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64-645: The Code and Signal Section was formally made a part of the Division of Naval Communications (DNC), as Op-20-G, on July 1, 1922. In January 1924, a 34-year-old U.S. Navy lieutenant named Laurance F. Safford was assigned to expand OP-20-G's domain to radio interception. He worked out of Room 2646, on the top floor of the Navy Department building in Washington, D.C. Japan was of course a prime target for radio interception and cryptanalysis , but there

128-496: A deputy lieutenant is one of the lord lieutenant's deputies. The word lieutenant derives from French ; the lieu meaning "place" as in a position ( cf. in lieu of ); and tenant meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is a placeholder for a superior, during their absence (compare the Latin locum tenens ). In the 19th century, British writers who considered this word either an imposition on

192-605: A flying officer ranks with an army lieutenant and a pilot officer with an army second lieutenant. In the US Air Force, the Third Lieutenant Program refers specifically to a training program at active duty air force bases for cadets of the Air Force Academy and Air Force ROTC the summer before their fourth and final year before graduation and commissioning. A single silver or subdued pip

256-603: A governor serves as the chief executive officer and commander-in-chief in each of the fifty states and in the five permanently inhabited territories , functioning as both head of state and head of government therein. Leaders, or officers of the Boys' Brigade, particularly in the United Kingdom, are ranked as lieutenants after having completed their formal training, before which they are ranked as warrant officers. Officers serving in staff or command posts are awarded

320-574: A "lieutenant in command" or "lieutenant and commander" in the Royal Navy. The USN settled on "lieutenant commander" in 1862, and made it a distinct rank; the Royal Navy followed suit in March 1914. The insignia of an additional half-thickness stripe between the two full stripes of a lieutenant was introduced in 1877 for a Royal Navy lieutenant of 8 years seniority, and used for lieutenant commanders upon introduction of their rank. The first lieutenant in

384-453: A NCO rank, while the equivalent rank of an officer graduated in the naval academy is designated midshipman. The first French Lieutenant of Police, Gabriel Nicolas de la Reynie , was appointed in Paris by Louis XIV on 15 March 1667 to command a reformed police force. He was later elevated to Lieutenant-General of Police . In the 17th century, the term "lieutenant" corresponded to "deputy" (i.e.

448-503: A captain, or sometimes the local police chiefs). In smaller police departments, they may command a precinct itself. Lieutenants either command a watch (8-hour "shift") of regular officers or a special unit for operations or investigations (like a Robbery-Homicide squad). The typical rank insignia for a lieutenant is a single silver bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps First Lieutenant) or a single gold bar (like that of an Army or Marine Corps Second Lieutenant). Some police departments split

512-721: A lieutenant commander if over 35). But control was by "regular military types". The Navy wanted the Army to forbid civilians to touch the SIGABA cipher machine like the Navy; though it was developed by a civilian ( William Friedman ). A Royal Navy visitor and intercept specialist Commander Sandwith reported in 1942 on "the dislike of Jews prevalent in the US Navy (while) nearly all the leading Army cryptographers are Jews". In 1940, SIS and OP-20-G came to agreement with guide lines for handling MAGIC;

576-539: A number of European and South American nations, full lieutenants (and equivalents) usually wear two stars (pips) and second lieutenants (and equivalents) one. An example of an exception is the United States, whose armed forces distinguish their lieutenant ranks with a silver bar for first lieutenant and a gold bar for second lieutenant. The United States Marine Corps and British Royal Marines both use army ranks, while many former Eastern-Bloc marine forces retain

640-655: A person appointed to carry out a task). La Reynie was the deputy for policing duties of the Provost of Paris, the ceremonial representative of the King in Paris. In 1995, the rank of lieutenant was introduced in the National Police as the first rank of the police officers scale. The rank of Lieutenant was formerly used in areas outside of the Metropolitan Police. The adoption of standardized ranks across

704-471: A state-operated fresh air camp for inner city children from Seattle . In 1938, the U.S. Navy took over Fort Ward from the U.S. Army, and confiscated several surrounding properties and evicted the owners. The U.S. Navy found the fort to be attractive after tests had shown that it was an outstanding location to eavesdrop on radio communication transmitted from the Far East, chiefly Japan. In August 1939,

