67-479: Oregon's 3rd congressional district covers most of Multnomah County , including Gresham , Troutdale , and most of Portland east of the Willamette River (parts of Northwest and Southwest Portland lie in the 1st and 5th districts ). It also includes the northeastern part of Clackamas County and all of Hood River County . The district has been represented by Democrat Earl Blumenauer since
134-515: A sales tax , it attracts shoppers from southwest Washington . The Port of Portland , established in 1891 and combined with the City of Portland's Commission of Public Docks in 1971, ranks third in total waterborne commerce on the West Coast, and 31st in the nation for total tonnage according to the 2009 American Association of Port Authorities ' Port Industries Statistics . Portland is one of
201-595: A 1996 special election. With a Cook Partisan Voting Index rating of D+22, it is the most Democratic district in Oregon and the third most Democratic district in the Pacific Northwest. The district was created in 1913 , sending its first representative to the 63rd Congress . Sources (official results only): A special election was held on May 21, 1996 to fill the vacancy created when incumbent Ron Wyden resigned effective February 5, 1996 after winning
268-488: A 35-foot (11 m) gray granite obelisk , was dedicated in 1904 on the centennial anniversary of the Louisiana Purchase. Clark's son, Jefferson Kearney Clark, designed the monument and paid $ 25,000 for it ($ 425,000 in 2005 figures). Jefferson Clark's wife had to complete the building of the monument after Jefferson died in 1900. Many years later, the monument was restored and rededicated on May 21, 2004, to mark
335-588: A detailed journal of the expedition, beginning a lifelong practice. Hardin was advancing against the Wea Indians , who had been raiding settlements in Kentucky, on the Wabash River . In error, the undisciplined Kentucky militia attacked a peaceful Shawnee hunting camp, where they killed a total of eight men, women, and children. In 1790, Clark was commissioned by General Arthur St. Clair , governor of
402-556: A firm hand when he had to, but at the same time he had passion towards them as people still deserving of rights. At times he was said to be too compassionate. Clark took his position as one of extreme importance to not only the government of the United States, but to the Native American people as well. Clark recognized Indians' nationalism, their history, language, culture, and territory and negotiated treaties between
469-415: A household in the county was $ 41,278, and for a family was $ 51,118. Males had a median income of $ 36,036 versus $ 29,337 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 22,606. 12.70% of the population and 8.20% of families were below the poverty line . Out of the total population, 15.40% of those under the age of 18 and 9.80% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. Multnomah County
536-512: A lawsuit to stop the Children's Internet Protection Act . The US Supreme Court ultimately decided in 2003 that the law was constitutional in US v. ALA . However, the library chose to turn down $ 104,000 per year of federal funding under CIPA to be able to continue to offer unfiltered Internet access. Faced with decreasing government revenues due to a recession in the local economy, voters approved
603-561: A nation who reside on Wappato Island, a little below the enterence" (quoted from Willamette Landings by H.M. Corning).(see:Portland Basin Chinookan Villages in the early 1800s, Boyd and Zenk,) Although Clark refers to the Willamette River as Multnomah, he may not have understood the meaning. Simply put, Multnomah ("down river" or "toward the great water") is the shortened form of nematlnomaq/nímaɬnumax̣ . In 1924,
670-582: A plantation along Beargrass Creek near Louisville . This was William Clark's primary home until 1803. In Kentucky, his older brother George Rogers Clark taught William wilderness survival skills. Kentuckians fought the Northwest Indian War against American Indians, who were trying to preserve their territory north of the Ohio River. In 1789, 19-year-old William Clark joined a volunteer militia force under Major John Hardin . Clark kept
737-626: A special election to the United States Senate . The winner of the election, Earl Blumenauer , served the remainder of Wyden's two-year term. Before the 2002 redistricting , the whole of Multnomah County was included in the district; it lost southwest Portland to the 1st and 5th districts , but it gained most of its current portion of Clackamas County. 45°30′N 122°30′W / 45.500°N 122.500°W / 45.500; -122.500 Multnomah County, Oregon Multnomah County / m ʌ l t ˈ n oʊ m ə /
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#1732790453794804-485: A three-year local income tax (Measure 26–48) on May 20, 2003, to prevent further cuts in schools, police protection, and social services. Multnomah County was one of the few local governments in Oregon to approve such a tax increase. On March 2, 2004, Multnomah County Chair Diane Linn announced the county would begin granting licenses for same-sex marriages , pursuant to a legal opinion issued by its attorney deeming such marriages lawful under Oregon law. Her announcement
