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94-618: First Summit of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation on Science and Technology The first OIC Summit took place on September 10–11, 2017 under the slogan "Science, Technology, Innovation and Modernization in the Islamic World" and was coincided with the closure of The International specialized exhibition Expo 2017 . The summit was held in the Palace of Independence ( Astana ). President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev for

188-516: A Great Mosque in what is now the medina of Rabat and on the nearby site of Chellah (ancient Sala) they built a royal necropolis for their dynasty. In 1609, Philip III decreed the expulsion of all Moriscos (people of Muslim or Moorish descent) from Spain . About 2000 of these refugees, originally from the town of Hornachos near Badajoz , Spain, settled around Salé and occupied the kasbah, attracting between 5000 and 14,000 other Moriscos to join them. Rabat and neighboring Salé united to form

282-570: A boycott of Israeli products in an effort to pressure Israel into ending the occupation of the Palestinian territories . At a 2013 meeting in Conakry , Guinea, Secretary-General Ekmeleddin Ihsanoglu said that foreign ministers would discuss the possibility of cutting ties with any state that recognised Jerusalem as the capital of Israel or that moves its embassy to its environs. At

376-507: A suicide-bombing attack by a Muslim militant in Jammu and Kashmir killed over 40 Indian soldiers, for which responsibility was claimed by Jaish-e-Mohammed , a Pakistan-based terrorist group . In March 2019, India conducted airstrikes in Pakistani territory , which subsequently led to the 2019 India–Pakistan military standoff . After these events, Indian Foreign Minister Sushma Swaraj

470-641: A December 2017 extraordinary meeting held in response US President Donald Trump 's decision to recognize Jerusalem, the "Istanbul Declaration on Freedom for Al Quds". was adopted. In September 2019, the OIC condemned Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu 's plans to annex the eastern portion of the occupied West Bank known as the Jordan Valley . In January 2024, the OIC expressed support for South Africa's ICJ genocide case against Israel. Islam

564-610: A coalition of American Muslim groups criticized OIC for failing to speak up to prevent the abuse of the Uyghurs and accused member states of being influenced by Chinese power. The groups included the Council on American-Islamic Relations . In March 2012, the United Nations Human Rights Council held its first discussion of discrimination based on sexual orientation and gender identity, following

658-542: A conurbation of over 1.8 million people. Rabat is one of four Imperial cities of Morocco , and its medina is listed as a World Heritage Site . It is accessible by train through the ONCF system and by plane through the nearby Rabat–Salé Airport . The name Rabat comes from the Arabic word الرباط ( a-Ribāṭ ) meaning the ribat , an Islamic base or fortification. This name is short for رباط الفتح ( Ribāṭu al-Fatḥ ) meaning

752-577: A fire was started in the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Amin al-Husseini , the former Mufti of Jerusalem, called the arson a "Jewish crime" and called for all Muslim heads of state to convene a summit. The fire, which "destroyed part of the old wooden roof and an 800-year-old pulpit" was blamed on the mental illness of perpetrator Australian Christian fundamentalist Denis Michael Rohan  – by Israel, and on Zionists and Zionism by

846-612: A founding member. India pushed for the OIC to accept it as a member state, arguing that Indian Muslims comprise 11% of the world's Muslim population; Pakistan has staunchly opposed this. Pakistan cites its conflict with India over the Kashmir region as its rationale. It frequently accuses India of perpetrating human rights abuses against Kashmiris in the Indian-administered territory of Jammu and Kashmir . The region has experienced an ongoing militant uprising since

940-414: A lively mix of residential and commercial buildings. The residents are predominantly upper middle class); Hay Riad (affluent villas; this neighbourhood has experienced a surge of momentum since the 2000s); and Souissi (lavish villas, embassies, well-off residential neighborhood). On the outskirts of Souissi, are a number of less-dense regions mainly comprising large private houses to areas that seem out of

1034-533: A new fortified imperial capital, called al-Mahdiyya or Ribat al-Fath , on the site of what is now the medina (old city) of Rabat, with new walls extending over a vast area beyond the kasbah. This project also included the construction of an enormous mosque (the remains of which include the Hassan Tower ) and of new grand gateways such as Bab er-Rouah and the main gate of the kasbah, now known as Bab Udaya or Bab al-Kbir . After al-Mansur's death in 1199

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1128-649: A new museum to be called Musée du caftan et de la parure ('Museum of the caftan and adornment'). The Museum of History and Civilizations (formerly the National Archeological Museum) showcases the history of Morocco through a collection of archeological artifacts from the Punic, Mauretanian, Roman, and Islamic periods. This includes a collection of ancient Roman bronze and marble statuary from sites such as Lixus, Volubilis , and Chellah, as well as coins, ceramics, and architectural fragments from