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768-439: A third, more junior, rank. Historically, the "lieutenant" was the deputy to a "captain", and as the rank structure of armies began to formalise, this came to mean that a captain commanded a company and had several lieutenants, each commanding a platoon . Where more junior officers were employed as deputies to the lieutenant, they went by many names, including second lieutenant, sub-lieutenant, ensign and cornet . Some parts of

832-413: A very different training program than lighter, mobile field artillery . Fort Ward was originally known as Beans Point and was established in 1890, as one of several US Army Coastal Artillery Corps installations, including Fort Flagler , Fort Casey and Fort Worden , built to defend Puget Sound from enemy warships. Its primary objective was to protect the nearby Bremerton Naval Shipyard . In 1903,

896-551: Is a former United States Army coastal artillery fort, and later, a Navy installation located on the southwest side of Bainbridge Island, Washington , along Rich Passage . During the 1880s, the Endicott Board , convened by Secretary of War William C. Endicott made sweeping recommendations for new or upgraded coastal defense installations and weapons systems. As the 20th century approached, American military strategists realized that heavy, fixed artillery required

960-465: Is an official in state governments of 45 out of 50 United States . In most cases, the lieutenant governor is the highest officer of state after the governor , standing in for the governor when they are absent from the state or temporarily incapacitated. In the event a governor dies, resigns, or is removed from office, the lieutenant governor typically becomes governor. In the United States ,

1024-458: Is equivalent to a lieutenant. In the Finnish military there is a senior lieutenant grade that ranks above lieutenant and second lieutenant but below captain; it does not have an English equivalent. In Germany it is called Oberleutnant (senior lieutenant). Conventionally, armies and other services or branches that use army-style rank titles have two grades of lieutenant, but a few also use

1088-429: Is often subdivided into subcategories of seniority. In English-speaking navies , lieutenants are often equivalent to the army rank of captain ; in other navies, the lieutenants are usually equal to their army counterparts. Lieutenant may also appear as part of a title used in various other organisations with a codified command structure. It often designates someone who is " second-in-command ", and as such, may precede

1152-511: Is used to designate this rank. The Royal Air Force also has an acting pilot officer designation, the most junior commissioned rank in the British armed forces. It is functionally equivalent to third lieutenant. During the early days of the naval rank, a lieutenant might be very junior indeed, or might be on the cusp of promotion to captain; by modern standards, he might rank with any army rank between second lieutenant and lieutenant colonel. As

1216-857: Is used. This is not recognised as current by recent editions of the OED (although the RN pronunciation was included in editions of the OED up until the 1970s). The senior grade of lieutenant is known as first lieutenant in the United States , and as lieutenant in the United Kingdom and the rest of the English-speaking world. In countries that do not speak English, the rank title usually translates as "lieutenant", but may also translate as "first lieutenant" or "senior lieutenant". The Israel Defense Forces rank segen (סגן) literally translates as "deputy", which

1280-537: The British Army , including the Royal Artillery , Royal Engineers and fusilier regiments , used first lieutenant as well as second lieutenant until the end of the 19th century, and some British Army regiments still preserve cornet as an official alternative to second lieutenant. There is great variation in the insignia used worldwide. In most English-speaking and Arabic-speaking countries, as well as

1344-579: The Confederate States Army also used "third lieutenant", typically as the lowest ranking commissioned officer in an infantry company. Notably, the United States Revenue Cutter Service used a simple officer rank structure with Captain, First, Second and Third Lieutenants, each of whom had distinct insignia. The title of Third Lieutenant, essentially equal to the rank of ensign , existed until 1915 when

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1408-767: The New World . Pronunciation of lieutenant as / l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ə n t / lef- TEN -ənt is generally associated with the armies of British Commonwealth countries, while / l uː ˈ t ɛ n ə n t / loo- TEN -ənt is generally associated with the United States military. The early history of the pronunciation is unclear; Middle English spellings suggest that both pronunciations may have existed even then. The majority of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century sources show pronunciations with /v/ or /f/ , but Bullokar has /liu/ . The rare Old French variant spelling leuf for Modern French lieu ( ' place ' ) supports

