 1987. The legal basis was Cabinet Decree 285 ( 285 sayılı Kanun Hükmünde Kararname ) that appointed
82-438: A ceremonial position, with real executive authority being exercised by the prime minister of Turkey . However, constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 constitutional referendum abolished the office of prime minister, and vested the presidency with full executive powers, effective upon the 2018 general election . The president is directly elected by eligible Turkish voters for a five-year term. The president of Turkey
123-559: A key player in shaping regional dynamics and promoting stability and prosperity in the broader neighborhood. Article 101, Section 1 of the Constitution sets three qualifications for holding the presidency. To serve as president, one must: If a presidential candidate is a member of the Turkish Grand National Assembly , they must resign their seat due to separation of powers. The principles regarding
164-605: A notice issued in advance, relocate harmful state employees and send to exile people to other parts in Turkey. In December 1990, with the Decree No. 430 he received authority over the provincial governors and was enabled to coordinate actions between them as well the right to exile people from the area he governed. With the same decree the regional governor and the provincial governors were issued with an immunity against any legal prosecution in connections with actions they made due to
205-458: A presidential candidate for their party. However, they can also decide not to run as a candidate and contribute to the process of nominating other individuals. From 1961 until 2017, Turkish presidents were required to sever all relations, if any, with their political party. This convention existed to ensure the president's impartiality in presiding over the Turkish constitutional system. However,
246-760: A regional governor for the state of emergency. The region became known as the OHAL Region (also called the State of Emergency Region, the Emergency Region Governorate, the Emergency Rule Region etc.). In 1990, the newly created Batman Province and Şırnak Provinces became part of the OHAL region. In 1994, Bitlis Province became a neighboring province. From the end of 1994, the region was slowly decreased. Firstly Elazığ Province
287-474: Is a regular business day of the Grand National Assembly . The president is elected for a term of office of five years and is eligible for one re-election. An exception exists when a president's term ends with a parliamentary decision (i.e., impeachment and removal from office). In this case, the president may be re-elected for an additional term, with the incomplete term not counting against
328-457: Is convicted by the Court would be removed from office. The provision of this article shall also apply to the offenses for which the president allegedly worked during his term of office. Before the 2017 constitutional referendum , the president was not accountable for its actions and orders, except for impeachment due to high treason . All presidential decrees, except those which the president
369-411: Is empowered to enact on his own, had to be signed by the prime minister and the minister concerned, in accordance with the provisions of the constitution and other laws. Thus, the prime minister and the concerned ministers were accountable for these decrees, not the president. The decisions and orders signed by the president on his own initiatives may not be appealed to any judicial authority, including
410-478: Is entitled to enjoy human rights and fundamental freedoms under conditions of national peace and prosperity and in a spirit of national solidarity and justice, and do my utmost to preserve and exalt the glory and honour of the Republic of Turkey and perform without bias the functions that I have assumed. The inauguration happens in the Grand National Assembly . The oath is broadcast live on TBMM-TV regardless of it
451-503: Is held on the last Sunday within forty-five days following the day the office is vacant. The president elected in this way continues his duty until the election date of the Turkish Grand National Assembly. For the president who has completed the remaining term, this period is not counted as a term. If the elections are not completed, the current president's office continues until the new one takes office. In
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#1732783749000492-473: Is referred to as Cumhurbaşkanı ("Republic leader"), and previously archaically as Cumhurreisi or Reis-i Cumhur , also meaning "head of the republic/people". Recep Tayyip Erdoğan is the 12th and current president of Turkey, who has held the office since 28 August 2014. The office of the President was established with the proclamation of the republic on 29 October 1923. In the voting held on
533-571: The 2007 referendum , the Grand National Assembly would elect one of its members as the President. Before executing the powers of the office, a president is required to recite the presidential Oath of Office , found in Article 103, Section 1 of the Constitution . This is the only component in the inauguration ceremony mandated by the Constitution: In my capacity as President of the Republic, I swear upon my honour and integrity before
574-549: The Constitutional Court . The only accountability the president had was impeachment for high treason on the proposal of at least one-third of the total number of the members of the parliament and by the decision of at least three-fourths of the total number of the members. The Presidential Complex in Ankara is the official residence of the president. It was formally inaugurated as the official residence of
615-558: The Articles 104 of the Constitution . The president performs also the duties of selection and appointment, and other duties conferred by the Constitution and statutes. According to the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , in the event of a temporary absence of the president on account of illness, travel abroad or similar circumstances, the vice president of Turkey serves as Acting President, and exercises