871-533: Is also home to the Historic Columbia River Highway , Multnomah Falls , and Oxbow Regional Park . School districts include: Portland Community College serves western portions of the county and Mt. Hood Community College serves eastern portions. 45°32′N 122°25′W / 45.54°N 122.41°W / 45.54; -122.41 William Clark (explorer) William Clark (August 1, 1770 – September 1, 1838)
938-704: Is located along the south side of the Columbia River . The county includes a number of extinct volcanoes in the Boring Lava Field . The Oregon side of the Columbia River Gorge forms the eastern portion of the county's northern border. As of the 2020 census , there were 815,428 people, 341,507 households, and 180,512 families residing in the county. The population density was 1,891.2 people per square mile (730.2 people/km ). There were 363,996 housing units. The racial makeup of
1005-403: Is located in downtown Portland . The Multnomah County Central Courthouse opened in 2020, replacing a century-old building nearby that was in need of seismic retrofitting . Map of Multnomah County Senate-Representative District Maps The principal industries of Multnomah County are manufacturing , transportation , wholesale and retail trade, and tourism . Since Oregon does not have
1072-748: Is now the Western United States and to assert American claims to the Pacific Northwest. Before the expedition, he served in a militia and the United States Army . Afterward, he served in a militia and as governor of the Missouri Territory . From 1822 until his death in 1838, he served as a U.S. Superintendent of Indian Affairs in St. Louis. William Clark was born in Caroline County, Virginia , on August 1, 1770,
1139-493: Is one of the 36 counties in the U.S. state of Oregon . As of the 2020 census , the county's population was 815,428. Multnomah County is part of the Portland – Vancouver – Hillsboro , OR–WA metropolitan statistical area . The state's smallest and most populous county , its county seat , Portland, is the state's largest city. The area of the lower Willamette River has been inhabited for thousands of years, including by
1206-456: The 2000 census , there were 660,486 people, 272,098 households, and 152,102 families in the county. The population density was 1,518/sq mi (586/km ). There were 288,561 housing units had an average density of 663.sq mi (256/km2). The racial makeup of the county was 79.16% White, 5.70% Asian, 5.67% Black or African American, 1.03% Native American, 0.35% Pacific Islander, 4.03% from other races, and 4.07% from two or more races. About 7.51% of
1273-594: The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), but William was too young. His oldest brother, Jonathan Clark , served as a colonel during the war, rising to the rank of brigadier general in the Virginia militia years afterward. His second-oldest brother, George Rogers Clark , rose to the rank of general, spending most of the war in Kentucky fighting against British-allied American Indians . After
1340-702: The Black Hawk War , when hostilities arose between them and the Americans. Clark issued "an extermination order", which he gave to Lewis Cass , a man who played a central role in Jackson's removal policy. Clark believed in the Jeffersonian ideology in which assimilation would be the best course of action for Native Americans. However, in the end, relocation of the Indians from their native lands became
1407-636: The Multnomah band of Chinookan peoples long before European contact, as evidenced by the nearby Cathlapotle village, just downstream. Multnomah County (the 13th in Oregon Territory ) was created on December 22, 1854, formed out of two other Oregon counties – the eastern part of Washington County and the northern part of Clackamas County . Its creation was a result of a petition earlier that year by businessmen in Portland complaining of
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#17327904537941474-758: The Northwest Territory , as a captain in the Clarksville, Indiana militia. One older source says he was sent on a mission to the Creek and Cherokee , whom the US hoped to keep out of the war, in the Southeast. His responsibilities are unclear. He may have visited New Orleans at that time. His travels prevented him from participating in General Josiah Harmar 's disastrous campaign into
1541-637: The brigadier general of the militia in the Louisiana Territory , and the US agent for Indian affairs . At the time, trade was a major goal and the US established the factory system . The government and its appointees licensed traders to set up trading posts in Native American territory. Native American relations were handled in what became the War Department. Clark set up his headquarters in St. Louis, Missouri , where he would live for most of
1608-571: The "mean girls". The county government has also faced significant budget issues, including not being able to open the Wapato Corrections Facility since it was built in 2003. According to the United States Census Bureau , the county has a total area of 466 square miles (1,210 km ), of which 34 square miles (88 km ) (7.4%) are covered by water. It is the smallest county in Oregon by area. It