1222-493: A private space. Mawazine is a music festival in Rabat organized under the auspices of King Mohammed VI of Morocco, that started in 2001 where music groups, fans and spectators come together in a week-long celebration of culture and music both locally and internationally. Musicians such as Scorpions , The Weeknd , Jennifer Lopez , Kanye West , Pitbull , Rihanna , Elton John , Stromae and many others have performed at

1316-680: A request that has not led to any results. During a meeting in Malaysia in April 2002, delegates discussed terrorism but failed to reach a definition of it. They rejected, however, any description of the Palestinian fight with Israel as terrorism. Their declaration was explicit: "We reject any attempt to link terrorism to the struggle of the Palestinian people in the exercise of their inalienable right to establish their independent state with Al-Quds Al-Shrif ( Jerusalem ) as its capital." In fact, at

1410-605: Is acting special envoy. He was appointed on 13 February 2015. In an investigation of the accuracy of a series of chain emails, Snopes.com reported that during the October 2003 – April 2004 session of the General Assembly, 17 individual members of the OIC voted against the United States 88% of the time. The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation has 57 members, 56 of which are also member states of

1504-410: Is concerned by OIC's apparent unwillingness to recognise as terrorism acts that serve causes endorsed by their member states. Article 2 reads: "Peoples' struggle including armed struggle against foreign occupation, aggression, colonialism, and hegemony, aimed at liberation and self-determination." HRW suggested that OIC embrace "longstanding and universally recognised international human rights standards",

1598-626: Is housed at the Bank al-Maghrib building downtown. Its main exhibits include a collection of coins and currency from ancient times to the modern era, as well as a gallery of Orientialist art. The Mohammed VI Museum of Modern and Contemporary Art was inaugurated in 2014. The Kasbah of the Udayas (also spelled "Kasbah of the Oudaias") is the oldest part of the present-day city, built by the Almohads in

1692-414: Is outside the generally accepted concept of terrorism. In HRW's view, it labels, or could easily be used to label, as terrorist actions, acts of peaceful expression, association, and assembly. Legal scholar Ben Saul argued that the definition is subjective and ambiguous and concluded that it left a "serious danger of the abusive use of terrorist prosecutions against political opponents" and others. HRW

1786-533: Is the second-largest religion in India after Hinduism . Over 200 million Muslims constitute approximately 15% of the country's population. India has the largest Muslim population other than Muslim-majority or Islamic states . However, India's relationship with Pakistan (an Islamic state ), has featured hostilities and armed conflict since the 1947 Partition of India . The poor relationship between them impacted India–OIC relations due to Pakistan 's status as

1880-433: The 2006 Lebanon War , "state after state from the OIC took the floor to denounce the experts for daring to look beyond Israeli violations to discuss Hezbollah 's as well. OIC demands that the council "should work cooperatively with abusive governments rather than condemn them." HRW responded that this works with those who are willing to cooperate; others exploit the passivity. OIC has been criticised for failing to discuss

1974-643: The Bank al-Maghrib building (built in the 1920s), the Central Post Office building (circa 1921, expanded in 1930s), the Parliament building (built in the 1920s), St.-Peter's Cathedral (inaugurated in 1921, with later additions), the Rabat-Ville train station (early 1920s), and some of the apartment blocs on Rue Gaza (built or begun in the 1930s), among others. Overlooking the shores of

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2068-776: The Grand Theatre of Rabat , began in 2014. Designed by Zaha Hadid , it will reportedly be the largest theater in the Arab world and in Africa. It was scheduled to open in 2021. Many organizations are active in cultural and social issues. Orient-Occident Foundation and ONA Foundation are the biggest of these. An independent art scene is active in the city. L'appartement 22, which is the first independent space for visual arts created by Abdellah Karroum, opened in 2002 and introduced international and local artists. Other independent spaces opened few years after, such as Le Cube, also set up in

2162-899: The Kaaba , the Globe, and the Crescent. On 5 August 1990, 45 foreign ministers of the OIC adopted the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam to provide guidance in matters of human rights in as much as they are compatible with Sharia (Quranic Law). The Parliamentary Union of the OIC Member States (PUOICM) was established in Iran in 1999, and its head office is situated in Tehran . Only OIC members are entitled to membership in

2256-528: The Muslim majority provinces of Pattani , Yala , and Narathiwat in the south of the country. In a statement issued on 18 October 2005, secretary-general Ihsanoglu vocalised concern over the continuing conflict in the south that "claimed the lives of innocent people and forced the migration of local people out of their places". He stressed that the Thai government's security approach to the crisis would aggravate