1472-489: The Royal Canadian Navy . During World War II , the U.S. Navy radio station operations consisted of: After World War II , personnel on the base (which was transferred back to the U.S. Army in 1956) continued to listen in on radio transmissions—first Korean and then Soviet. Activity continued at the radio station until 1956. The U.S. Army abandoned all operations in 1958. Upon this second deactivation,

1536-475: The Royal Navy and other Commonwealth navies, is a post or appointment, rather than a rank. Historically the lieutenants in a ship were ranked in accordance with seniority, with the most senior being termed the "first lieutenant" and acting as the second-in-command . Although lieutenants are no longer numbered by seniority, the post of "first lieutenant" remains. In minor war vessels, destroyers and frigates

1600-564: The Washington State Park System negotiated for acquisition of part of the fort in 1960, which became Fort Ward State Park . In 2011, it was transferred to the Bainbridge Island Metro Park & Recreation District and became Fort Ward Park . The naval radio transmitting station located at Battle Point was deactivated on March 31, 1959, and the equipment was removed in 1971. The location

1664-554: The "brevet" rank of captain, these officers then revert to their lieutenancy after having completed their tour of duty. The rank of cadet lieutenant (CLT) is given to officer cadet trainees who have passed their officer's course. The rank insignia of CLT is a pip and a bar below it. CLTs may be promoted to the rank of senior cadet lieutenant (S/CLT), which has a rank insignia of a pip and two bars below it. The Salvation Army also uses lieutenant to denote first time officers, or clergymen/women. Fort Ward (Washington) Fort Ward

1728-744: The Army agreed that they would supply the White House in January, March, May, July, September and November and the Navy in February, April, June, August, October and December. But in May 1941 MAGIC documents were found in the desk of Roosevelt's military aide Edwin "Pa" Watson and the Navy took over; while the Army provided MAGIC to the State Department instead. The result was that much of the MAGIC

1792-421: The Army officially designated Beans Point as a seacoast fort and named it Fort Ward in honor of Colonel George H. Ward . Activity in and around the fort continued as new buildings were constructed and new troops arrived. The coastal artillery batteries located at Fort Ward were: Battery Vinton is one of four batteries at Fort Ward. It had two 3-inch 1897 [ sic ] model guns. These guns, along with

1856-515: The Army was responsible on even-numbered days and the Navy on odd-numbered days. So, on the first minute after midnight on 6 December 1941 the Navy took over. But USN Lt-Comdr Alwin Kramer had no relief officer (unlike the Army, with Dusenbury and Bratton); and that night was being driven around by his wife. He was also responsible for distributing MAGIC information to the President; in January 1941

1920-409: The Army's SIS but Commander Joseph Wenger had picked out the "perfect new home" for the rapidly expanding OP-20-G and commandeered a private girls' school Mount Vernon College for Women for $ 800,000 (a fraction of what the buildings and grounds were worth), in 1944, compensated $ 1.038 million. So on 7 February 1943 it opened at what was called the "Naval Communications Annex", and staff moved in over

1984-558: The English language, or difficult for common soldiers and sailors, argued for it to be replaced by the calque "steadholder". However, their efforts failed, and the French word is still used, along with its many variations (e.g. lieutenant colonel , lieutenant general , lieutenant commander , flight lieutenant , second lieutenant and many non-English language examples), in both the Old and

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2048-789: The Japanese bombs had smashed the US Navy 's fleet at anchor in Pearl Harbor . In February 1942 power struggles within the Navy resulted in the sidelining of Laurance Safford , with the support of Admirals Ernest King and Richmond K. Turner (and Joseph Redman ) for the centralizing of control of naval intercept and codebreaking in Washington. So two new sections were headed by John R. Redman (Communications Combat Intelligence section) and Joseph Wenger (Communications Cryptanalytical section; to handle decryption and translation). Safford