1675-588: The "place of matlnomaq" or the (singular) Ne-matlnomag , "the lower river", from the Oregon City Falls toward the Columbia River. Alternatively, Chinookan máɬnumax̣ (also nímaɬnumax̣ ) "those toward water" (or "toward the Columbia River", known in Chinookan as ímaɬ or wímaɬ , "the great water"). Explorer William Clark wrote in his journal: "I entered this river...called Multnomah...from
1742-547: The 199 cities and counties located in the five West Coast states , Multnomah County ranked 198th in private sector job creation from 1997 to 2009. The county is home to a number of Portland-area attractions and venues, including Oregon Museum of Science and Industry , Portland Art Museum , Memorial Coliseum , Oregon Convention Center , Moda Center , Providence Park , Washington Park , Oregon Zoo , International Rose Test Garden , Lan Su Chinese Garden , Portland Japanese Garden , Hoyt Arboretum and Pittock Mansion . It
1809-554: The 97,999 vote advantage that George W. Bush had earned among Oregon's 35 other counties. The Democratic tilt was repeated in 2004, when John Kerry won by 161,146 votes, and in 2008, when Barack Obama won by 204,525 votes. In February 2001, the Multnomah County Board of Commissioners unanimously accepted the recommendation of the Library Advisory Board and authorized the library to enter into
1876-605: The British. Clark feared the influence the British would have on the Native Americans. British tactics would include the use of Indians as allies in the fighting against the United States. In return for British victory, Indians would either be able to continue to occupy their current land or receive lands back that were taken from them previously by the United States Government. Clark held office for
1943-545: The Native Americans were interested in his appearance, which "played a key role in diplomatic relations". Although Clark was refused a promotion to the rank of captain when Jefferson asked the Senate to appoint him, at Lewis' insistence, he exercised equal authority, and continued the mission. Clark concentrated chiefly on the drawing of maps , the management of the expedition's supplies, and leading hunting expeditions for game. In 1807, President Jefferson appointed Clark as
2010-535: The Northwest Territory that year. In 1791, Clark served as an ensign and acting lieutenant with expeditions under generals Charles Scott and James Wilkinson . He enlisted in the Legion of the United States and was commissioned as a lieutenant on March 6, 1792, under Anthony Wayne . On September 4, 1792, he was assigned to the 4th Sub-Legion. He was involved in several skirmishes with Indians during
2077-778: The Office of Indian Affairs in 1824 and finally the Bureau of Indian Affairs in 1829, both within the War Department . From 1824 to 1825, he was additionally appointed surveyor general of Illinois , Missouri, and the Territory of Arkansaw . It was around this time that Clark received a rare smoking pipe or calumet as a gift from a Potowatomi chief in Missouri. The pipe is held in the British Museum 's collection. As
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2144-792: The Superintendent of Indian Affairs, Clark was the most important man on Native American matters west of the Mississippi. As superintendent at St. Louis, Clark took on some additional duties: he issued licenses and granted passports to traders and travelers; provided payments for injuries and injustices to both whites and Indians; invoked military force to arrest lawbreakers; prevented or terminated hostilities between tribes; removed unauthorized persons from Indian country or confiscated their property; established, marked, and surveyed boundaries; distributed annuities and made sure that treaty provisions were delivered; and conducted treaty councils. Of
2211-599: The United States. Over the course of his career, millions of acres passed from Indian to U.S. ownership through Clark's hand. William Clark died in St. Louis on September 1, 1838, at age 68. Clark was originally buried at his nephew John O'Fallon's property, in 1838. That area is now known as O'Fallon Park . The funeral procession stretched for more than a mile and cannons fired a military salute. The entire city of St. Louis mourned his passing. Clark and six of his family members were later buried at Bellefontaine Cemetery on October 23, 1860. The monument that marks their graves,
2278-1011: The bicentennial of the Corps of Discovery's departure from St. Charles, Missouri. Members of the Shoshone, Osage, and Mandan tribes spoke at the ceremony, marking Clark's service to these Indian nations during the final years of his life. After returning from his cross-country expedition, Clark married Julia Hancock on January 5, 1808, at Fincastle, Virginia . They had five children: Meriwether Lewis Clark, Sr. (1809–1881), named after his friend and expedition partner; William Preston Clark (1811–1840); Mary Margaret Clark (1814–1821); George Rogers Hancock Clark (1816–1858), named after Clark's older brother; and John Julius Clark (1818–1831), named after his oldest brother Jonathan and Clark's wife. After Julia's death in 1820, William Clark married Julia's first cousin, Harriet Kennerly Radford. They had three children together: Jefferson Kearny Clark (1824–1900), named after