2350-598: The Organisation of the Islamic Conference , is an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969. It consists of 57 member states , 48 of which are Muslim-majority . The organisation claims to be "the collective voice of the Muslim world " and works to "safeguard and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony". OIC has permanent delegations to

2444-718: The Rabbi Shalom Zaoui synagogue and the Talmud Torah Synagogue. There are also Christian churches and temples, including an Evangelical church and St. Peter's Cathedral ( Cathédrale de Saint-Pierre ), which hosts the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Rabat . The Oudayas Museum (also formerly known as the National Museum of Jewellery) is housed in a pavilion residence built by Sultan Moulay Isma'il (r. 1672–1727) inside

2538-517: The Republic of Bou Regreg in 1627. This autonomous republic became a base for corsairs : pirates, also known as the " Salé Rovers ", who preyed on merchant ships around the shores of Western Europe . During this time, the area below the kasbah on the south bank became more heavily populated, thanks to the Morisco and Andalusi refugees. A new " Andalusian Wall " was built to delimit this area in

2632-813: The United Arab Emirates from the Organization of Islamic Cooperation requested the removal of LGBT associations from 2016 High Level Meeting on Ending AIDS , sparking protests by the United States , Canada , the European Union and LGBT communities . The Astana Declaration is a policy guidance adopted by OIC members at the Astana Summit. The Astana Declaration commits members to increase investment in science and technology, education, eradicate extreme poverty, and implement UN Sustainable Development Goals . In 1999, OIC adopted

2726-470: The United Nations and the European Union . Its official languages are Arabic , English , and French . It operates affiliated, specialized, and subsidiary organs within the framework of OIC Charter . Member states had a collective population of over 1.8 billion as of 2015, accounting for just under a quarter of the world's population. The collective area is 31.66 m km . On 21 August 1969,

2820-511: The 12th century. It was later refortified and expanded by the corsairs and the 'Alawi dynasty in the 17th and 18th centuries. The kasbah is now a residential district with traditional houses painted white and blue on the outside. Its southern section includes the "Andalusian Garden", landscaped in the 20th century. The city's historic walls were first built by the Almohad caliph Ya'qub al-Mansur and completed in 1197, with later additions in

2914-514: The 17th and 19th centuries. A number of monumental gates are found along the walls, the most notable being Bab er-Rouah . The other Almohad-era gates are Bab el-Had, Bab al-Alou, Bab Zaers, and Bab al-Hadid, though many of them were modified in more recent periods. The 17th-century Andalusian Wall, which divides the zone inside the Almohad walls, has five more gates: Bab Jdid (formerly Bab Teben, mostly demolished), Bab al-Bouiba, Bab Chellah, Bab Mellah, and Bab Diouana. The old medina, located below

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3008-525: The 1980s. The OIC has been urged to press India on the Kashmir dispute, and has faced pushback from Indian officials for occasional references to Jammu and Kashmir. Historically, the Muslim world has largely lent its support to Pakistan on the issue. The first OIC summit held in 1969 in Rabat did not address the dispute, while granting India membership was discussed. The head of the Indian delegation addressed

3102-679: The 19th century. In particular, the collapse of the Ottoman Empire and the Caliphate after World War I left a vacuum. According to its charter, the OIC aims to preserve Islamic social and economic values; promote solidarity amongst member states; increase cooperation in social, economic, cultural, scientific, and political areas; uphold international peace and security; and advance education, particularly in science and technology. The OIC emblem contains three main elements that reflect its vision and mission as incorporated in its Charter:

3196-423: The 2011 passage of a resolution supporting LGBT rights proposed by the Republic of South Africa . Pakistan's representative addressed the session on behalf of the OIC, denouncing the discussion and questioning the concept of sexual orientation, which he said promoted "licentious behaviour ... against the fundamental teachings of various religions, including Islam". He stated that the council should not discuss

3290-668: The 38th Council of Foreign Ministers meeting (CFM) in Astana, Kazakhstan, the organisation changed its name from Organisation of the Islamic Conference ( Arabic : منظمة المؤتمر الإسلامي ; French : Organisation de la Conférence Islamique ) to its current name. The OIC also changed its logo at this time. According to the UNHCR , OIC countries hosted 18 million refugees by the end of 2010. OIC members continued to absorb refugees from other conflicts, including 2011 uprising in Syria . In May 2012,