2112-536: The Parade Ground, and the old post exchange/gymnasium building was converted into a top secret listening post code-named "Station S" . Inside "Station S" , men and women worked 24 hours a day, listening in on Japanese naval communications, which were transmitted in the Japanese Morse Code . This building is now a private home. The listening post activities were so top secret that personnel on

2176-459: The Service became the nucleus of the new United States Coast Guard . Because of the time required to fully establish this organization the rank continued for some time afterwards; the first Coast Guard aviator, Elmer F. Stone , was a third lieutenant until 1918. In the Royal Navy, the commissioned rank of mate was created in 1840, and was renamed sub-lieutenant in 1860. In the US Navy, the rank

2240-643: The U.S. Navy relocated the Astoria, Oregon , intercept site to Fort Ward. This was the beginning of the development of Fort Ward as a top-secret military listening post. In August 1940, the U.S. Navy had five sites with diplomatic targets which were all linked directly, or indirectly through U.S. Army communication circuits, to Washington, D.C. , via radio and landline communications. These sites were Winter Harbor, Maine ; Amagansett, New York ; Cheltenham, Maryland ; Jupiter, Florida ; and Fort Ward— Bainbridge Island, Washington . Rhombic antennas were installed on

2304-609: The US Secretary of State, Cordell Hull , at 1:00 PM Washington time that negotiations between the United States and Japan were ended. The embassy was then to destroy their cipher machines. This sounded like war, and although the message said nothing about any specific military action, Kramer also realized that the sun would be rising over the expanses of the central and western Pacific by that time. The two men both tried to get in touch with Army Chief of Staff General George C. Marshall . After some agonizing delays, Marshall got

2368-549: The United Kingdom has eliminated its use. A number of city and burgh police forces in Scotland used the rank of lieutenant (and detective lieutenant) between inspector and superintendent from 1812 to 1948. It was replaced by the rank of chief inspector . The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (founded 1871) had the rank of lieutenant between staff sergeant and inspector until 1997. In Australia, Queensland's first police force (founded 1864) had second lieutenants and lieutenants between

2432-483: The art of reading kana transmissions when the Navy began conducting classes in the subject in 1928. The classes were conducted by the Room 2426 crew, and the radiotelegraph operators became known as the "On-The-Roof Gang". By June 1940, OP-20-G included 147 officers, enlisted men, and civilians, linked into a network of radio listening posts as far-flung as the Army's. OP-20-G did some work on Japanese diplomatic codes, but

2496-524: The base were instructed not to look at the building when they walked by it. Meanwhile, the Navy developed a "cover story" for what was happening at Naval Radio Station Bainbridge Island. The story—that it was one of the few Naval Reserve Radio Schools in the nation—received a full page of coverage in The Seattle Times on January 11, 1941. Some of the sailors pictured in the article actually worked at "Station S" after their training. Photos show

2560-404: The billet may be filled by a lieutenant commander. On submarines and smaller Coast Guard cutters the billet of first lieutenant may be filled by a petty officer . Second lieutenant is usually the most junior grade of commissioned officer. In most cases, newly commissioned officers do not remain at the rank for long before being promoted, and both university graduates and officers commissioned from

2624-469: The decrypts and methodically examined them. He realized their importance and sent a warning to field commanders, including Major General Walter Short , the Army commander in Hawaii. However, Marshall was reluctant to use the telephone because he knew that telephone scramblers weren't very secure and sent it by less direct channels. Due to various constraints and bumblings, Short got the message many hours after

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2688-423: The first lieutenant (either a lieutenant or lieutenant-commander) is second in command, executive officer (XO) and head of the executive branch; in larger ships where a commander of the warfare specialization is appointed as the executive officer, a first lieutenant (normally a lieutenant-commander) is appointed as his deputy. The post of first lieutenant in a shore establishment carries a similar responsibility to

2752-405: The first lieutenant of a capital ship . In the U.S. Navy or U.S. Coast Guard the billet of first lieutenant describes the officer in charge of the deck department or division, depending upon the size of the ship. In smaller ships with only a single deck division, the billet is typically filled by an ensign while in larger ships with a deck department, consisting of multiple subordinate divisions,