656-583: The Assembly, and ten days after its distribution, the report would be discussed on the floor. Upon the approval of two-thirds of the total number of the Assembly by secret vote, the person or persons, about whom the investigation was conducted, may be tried before the Constitutional Court . The trial would be finalized within three months, and if not, a one-time additional period of three months shall be granted. A president about whom an investigation has been initiated may not call for an election . A president who
697-426: The Assembly, each nominated by the political parties in proportion to their representation therein. The commission would submit its report indicating the outcome of the investigation to the speaker within two months. If the investigation is not completed within this period, the commission's time renewed for another month. Within ten days of its submission to the speaker, the report would be distributed to all members of
738-473: The Great Turkish Nation and before history to safeguard the existence and independence of the state, the indivisible integrity of the country and the nation, and the absolute sovereignty of the nation, to abide by the Constitution, the rule of law, democracy, the principles and reforms of Atatürk, and the principles of the secular republic, not to deviate from the ideal according to which everyone
779-467: The constitutional amendments approved in the referendum, the Grand National Assembly may initiate an investigation of the president, the vice president or any member of the Cabinet upon the proposal of simple majority of its total members, and within a period less than a month, the approval of three-fifths of the total members. The investigation would be carried out by a commission of fifteen members of
820-437: The details below. Request from 172.68.168.236 via cp1112 cp1112, Varnish XID 949372654 Upstream caches: cp1112 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 08:49:09 GMT President of Turkey The president of Turkey , officially the president of the Republic of Türkiye ( Turkish : Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Cumhurbaşkanı ), is the head of state and head of government of Turkey . The president directs
861-539: The election of the President are regulated in Article 101 of the Constitution and in the Presidential Election Law. In the election to be held by universal suffrage, the candidate who receives the absolute majority of the valid votes is elected president. If this majority is not achieved in the first round, a runoff is held on the second Sunday following this vote. The two candidates who received
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#1732783749000902-480: The election of the president is held together with the general election of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey on the first Sunday following the sixtieth day after the vacancy of the office. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is more than one year remaining for the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, the presidential election
943-447: The event that the Turkish Grand National Assembly decides that it is not possible to hold new elections due to the war, the presidential election is postponed for one year. If the reason for the postponement has not disappeared, this process can be repeated according to the procedure in the postponement decision. 2017 constitutional referendum extended the president's accountability beyond impeachment due to high treason . According to
984-534: The executive branch of the national government and is the commander-in-chief of the Turkish military . The president also heads the National Security Council . The office of the president of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Türkiye on 29 October 1923, with the first president and founder being Mustafa Kemal Atatürk . Traditionally, the presidency was mostly
1025-413: The first round. If only one candidate remains for the second round, this ballot shall be then conducted as a referendum. A presidential candidate receives the majority of the valid votes shall be elected as president. If that candidate fails to receive the majority of the valid votes in the election, the presidential election will be scheduled to be renewed. Before the constitutional amendments approved in
1066-588: The head of the National Security Council after the 1980 coup, was appointed to the Presidency on 7 November 1982, when the constitution was adopted by popular vote, in accordance with the first provisional article of the 1982 Constitution. With the 2007 constitutional amendment referendum, it was decided that the president would be elected by the people, and in the first elections held on 10 August 2014 after this change, Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
1107-399: The most votes in the first ballot participate in this voting and the candidate who receives the majority of the valid votes is elected president. If one of the presidential candidates who gains the right to run for the second round is unable to participate in the election for any reason, the second round shall be conducted by substituting the vacant candidacy in conformity with the ranking in
1148-420: The powers of the president until the president comes back. If the office of the presidency becomes vacant for any reason, the presidential election shall be held within forty-five days and in the meantime, the vice president shall act as and exercise the powers of the president until the next president is elected. If one year or less remains for the general election, the parliamentary election will be conducted at