3384-605: The Andalusian Wall in the northern section. In the 1850s, Moulay Abd ar-Rahman (r. 1822–1859) further developed and completed the Dar al-Makhzen palace in the southwest corner of this enclosure. At the end of the 19th century or beginning of the 20th century, the city had some 20,000 to 25,000 inhabitants. The French invasion of Morocco began in the east with General Hubert Lyautey 's occupation of Oujda in March 1907 and in

3478-895: The Astana Declaration, which is designed to provide political support for scientific and technological modernization in the Islamic world. The ceremony of awarding the OIC Prize to outstanding scientists who contributed to the development of science and technology tool place during the event. At the initiative of the Turkish delegation, there had been prepared a final report on the issue of Rohingya Muslims of Myanmar . OIC The Organisation of Islamic Cooperation ( OIC ; Arabic : منظمة التعاون الإسلامي , romanized :  Munaẓẓamat at-Taʿāwun al-ʾIslāmī ; French : Organisation de la coopération islamique ), formerly

3572-648: The B-47s and with the completion of the USAF installations in Spain in 1959. With the USAF withdrawal from Rabat-Salé in the 1960s, the facility became a primary facility for the Royal Moroccan Air Force known as Air Base Nº 1, a status it continues to hold. The fifth Arab League summit took place in Rabat in 1969 to discuss the arson of Al-Aqsa Mosque by Australian citizen Denis Michael Rohan . In

3666-650: The CDHR state bluntly that it is "manipulation and hypocrisy," "designed to dilute, if not altogether eliminate, civil and political rights protected by international law" and attempts to "circumvent these principles [of freedom and equality]." Human Rights Watch says that OIC "fought doggedly" and successfully within the United Nations Human Rights Council to shield states from criticism, except criticism of Israel . For example, when independent experts reported violations of human rights in

3760-627: The Islamic Summit Conference in December 2005 condemned publication of the cartoons, resulting in broader coverage of the issue by news media in Muslim countries. Subsequently, violent demonstrations throughout the Islamic world resulted in multiple deaths. OIC created the Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam . Proponents claim it is not an alternative to the UDHR , but rather complementary to it. Article 24 states that "all

3854-429: The Islamic conference. On 25 September 1969, an Islamic Conference, a summit of representatives of 24 Muslim majority countries (most representatives were heads of state), was held in Rabat , Morocco. A resolution was passed stating: Muslim governments would consult with a view to promoting among themselves close cooperation and mutual assistance in the economic, scientific, cultural and spiritual fields, inspired by

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3948-537: The Islamic period. The Rabat Zoo (officially called the Zoological Garden of Rabat) was opened in 1973, in part to house the lions that were previously kept at the Royal Palace. The lions are descended from the now-extinct Barbary lions . Since then the zoo has expanded to house some 1800 animals and has engaged in conservation efforts. The Bank al-Maghrib Museum was inaugurated in 2002 and

4042-530: The Kasbah of the Udayas. It was first opened in 1915, making it one of the oldest public museums in Morocco. Its collections, augmented by private donations, feature diverse objects from throughout Morocco, mostly from the 18th to 20th centuries. In 2006 it became the National Museum of Jewellery, with exhibits focusing on the history of Moroccan jewellery. As of 2019 it was under renovations to be transformed into

4136-526: The OIC Convention on Combatting International Terrorism. Human Rights Watch reported that the definition of terrorism in article 1 describes "any act or threat of violence carried out with the aim of, among other things, imperiling people’s honour, occupying or seizing public or private property, or threatening the stability, territorial integrity, political unity or sovereignty of a state." HRW described this as vague, ill-defined, and including much that

4230-559: The OIC addressed these concerns at the "Refugees in the Muslim World" conference in Ashgabat , Turkmenistan. On 27 June 2007, then-United States President George W. Bush announced that the United States would delegate an envoy to the OIC. Bush said of the envoy, "Our special envoy will listen to and learn from representatives from Muslim states, and will share with them America's views and values." As of June 2015 , Arsalan Suleman

4324-450: The OIC tentatively raised the issue of China 's Xinjiang internment camps and human rights abuses against the Uyghurs . The OIC reversed its position after a visit to Xinjiang, and in March 2019, the OIC issued a report on human rights for Muslim minorities that praised China for "providing care to its Muslim citizens" and looked forward to greater cooperation with the PRC. In December 2020

4418-592: The United Nations . The exception is Palestine . Some member countries- Ivory Coast , Guyana , Gabon , Mozambique , Nigeria , Suriname , Togo and Uganda are not Muslim-majority. Bosnia and Herzegovina , the Central African Republic , Thailand , Russia , and Northern Cyprus (under the name "Turkish Cypriot State") are observer states, and other organisations and groups participate as observers. The OIC, on 28 March 2008, joined