2816-479: The insignia of 2 gold stars. This pattern was copied by the United States Navy and various Air Forces for their equivalent ranks grades, except that the loop is removed (see flight lieutenant ). Lieutenants were commonly put in command of smaller vessels not warranting a commander or captain: such a lieutenant was called a "lieutenant commanding" or "lieutenant commandant" in the United States Navy, and

2880-538: The name of the rank directly above it. For example, a "lieutenant master" is likely to be second-in-command to the "master" in an organisation using both ranks. Political uses include lieutenant governor in various governments, such as the viceregal representatives of the Crown in Canadian provinces . In the United Kingdom , a lord lieutenant is the sovereign's representative in a county or lieutenancy area , while

2944-672: The naval rank structure. Before 1999 the Royal Marines enjoyed the same rank structure as the army, but at a grade higher; thus a Royal Marine captain ranked with and was paid the same as a British Army major. This historical remnant caused increasing confusion in multi-national operations and was abolished. While some air forces use the army rank system, the British Royal Air Force and many other Commonwealth air forces use another rank system in which flight lieutenant ranks with an army captain and naval lieutenant,

3008-431: The next two months. Lieutenant A lieutenant ( UK : / l ɛ f ˈ t ɛ n ən t / lef- TEN -ənt , US : / l uː -/ loo- ; abbreviated Lt. , Lt , LT , Lieut and similar) is a junior commissioned officer rank in the armed forces of many nations, as well as fire services , emergency medical services , security services and police forces. The rank in armies and air forces

3072-700: The organization's primary focus was on Japanese military codes. The US Navy first got a handle on Japanese naval codes in 1922, when Navy agents broke into the Japanese consulate in New York City , cracked the safe, took photographs of pages of a Japanese navy codebook, and left, having put everything back as they had found it. Before the war, the Navy cipher bureau operated out of three main bases: The US Army Signal Intelligence Service (SIS) and OP-20-G were hobbled by bureaucracy and rivalry, competing with each other to provide their intelligence data, codenamed " MAGIC ", to high officials. Complicating matters

3136-497: The other batteries, guarded an underwater mine field placed across Rich Passage . The guns were removed on July 19th, 1920 – never having been fired for defense, and were to be shipped to France for use in WWI. In the 1920s, Fort Ward was placed on inactive status, but a small number of men were still stationed there. In 1928, the fort was essentially left abandoned. The fort remained abandoned for several years, until 1935, it served as

3200-467: The radio intelligence officer himself using special equipment and instructions. If transmitted as messages on manual Morse code circuits or landlines, they were delivered to the communications center where they were again enciphered. The Fort Ward command also oversaw the construction of the Navy's largest radio transmitter at Battle Point , with a tower 300 feet taller than the Space Needle . This

3264-599: The rank of lieutenant into two separate grades. In the Singapore Civil Defence Force , the rank of lieutenant (LTA) is the second-lowest commissioned rank. The rank insignia of LTA is two pips. In Canada, the representative of the Canadian monarch in each province is called the Lieutenant Governor . The Lieutenant Governor exercises all the royal prerogative powers that the monarch holds. In French history , "lieutenant du roi"

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3328-494: The rank structure of navies stabilized, and the ranks of commander, lieutenant commander and sub-lieutenant were introduced, the naval lieutenant came to rank with an army captain (NATO OF-2 or US O-3). The insignia of a lieutenant in many navies, including the Royal Navy, consists of two medium gold braid stripes (top stripe with loop) on a navy blue or black background. Where in Myanmar Navy, they're Sub Lieutenant with

3392-764: The ranks may skip the rank altogether. In March 1813, the US Army created the rank of third lieutenant. The rank was used as the entry level officer rank for the Ordnance Department and the Corps of Artillery until March 1821. Throughout the 19th century and until as late as World War II the United States Army sometimes referred to brevet second lieutenants as "third lieutenants". These were typically newly commissioned officers for which no authorized second lieutenant position existed. Additionally,