1189-709: The powers they received with the Decree No. 430. In the OHAL region journalists were not granted access. The regional governors (also called "super governors") were: Since 2002 the Turkish Armed Forces have declared parts of the former OHAL region as security zone ( güvenlik bölgesi ). Some people argued that this was another form of the OHAL regime. In an article of September 2005 the lawyers Sezgin Tanrıkulu and Serdar Yavuz (both working in Diyarbakır) presented some figures concerning human rights violations in
1230-533: The presidency's reorientation in 2017 into a chief executive office abolished this convention, given a president's assumption of office as winners of a partisan electoral contest. The presidents of Turkey are widely perceived as regional power due to the country's strategic importance, geopolitical influence, economic and military strength, cultural heritage, and historical ties. Their active engagement in regional diplomacy, mediation efforts, humanitarian assistance, and economic cooperation underscores Turkey's role as
1271-665: The president by Erdoğan on the country's Republic Day , 29 October 2014. From 1923 to 2014, the Çankaya Mansion served as the residence of the presidents. The Presidential State Guesthouse [ tr ] serves as the president's official guest house and as a secondary residence for the president if needed. The Huber Mansion , the Florya Atatürk Marine Mansion and the Vahdettin Pavilion have been used as presidential workplace or as summer residence. The president's duties are stated in
OHAL region - Misplaced Pages Continue
1312-535: The president of the Republican People's Party , while Celâl Bayar resigned from the Democrat Party chairmanship when he started his presidency, but continued to be a party member during his presidency. With the 1961 Constitution made after the 1960 coup, it was decided that presidents should cut off any relation with political parties. Evren, who was governing the country as the head of state and
1353-476: The region 1,248 political killings had happened. Among them 750 had been clarified, while in 421 cases the murderers had not been determined. Eighteen people had died in custody and 194 people "disappeared". Some had been found in prison, in good health or dead, but 132 were still missing. There had been 1,275 complaints of torture and in 1,177 cases investigations had been initiated. In 296 trials against civil servants 60 had resulted in conviction, while in 56 of them
1394-477: The region under emergency legislation (OHAL) between 1987 and 2002. These are official figures, since they were given in reply to a request of Diyarbakır deputy Mesut Değer of 29 January 2003 to the Defence Ministry. The response dates 28 February 2003. The death toll was given as: In addition 371 members of the armed forces and 572 civilians lost their lives because of exploding mines or bombs. In
1435-405: The same day, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk was unanimously elected as the first president. From this date until 2014, all presidents except Kenan Evren were elected by the Turkish Grand National Assembly. Among the former presidents, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, İsmet İnönü and Celâl Bayar served as presidents affiliated with a political party. Atatürk and İnönü continued to serve as both the chairman and
1476-415: The same time. If more than a year remains, the newly elected president will continue to serve until the next general election. Before the constitutional amendments approved in the 2017 referendum , the speaker of the Grand National Assembly served as Acting President in cases where the presidency is temporarily or permanently vacant and exercises presidential powers until the president returns to duty or
1517-555: The sentences had been suspended. Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan declared a three-month state of emergency (OHAL) in Turkey after the 2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt . It has been renewed for three months several times. It has been permanently lifted in July 2018 Bing%C3%B6l Province Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include
1558-419: The two-term limit. The term of the incumbent president continues until the president-elect takes office. Before the constitutional amendment approved in the 2007 referendum , the president used to be elected for a single seven-year term. In the event that the office of the President becomes vacant for any reason and there is one year or less before the general election of the Turkish Grand National Assembly,
1599-522: Was elected president by the people. The president, who is the head of state, is also the head of government after the 2017 constitutional amendment referendum. As head of state , the president represents the Turkish government to its own people, and represents the nation to the rest of the world. Insulting the head of state is prohibited by Article 299 of the Turkish Penal Code . Leaders of political parties are generally expected to run as
1640-643: Was excluded under emergency legislation, then Adıyaman was no longer counted as a neighbouring province. In 1996 Mardin was "downgraded" to a neighbouring province. The same happened to Batman, Bingöl Province and Bitlis provinces in 1997. Emergency legislation was lifted in Siirt Province on 30 November 1999, in Van Province on 30 July 2000 and in Hakkari Province and Tunceli Provinces on 30 July 2002. On 30 November 2002, OHAL status
1681-583: Was lifted completely. Emergency legislation was in force in Diyarbakır Province and Şırnak Provinces until the very end of OHAL. In 1987 the governor was invested with the power to relocate and evacuate whole settlements, villages or hamlets. In April 1990, Decree 413 was issued which allowed the regional governor to ban, confiscate or fine publications, shut down printing plants, control all workers union activities, require prosecutors to open legal processes who violate decree 413, evacuate villages without