4512-426: The United States had established a military presence in Rabat at the former French air base. By the early 1950s, Rabat Salé Air Base was a U.S. Air Force installation hosting the 17th Air Force and the 5th Air Division , which oversaw forward basing for Strategic Air Command (SAC) B-47 Stratojet aircraft in the country. With the destabilization of French government in Morocco, and Moroccan independence in 1956,

4606-458: The area attest to the persistence of commercial or political contacts between Sala and Roman Europe, up to the establishment of a Byzantine presence in North Africa during the 7th century. However, Sala began to be abandoned in the 5th century and was mostly in ruins when the Muslim Arabs arrived in the 7th century and established Islamic influence in the region. In the 10th century the Umayyads of Cordoba , or their Zenata Berber allies in

4700-408: The attack and advised both sides to exercise restraint. For the first time in five decades, the United Arab Emirates invited India as a "guest of honour" to attend the inaugural plenary 46th meeting of OIC foreign ministers in Abu Dhabi on 1 and 2 March 2019, overriding protests by Pakistan. In response Pakistan boycotted the meeting. Indian Foreign Minister Swaraj headed the Indian delegation at

4794-462: The city consists of three parts: the Medina (old town); the Oudayas and Hassan both located to meet the Bou Regreg ; and the Atlantic Ocean. To the west, and along the waterfront, there is a succession of neighbourhoods. First, around the ramparts, there is the old neighbourhoods, Quartier l'Océan and Quartier les Orangers. Beyond that, a succession of mostly working-class districts: Diour Jamaa, Akkari, Yacoub El Mansour, Massira and Hay el Fath are

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4888-504: The city is the " Old Mosque " ( Jama' al-'Atiqa ) in the Kasbah of the Udayas . It was originally founded during Abd al-Mu'min's construction of the kasbah in 1150, though its current form mostly dates from an 18th-century restoration. Other important mosques include the Great Mosque in the old medina, also known as the el-Kharrazin Mosque, and the As-Sunna Mosque in central Rabat, originally completed in 1785 by Sultan Muhammad ibn Abdallah. The last remaining synagogues in Rabat are

4982-413: The city walls, formerly limited to the Almohad-era perimeter, were extended significantly to the southwest, thus expanding the city to cover around 840 hectares. The old Almohad walls and gates were still retained and the Almohad-era enclosure remained a more privileged district containing the city's major monuments and its imperial residence. Most of the population remained concentrated in the medina behind

5076-891: The city. The prefecture is divided administratively into the following: Rabat features a Mediterranean climate ( Csa ) with warm to hot, dry summers and mild, damp winters. Located along the Atlantic Ocean, Rabat has a mild, temperate climate, shifting from cool in winter to warm days in the summer months. The nights are always cool (or cold in winter, it can reach sub 0 °C (32 °F) sometimes), with daytime temperatures generally rising about 7–8 °C (13–14 °F). The winter highs typically reach only 17.2 °C (63.0 °F) in December–February. Summer daytime highs usually hover around 27 °C (80.6 °F), but may occasionally exceed 40 °C (104.0 °F) during heat waves. Summer nights are usually pleasant and cool, ranging between 11 and 19 °C (51.8 and 66.2 °F) and rarely exceeding 20 °C (68.0 °F). Rabat belongs to

5170-421: The coastal cities were relatively small. Census figures are not available for the early years of the Protectorate, but in 1912 Rabat and nearby Salé can be estimated to have had about 35,000 to 40,000 inhabitants at most, according to Janet Abu-Lughod . One early French survey, based on the number of houses rather than a formal census, estimated the population of Rabat to be 25,642. A formal census in 1921 counted

5264-399: The criticism of the film Fitna by Dutch lawmaker Geert Wilders , which features disturbing images of violent acts juxtaposed with alleged verses from the Quran . In March 2015, the OIC announced its support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen against the Shia Houthis . The OIC supports a two-state solution to the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. The OIC calls for

5358-448: The festival. Mawazine was host to more than 2,500,000 in 2013. Workshops are available for teaching dances and other arts. The festival is free. However, while most areas are free, there are those that require payment, specifically the smaller stages being the historical site of Chellah , the Mohammed V National Theater, and the Renaissance Cultural Center. The places of worship are predominantly Muslim mosques. The oldest mosque in

5452-460: The first century BC the local inhabitants were still writing in the neo-Punic language , but the region came under the influence of Rome . It was controlled by the ancient Berber Mauretanian Kingdom until it was formally annexed by Rome in the first century BC. On the site now known as Chellah , just south of the walled city today, the Romans built a city named Sala Colonia . Excavations have revealed that older Mauretanian structures existed on