3456-471: The ranks of sergeant and inspector-general. The rank of police lieutenant is used in most medium or large police departments in the United States, where it is one rank above sergeant and two ranks above a regular police officer (three in departments with a corporal rank). It is roughly equivalent to an inspector in the British and Canadian police forces. The usual role of a lieutenant is to carry out administrative duties and assist precinct commanders (normally

3520-581: The sailors copying Morse code in a classroom, setting up a Morse code-sending machine, and marching from their school building to noon mess. In March 1941, a commercial teletype line between the installations at Winter Harbor, Maine , Amagansett, New York , and Fort Ward was inaugurated. Communications between Washington, D.C., and its far-flung resources in the Pacific continued to be primitive. Messages and intercept logs, reports and professional correspondence, if classified, were painstakingly enciphered by

3584-575: The suggestion that a final [u] of the Old French word was in certain environments perceived as an [f] . Furthermore, in Latin , the lingua franca of the era, the letter ⟨v⟩ is used for both [u] and [v] . In Royal Naval (RN) tradition—and other English-speaking navies outside the United States—a reduced pronunciation / l ə ˈ t ɛ n ə n t /

3648-518: Was a title borne by the officer sent with military powers to represent the king in certain provinces. It is in the sense of a deputy that it has entered into the titles of more senior officers, lieutenant general and lieutenant colonel . The British monarch 's representatives in the counties of the United Kingdom are called Lords Lieutenant . The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland performed the function of viceroy in Ireland . The Lieutenant Governor

3712-530: Was called master until 1883, when it was renamed lieutenant, junior grade . In many navies, a sub-lieutenant is a naval commissioned or subordinate officer , ranking below a lieutenant, but in Brazil it is the highest non-commissioned rank, and in Spain it is the second highest non-commissioned rank. In Portugal, sub-lieutenant is the rank of a junior naval officer graduated from a civil university or promoted from

3776-481: Was delayed or unused. There was no efficient process for assessing and organizing the intelligence, as was provided postwar by a single intelligence agency. In the early hours of the morning of 7 December 1941, the U.S. Navy communications intercept station at Fort Ward on Bainbridge Island, Washington , picked up a radio message being sent by the Japanese government to the Japanese embassy in Washington, D.C. It

3840-465: Was shifted to an administrative support and cryptographic research role; thus was sidelined for the remainder of the war, as ultimately was Joseph Rochefort in Hawaii. With Japanese advances in the Philippines , a possible invasion of Hawaii, and greater demand for intelligence, OP-20-G undertook two courses of action: In Summer 1942 the Navy went through the motions of perhaps co-locating with

3904-558: Was that the Coast Guard , the FBI , and even the FCC also had radio-intercept operations. The Navy organization at OP-20-G was more conventionally hierarchical than the Army at Arlington Hall which went more on merit rather than rank (like Bletchley Park), though commissions were handed out to "civilians in uniform" with rank according to age (an ensign for 28 or under, a lieutenant to 35 or

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3968-485: Was the last in a series of 14 messages that had been sent over the previous 18 hours. The messages were decrypted by a PURPLE analogue machine at OP-20-G and passed to the SIS for translation from Japanese, early on the morning of December 7. Army Colonel Rufus S. Bratton and Navy Lieutenant Commander Alwin Kramer independently inspected the decrypts. The decrypts instructed the Japanese ambassador to Washington to inform

4032-645: Was the problem of finding personnel who could speak Japanese . The Navy had a number of officers who had served in a diplomatic capacity in Japan and could speak Japanese fluently, but there was a shortage of radiotelegraph operators who could read Japanese Wabun code communications sent in kana . Fortunately, a number of US Navy and Marine radiotelegraph operators operating in the Pacific had formed an informal group in 1923 to compare notes on Japanese kana transmissions. Four of these men became instructors in

4096-624: Was used to send messages to Navy Command at Pier 91 in Seattle. The first chapter of David Kahn 's book tells about how "Station S" intercepted the communication from Tokyo to the Japanese Ambassador that instructed him to break off negotiations just before the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. During World War II , a submarine net was placed across Rich Passage . In November 1942, Fort Ward also assumed control of naval intelligence assignments previously tasked to

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