2345-542: The continuing Northwest Indian War. At the Battle of Fallen Timbers in 1794, Clark commanded a company of riflemen who drove back the enemy on the left flank, killing a number of Native Americans and Canadians. This decisive US victory brought the Northwest Indian War to an end. In 1795, Clark was dispatched on a mission to New Madrid, Missouri . Clark also served as an adjutant and quartermaster while in
2412-476: The county was 65.7% White, 5.4% Black or African American, 0.7% Native American, 7.5% Asian, 0.7% Pacific Islander, and 6.8% from two or more races. About 12.7% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. The median income for a household in the county was $ 83,668 and the per-capita income was $ 49,713. 12.1% of the population lived below the poverty line. As of the 2010 census , there were 735,334 people, 304,540 households, and 163,539 families resided in
2479-532: The county's three commissioners were indicted and recalled by voters "in response to 'gross irregularities' in the award of contracts for construction of the Burnside and Ross Island bridges"; since all three had been supported by the Ku Klux Klan , their recall also helped reduce that organization's influence in the city. Vanport , built north of Portland in 1943 to house workers for Kaiser Shipyards ,
2546-445: The county. The population density was 1,704.9 inhabitants per square mile (658.3/km ). There were 324,832 housing units at an average density of 753.2 units per square mile (290.8 units/km ). The racial makeup of the county was 76.5% White, 6.5% Asian, 5.6% Black or African American, 1.1% American Indian, 0.5% Pacific Islander, 5.1% from other races, and 4.6% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 10.9% of
2613-600: The dutiful soldier and bureaucrat never wavered in his commitment to an expansionist national agenda that expected Indians to surrender their lands, abandon their traditional ways, and acquiesce to the dictates of the U.S. government. But he was aware of the consequences and he demonstrated genuine concern for the plight of destitute native people increasingly threatened with extinction, so much so that Indian-hating frontier settlers called him an "Indian lover". Clark's expeditions and frontier settlement gave him unique views and feelings toward Native Americans. He felt as though he held
2680-464: The earlier period, Clark performed the same duties that he would have if he held the title. During the years while Clark held position under Governor Lewis, he was continuously involved in decision-making with him. Clark was consulted on affairs on a regular basis. In Louisiana and Missouri, Clark served the United States government for the longest term in history as diplomat to the Native American peoples. Indian diplomacy occupied much of Clark's time;
2747-766: The five largest auto import ports in the nation and is the West Coast's leading exporter of grain and lumber. The Port of Portland is also responsible for Portland International Airport (PDX) in the northeast section of Portland, the Troutdale Airport a few miles east of PDX in Multnomah County, the Hillsboro Airport to the west in Washington County, and Mulino State Airport to the south in Clackamas County. Out of
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2814-435: The four superintendents of Indian affairs, the others were the governors of Michigan, Florida, and Arkansas territories; Clark had by far the largest superintendency. Though Clark tried to maintain peaceful relations with indigenous nations and negotiated peace treaties, he was in charge of implementing President Andrew Jackson 's Indian removal policy. He managed retaliation against Black Hawk and those allied with him in
2881-495: The government's primary goal, and even the assimilated Five Civilized Tribes were moved by force (threat of military action). Clark's government position on Native American affairs kept him at the forefront of countless relocations. He expressed sympathy for those uprooted tribes and promoted their interests as he understood them, nevertheless, he agreed with and implemented the policy of Indian removal, negotiating 37, or one-tenth, of all ratified treaties between American Indians and
2948-556: The inconvenient location of the Washington County seat in Hillsboro and of the share of Portland tax revenues leaving the city to support Washington County farmers. County commissioners met for the first time on January 17, 1855. The county is named after the Chinookan word for the "lower river", multnomah , matlnomaq , or máɬnumax̣ being interpretive English spellings of the same word. In Chinook jargon, Ne-matlnomaq , means
3015-574: The interests of American citizens over Indian needs and desires. During the War of 1812 , Clark led several campaigns, among them in 1814, one along the Mississippi River , up to the Prairie du Chien area. He established the short-lived Fort Shelby , the first post in what is now Wisconsin . Soon, the post was captured by the British. When the Missouri Territory was formed in 1813, Clark