5546-452: The first time announced this initiative during his speech at the OIC Summit in Istanbul on April 14–15, 2016. Convening of the Summit at the level of heads of state and government is aimed at developing cooperation between the member states of the Organization in the fields of science, technology, innovation and modernization, including active involvement with the experience of the advanced world. The Summit consisted of four working sessions on

5640-537: The following topics: "The growing influence of science on society’s life in the 21st century," "The role of science and technology in ensuring sustainable development," "Competition and innovation in the modern economy," and "Development of cooperation in science and technology." The Summit was attended by 56 OIC member countries, including the heads of state of Azerbaijan , Turkey , Iran , Saudi Arabia , Pakistan , Bangladesh, Uzbekistan and representatives of international and regional organizations. The Summit adopted

5734-544: The former ribat , within which he included a palace and a mosque. This Almohad kasbah corresponds to the current Kasbah of the Udayas (which was expanded in later periods). Abd al-Mu'min also had an underground canal dug to divert a water source to this location, allowing for future settlement and urbanization in the area. The site became a military staging ground for Almohad armies setting out on campaigns to Al-Andalus. The Almohad caliph Abu Yusuf Ya'qub al-Mansur (r. 1184–1199) embarked on an ambitious project to construct

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5828-422: The founder of the 'Alawi dynasty , conquered the area in 1666 and united most of Morocco under his rule. Nonetheless, the 'Alawi sultans allowed the piracy to continue up until the reign of Moulay Slimane in the early 19th century. This led to the shelling of the city by Austria in 1829 after an Austrian ship had been lost to a pirate attack. During the early part of the 'Alawi period (17th–18th centuries),

5922-401: The government of Mohammed V wanted the U.S. Air Force to pull out of the SAC bases in Morocco, insisting on such action after American intervention in Lebanon in 1958 . The United States agreed to leave as of December 1959, and was fully out of Morocco by 1963. SAC felt the Moroccan bases were much less critical with the long range capability of the B-52 Stratofortresses that were replacing

6016-437: The immortal teachings of Islam. In March 1970, the First Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers was held in Jeddah , Saudi Arabia. In 1972, the Organisation of the Islamic Conference was founded. While the al-Aqsa fire is regarded as one of the catalysts, many Muslims aspired to a pan-Islamic institution that would serve the common political, economic, and social interests of the ummah (Muslim community) beginning in

6110-563: The kasbah and above the line of the Andalusian Wall, contains many historic mosques and traditional houses. The rest of the area within the Almohad walls but south of the Andalusian Wall was largely built up in the 20th century when Rabat became the capital during the French Protectorate. These districts contain numerous public buildings and apartment blocs built in contemporary styles of that period, such as neo-Moorish (known as néo-Mauresque or arabisant in French), Art Nouveau , Art Deco , and modern architecture . Examples of these include

6204-445: The main parts of this axis. Hay el Fath, which ends this sequence, evolves into a middle-class neighbourhood. To the east, along the Bouregreg, the Youssoufia region (working and middle class) : Mabella; Taqaddoum; Hay Nahda (mostly middle class); Aviation (middle and upper middle class); and Rommani. Between the two axes, from north to south, there are three main neighbourhoods (middle class to affluent): Agdal (Ward Building;

6298-402: The major economic center, would be advantageous. In 1913, Lyautey hired Henri Prost to design the Ville Nouvelle (Rabat's modern quarter) as an administrative sector, as he did in other major Moroccan cities. The colonial period resulted in major economic changes as well as accelerated urbanization. Prior to this period, the major cities of Morocco had always been Fez and Marrakesh, while

6392-487: The mosque and the capital remained unfinished and his successors lacked the resources or the will to finish it. The new city was never fully inhabited and the site was practically abandoned. During the Marinid dynasty period (13th to 15th centuries), the town of Salé across the river grew more important than the settlements of the south bank. In 1515 Leo Africanus reported that Rabat had declined so much that only 100 inhabited houses remained. The Marinids did build

6486-503: The northern part of the former Almohad walled city. What is now known as the Street of the Consuls became an important road artery even at this time. The name "Rabat" was not yet in use; the city of the south bank was known as "New Salé" while the city of the north bank was known as "Old Salé". Corsair activities were based in New Salé, whereas the inhabitants of Old Salé generally did not participate in piracy. The pirates did not have to contend with any central authority until al-Rashid ,

6580-495: The outset of the meeting, the OIC countries signed a statement praising the Palestinians and their "blessed intifada ." The word terrorism was restricted to describe Israel, whom they condemned for " state terrorism " in their war with the Palestinian people. At the 34th Islamic Conference of Foreign Ministers (ICFM), an OIC section, in May 2007, the foreign ministers termed Islamophobia "the worst form of terrorism". Thailand responded to OIC criticism of human rights abuses in