3082-599: The militia, and superintendent of Indian Affairs. Although he was in charge of Indian affairs, Clark was under the supervision of the Governor of the Louisiana Territory. The governor had final say of all decisions made in the territory. Although Clark had primary duties in dealing with the Native Americans, "the territorial governor held the title of ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs. Clark's experiences during his cross-continent expedition gave him
3149-470: The militia. William Clark resigned his commission on July 4, 1796, and retired due to poor health, although he was only 26 years old. He returned to Mulberry Hill, his family's plantation near Louisville. His father died in 1799, at which point Clark inherited eight enslaved men, women, and children. In 1799, he claimed ownership of least twenty-three enslaved African Americans. In 1803, Meriwether Lewis recruited Clark, then age 33, to share command of
3216-690: The newly formed Corps of Discovery , whose mission was to explore the territory of the Louisiana Purchase, establish trade with Native Americans, and consolidate the sovereignty of the US. They were to find a waterway from the US to the Pacific Ocean and claim the Oregon territory for the United States before European nations did. Clark spent three years on the expedition to the Pacific Coast. A slave owner known to deal harshly with his slaves, he brought York , one of his slaves, with him. The indigenous nations treated York with respect, and many of
3283-414: The next seven years until he was voted out of office in 1820, in the first election after Missouri became a state. He was defeated by Alexander McNair . In 1822, Clark was appointed Superintendent of Indian Affairs by President James Monroe , a new position created by Congress after the factory system was abolished. Clark served in that position until his death; his title changed with the creation of
3350-477: The ninth of ten children of John and Ann Rogers Clark. His parents were natives of King and Queen County , and were of English and possibly Scots ancestry. The Clarks were planters in Virginia, owned several modest estates, and claimed ownership of several enslaved African Americans. They were members of the Anglican Church . Clark did not have any formal education; like many of his contemporaries, he
3417-522: The population were Hispanics or Latinos of any race; 16.0% were of German, 9.0% English, 8.8% Irish, and 5.1% American ancestry; 83.5% spoke English, 6.3% Spanish, 1.7% Vietnamese, and 1.3% Russian as their first language. Of the 272,098 households, 26.5% had children under 18 living with them, 40.9% were married couples living together, 10.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.1% were not families. About 32.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 8.6% had someone living alone who
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#17327904537943484-412: The population. In terms of ancestry, 19.4% were German , 12.2% were Irish , 11.4% were English , and 4.2% were American . Of the 304,540 households, 27.0% had children under 18 living with them, 38.6% were married couples living together, 10.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 46.3% were not families, and 32.6% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size
3551-584: The president; Edmund Clark (1826–1827), named after another of his older brothers; and Harriet Clark, named after her mother (dates unknown; died as child). His second wife Harriet died in 1831. Clark allegedly had a Nez Perce son, Tzi-Kal-Tza/Halahtookit. Clark also served as a guardian to Jean Baptiste Charbonneau , the son of Sacagawea and Toussaint Charbonneau . Clark was a habitually cruel enslaver. He repeatedly refused requests from York to live in Louisville with his family. Clark regularly whipped
3618-413: The referendum in the 1968 general election. Since the approval of Measure 5 in 1968, an initiative to merge the county with Portland has been considered and placed on the county ballot several times. In the 2000 presidential election , Multnomah county played a decisive role in determining the winner of the state's electoral votes . Al Gore carried the county by 104,764 votes, enough to offset
3685-582: The rest of his life. There he became a member of the Freemasons , a secret fraternal group. The records of his initiation do not exist, but on September 18, 1809, Saint Louis Lodge No. 111 issued a traveling certificate for Clark. As a reward for their contributions during their expedition to the Pacific Lewis and Clark were given government positions. Jefferson appointed Meriwether Lewis territorial governor of Upper Louisiana, commander-in-chief of
3752-467: The role of governor without holding official position, due to Lewis' complications in life, whether it was debt, loneliness, or drinking. Upon the death of Lewis in 1809, Clark declined to take office for varying reasons. By the time he was appointed governor, Clark appreciated his own capabilities and embraced them rather than turning them away. When he took office, America was involved in the War of 1812 with
3819-414: The tools to be the ideal candidate for a diplomat to the Native Americans. That was Jefferson's motives behind giving Clark these duties, although it would not be until Madison's presidency that Clark's title became official. President James Madison appointed Clark as Missouri territorial governor and thus ex officio superintendent of Indian affairs in that region, during the summers of 1808 and 1813. In
3886-468: The various nations and his. He tried to protect Indians and preserve their culture by removing them from the influences of white society, providing life-saving inoculations, having their portraits painted, and assembling a museum of Indian artifacts. At the same time, he removed Indians from their ancestral lands; encouraged federal "civilization" and "education" programs to change native lifestyles, religious beliefs, and cultural practices; and usually promoted
3953-587: The war, the two oldest Clark brothers made arrangements for their parents and family to relocate to Kentucky. William, his parents, his three sisters, and the Clark family's slaves arrived in Kentucky in March 1785, having first traveled overland to Redstone Landing in present-day Brownsville, Pennsylvania . They completed the journey down the Ohio River by flatboat . The Clark family settled at "Mulberry Hill",
4020-450: Was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.03. The median age was 35.7 years. The median income for a household in the county was $ 49,618 and for a family was $ 62,956. Males had a median income of $ 45,152 versus $ 38,211 for females. The per capita income for the county was $ 28,883. About 11.3% of families and 16.0% of the population were below the poverty line , including 21.1% of those under age 18 and 12.1% of those age 65 or over. As of
4087-403: Was 65 or older. The average household size was 2.37, and the average family size was 3.03. In the county, the age distribution was 22.3% under 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 33.8% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 11.1% who were 65 or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.00 males. For every 100 females 18 and over, there were 96.10 males. The median income for
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#17327904537944154-710: Was a strongly Republican county for much of the first half of the 20th century, but since 1964, it has been the strongest Democratic bastion in Oregon. The Democrats have failed to win a majority in the county only two times since then, in 1972 and 1980. As Multnomah County is by far the most populous county in Oregon, Democratic majorities in the county are often enough to swing the results in statewide elections. In 2008, Democratic challenger Jeff Merkley unseated incumbent two-term Senator Gordon Smith , though Smith carried 28 of Oregon's 36 counties. Merkley carried Multnomah County by over 142,000 votes, however, enough to allow him to defeat Smith by 59,100 votes. The county courthouse
4221-583: Was an American explorer, soldier, Indian agent , and territorial governor. A native of Virginia , he grew up in pre-statehood Kentucky before later settling in what became the state of Missouri . Along with Meriwether Lewis , Clark led the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1804–1806 across the Louisiana Purchase to the Pacific Ocean , the first major effort to explore and map much of what
4288-454: Was appointed as the governor by President Madison . He was reappointed to the position by Madison in 1816, and in 1820 by President Monroe . William Clark appeared before Supreme Court Judge John B.C. Lucas in St. Louis on July 6, 1813, to take the oath of office as governor of the Missouri Territory. Clark's road to a gubernatorial appointment was long and complex. Upon Lewis' appointment by Jefferson, Clark backed him and at times filled
4355-401: Was destroyed by a flood five years later. In 1968, the Oregon Legislative Assembly referred a bill, Ballot Measure 5 , to voters that would amend the state constitution to allow for consolidated city-county governments when their populations are over 300,000. The 1968 voters' pamphlet noted that Multnomah County would be the only county in Oregon affected by the measure and voters approved
4422-421: Was supported by three other commissioners (Serena Cruz, Lisa Naito, and Maria Rojo de Steffey), but criticized by Lonnie Roberts, who represents the eastern part of Multnomah County and was left out of the decision. Within a few days, several groups joined to file a lawsuit to halt the county's action. After that, though, Linn and the three commissioners developed a public feud, with the latter becoming known as
4489-445: Was tutored at home. In later years, he was self-conscious about his convoluted grammar and inconsistent spelling—he spelled "Sioux" 27 different ways in his journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition —and sought to have his journals corrected before publication. The spelling of American English was not standardized in Clark's youth, but his vocabulary suggests he was well read. Clark's five older brothers fought in Virginia units during
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