6674-470: The population as 33,714. Some of this growth was due to the immigration of foreigners. In 1921, 59% of the population were Moroccan Muslims and 10% were Moroccan Jews, while 21.4% were French nationals and another 10% were foreigners of other origin. Nearby Salé, however, remained more homogenously Moroccan. Rabat's population grew to approximately 83,000 in 1936 and to approximately 156,000 in 1952. When Morocco achieved independence in 1956, Mohammed V ,

6768-633: The power to monitor human rights within the member states and facilitates the integration of human rights into all OIC mandates. IPHRC also aids in the promotion of political, civil, and economic rights in all member states. In September 2017, the Independent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC) of the OIC strongly condemned the human rights violations against the Rohingya Muslims in Myanmar . In December 2018,

6862-472: The region, founded a ribat or fortified monastery/outpost in this area, to defend against the Barghawata Berbers who had established a Kharijite state to the south. This ribat was most likely on the same site as the current Kasbah of the Udayas , but its location has not been confirmed by historians. Around 1030, a new town called Salā (the present Salé ) was founded on the opposite side of

6956-570: The ribat of conquest or stronghold of victory —a title given by the Almohads when they established the city as a naval base in 1170. In the first millennium BC the Phoenicians founded several trading colonies along the Atlantic coast of what is now Morocco, but the existence of a Phoenician settlement in the area, called Sala or Shallat , has been debated by archeologists. By

7050-549: The rights and freedoms stipulated in this Declaration are subject to the Islamic Shari'ah" and Article 25 follows with "the Islamic Shari'ah is the only source of reference for the explanation or clarification of any of the articles of this Declaration." Attempts to have it adopted by the United Nations Human Rights Council met criticism, because of its contradiction of the UDHR, including from liberal Muslim groups. Critics of

7144-521: The river (the north side) by the Banu 'Ashara family. One of the last Almoravid emirs, Tashfin ibn Ali (r. 1143–1145) built a new ribat on the site of the current kasbah as part of his efforts to hold back the Almohads . Almohads nonetheless defeated the Almoravids and destroyed the ribat shortly after. In 1150 or 1151 the Almohad caliph Abd al-Mu'min built a new kasbah (citadel) to replace

7238-497: The river is the Hassan Tower , a monumental unfinished minaret constructed by Ya'qub al-Mansur in the late 12th century. It was built for an enormous mosque planned as part of the larger city al-Mansur was constructing. Across from the tower today, at the southern end of the mosque's remains, is the Mausoleum of Mohammed V (d. 1961), which houses the remains of King Mohammed V and King Hassan II . The mausoleum, completed in 1971,

7332-589: The ruling dynasty outside their main capitals. Moulay Slimane (r. 1792–1822) built another palace along the seaside called Dar al-Bahr and built new mosques such as the Moulay Slimane Mosque . He also ordered the creation of a Jewish quarter, the Mellah , in the eastern part of the Andalusian medina, in a formerly occupied by orchards. It was also towards the beginning of the 19th century that

7426-550: The same year, the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation , an organization that aims to protect the interests of the Muslim world, was founded at a summit in Rabat. The 1974 Arab League summit was also held in Rabat. The summit recognized the Palestine Liberation Organization as the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people. In 1985, the sixth edition of the Pan Arab Games

7520-651: The site before Roman structures were built over them. Along with Lixus , Sala Colonia was one of the two main naval outposts held by the Romans on the Atlantic coast of the Mauretania Tingitana province. The port of Sala (now disappeared) was used by commercial Roman ships as a way station on their southwestward passages to Anfa and the Insula Purpuraria ( Mogador island ). Archaeological objects of Visigothic and Byzantine origin found in

7614-519: The situation and lead to continued violence. Rabat Rabat was founded in the 12th century by the Almohads . After a period of growth, the city fell into a long period of decline. In the 17th century, Rabat became a haven for Barbary pirates . When the French established a protectorate over Morocco in 1912, Rabat became its administrative center. When Morocco achieved independence in 1955 Rabat became its capital. Rabat, Temara , and Salé form

7708-484: The sub-humid bioclimatic zone with an average annual precipitation of 560 mm (22 in). The airport station is located about 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) from the coastline, which will somewhat warm afternoons and cool nights down compared to a seaside location. The biggest place for theatre is the Mohammed V Theatre in the centre of the town, which was opened in 1962. Construction on a new performing arts center,

7802-456: The sultan's army), in the kasbah to serve as a counterbalancing force against other unruly tribes in the region. Under Sidi Muhammad ibn 'Abdallah (r. 1757–1790), a new royal palace, the Dar al-Makhzen , was established in the southwest part of the Almohad walled area towards the end of the 18th century. These additions began to give the city the character and function of a royal residence used by

7896-413: The sultans took some interest in the city of the south bank and carried out constructions and repairs to the kasbah. Moulay Isma'il (r. 1672–1727) expanded the kasbah southward and built a royal residence within it towards the end of the 17th century (it serves as a museum today). Moulay Isma'il was also responsible for settling a part of the Udayas (or Oudayas), a guich tribe (military tribe serving

7990-552: The summit. On 18 April 2020, OIC issued a statement, urging the Modi administration of India to take urgent steps to "stop the growing tide of Islamophobia ", citing attacks by Hindu nationalists against Indian Muslims and the allegation against Muslims of spreading COVID-19 in the country. Cartoons of Muhammad, published in a Danish newspaper in September 2005, offended a number of Muslims. The Third Extraordinary Session of

8084-517: The summit. The erstwhile President of Pakistan , Yahya Khan , reportedly expressed mixed views. The Indian delegation, led by then Indian President Fakhruddin Ali Ahmad , was scheduled to attend the summit but ultimately was not allowed in due to Pakistan's controversial boycott threat. Differences between the two states led Pakistan to keep India out for the final session of the 1969 conference and all OIC subsequent summits. On 14 February 2019,

8178-456: The then King of Morocco , chose to have the capital remain at Rabat. Rabat's growth continued unabated. The most important demographic shift after independence was the exodus of foreign nationals and their replacement by Moroccans, who gradually took over the jobs and functions that the foreigners had occupied. In the census of 1971, the population of Rabat had grown to around 368,000, of which only 3.5% were foreigners. Following World War II ,

8272-421: The topic again. Most Arab countries and some African countries walked out of the session. Nonetheless, OIC members Albania , Gabon , Guinea-Bissau , Suriname and Sierra Leone signed a 2011 UN declaration supporting LGBT rights in the General Assembly . Bahrain , Iraq , Jordan and Turkey legalized homosexuality. In May 2016, 57 countries including Egypt , Iran , Pakistan , Saudi Arabia and

8366-995: The treatment of ethnic minorities within member countries, such as the oppression of the Kurds in Syria and Turkey , the Ahwaz in Iran , the Hazaras in Afghanistan , the ' Al-Akhdam ' in Yemen , or the Berbers in Algeria . Along with OIC's 2008 charter revisions, the member states created the Independent Permanent Human Rights Commission (IPHRC). The IPHRC is an advisory body, independent from OIC, composed of eighteen individuals from diverse educational and professional backgrounds. IPHRC has

8460-593: The union. In March 2008, the OIC revised its charter to promote human rights, fundamental freedoms, and good governance in member states. The revisions removed any mention of the Cairo Declaration. Within the revised charter, the OIC supported the Charter of the United Nations and international law , without mentioning the Universal Declaration of Human Rights . On 28 June 2011, during

8554-670: The west with the Bombardment of Casablanca in August 1907. The Treaty of Fes established the protectorate in March 1912. Acting as French administrator of Morocco, Lyautey decided to relocate the country's capital from Fes to Rabat after the riots of 1912 following the Treaty of Fes . Lyautey appears to have had a personal affinity for Rabat. He argued that its coastal location was more pleasant and more accessible, and that its proximity to Casablanca, which he estimated would become

8648-451: Was designed in a neo-Moorish or Moroccan revivalist style by Vietnamese architect Cong Vo Toan. A short distance south of the historic city walls is the archeological site of Chellah, a walled enclosure containing a 13th to 14th-century Marinid funerary and religious complex as well as the ruins of the Roman city of Sala Colonia. Across the river is the city of Salé, which also preserves

8742-585: Was held in Rabat. In 2015, the city became part of the Rabat-Salé-Kénitra administrative region. On 28 February 2024, Asmaa Rhlalou declared her resignation, months after she sparked a controversy that called into doubt her authority and validity within the City Council. Rabat is an administrative city. It has many shopping districts and residential neighbourhoods. The geographically spread out neighbourhoods are as follows: The heart of

8836-493: Was invited to participate in an OIC summit. However, Pakistan protested this development and demanded that India be blocked from the event, accusing the latter of an unprovoked violation of Pakistani airspace while Indian officials claimed that the strike was carried out on terrorist-training camps. Following requests by Pakistan shortly after the 14 February attack, the OIC held an emergency meeting on 26 February. The organization subsequently condemned India's military response to

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