61-411: ORP may refer to: Operational Ration Pack , UK military Operational Readiness Plan Operational Readiness Platform (ORP) Orpington railway station , Bromley, England O'Reilly Raceway Park at Indianapolis Oxidation reduction potential in chemistry Okręt Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej , a Polish Navy ship prefix Topics referred to by
122-566: A platoon . A typical field ration consists of: Field rations may come in different varieties, or carry multiple meals, for breakfast , lunch , dinner , or supper . Vegetarian , vegan , and religious diet variants may be available if a military's demographics necessitate them. Specialized variants of field rations may exist for different environments, situations, and roles, such as cold-weather warfare , mountain warfare , jungle warfare , desert warfare , long-range reconnaissance patrols , and vehicle crew variants. The meals offered in
183-420: A London physician, said that his "water and vegetable diet" could cure anything from tuberculosis to acne. Lambe called animal food a "habitual irritation" and argued that "milk eating and flesh-eating are but branches of a common system and they must stand or fall together". Sylvester Graham 's meatless Graham diet—mostly fruit, vegetables, water, and bread made at home with stoneground flour —became popular as
244-812: A Residence on a Georgian plantation in 1838–1839 . In 1843, members of Alcott House created the British and Foreign Society for the Promotion of Humanity and Abstinence from Animal Food , led by Sophia Chichester , a wealthy benefactor of Alcott House. Alcott House also helped to establish the British Vegetarian Society , which held its first meeting in 1847 in Ramsgate, Kent . The Medical Times and Gazette in London reported in 1884: There are two kinds of Vegetarians—one an extreme form,
305-613: A Russian-British engineer) observing. World Vegan Day is held every 1 November to mark the founding of the Society, and the Society considers November World Vegan Month. The Vegan News changed its name to The Vegan in November 1945, by which time it had 500 subscribers. It published recipes and a "vegan trade list" of animal-free products, such as toothpastes, shoe polishes, stationery and glue. Vegan books appeared, including Vegan Recipes by Fay K. Henderson (1946) and Aids to
366-442: A Vegan Diet for Children by Kathleen V. Mayo (1948). The Vegan Society soon made clear that it rejected the use of animals for any purpose, not only in diet. In 1947, Watson wrote: "The vegan renounces it as superstitious that human life depends upon the exploitation of these creatures whose feelings are much the same as our own". From 1948, The Vegan ' s front page read: "Advocating living without exploitation", and in 1951,
427-581: A battleground over the following decades. There were regular discussions about it in the Vegetarian Messenger ; it appears from the correspondence pages that many opponents of veganism were vegetarians. During a visit to London in 1931, Mahatma Gandhi —who had joined the London Vegetarian Society 's executive committee when he lived in London from 1888 to 1891—gave a speech to the Society arguing that it ought to promote
488-581: A definition for food suitable for vegans on 22 April 2016. The European Vegetarian Union adopted this text for a proposal for a legally binding definition based on Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 in July 2019. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization published standard ISO 23662 on "definitions and technical criteria for foods and food ingredients suitable for vegetarians or vegans and for labelling and claims". ISO 23662
549-658: A distrust of food producers, leading to increasing interest in organic gardening. One of the most influential vegetarian books of that time was Frances Moore Lappé 's 1971 Diet for a Small Planet . It sold more than three million copies and suggested "getting off the top of the food chain". The following decades saw research by a group of scientists and doctors in the U.S., including Dean Ornish , Caldwell Esselstyn , Neal D. Barnard , John A. McDougall , Michael Greger , and biochemist T. Colin Campbell , who argued that diets based on animal fat and animal protein, such as
610-644: A field ration often come in multiple different " menus " (varieties) predominantly featuring foods from a military's national or traditional cuisine —and, if diverse enough and possible under the constraints of a field ration, fusion cuisine such as soul food or Canadian Chinese cuisine —intended to evoke the "taste of home" while on deployment or away. Some rations include commercially available items, often snacks such as Tootsie Rolls , Charms , and Yorkie bars . However, basic or less-accommodating rations (usually emergency rations ) may consist of very simple meals intended to provide enough nutrients and energy to keep
671-608: A health remedy in the 1830s in the United States. The first known vegan cookbook was Asenath Nicholson 's Kitchen Philosophy for Vegetarians , published in 1849. Several vegan communities were established around this time. In Massachusetts, Amos Bronson Alcott , father of the novelist Louisa May Alcott , opened the Temple School in 1834 and Fruitlands in 1844, and in England, James Pierrepont Greaves founded
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#1732773288237732-539: A meat-free diet as a matter of morality, not health. Lacto-vegetarians acknowledged the ethical consistency of the vegan position but regarded a vegan diet as impracticable and were concerned that it might be an impediment to spreading vegetarianism if vegans found themselves unable to participate in social circles where no non-animal food was available. This became the predominant view of the Vegetarian Society, which in 1935 stated: "The lacto-vegetarians , on
793-770: A soldier combat-ready or alive, like compressed food bars . Field rations are commonly issued to land forces such as armies , who may spend lengthy periods of time away from fixed food sources. Navies and air forces are not commonly issued field rations as they are closely attached to the rear or steady supplies of food—prepared in galleys aboard naval vessels and flight kitchens at air bases —though they may still be issued to marines and air force ground forces . Additionally, rations may still be issued to personnel in certain situations or roles, like long-range flight rations for bomber , transport , and reconnaissance aircraft crews, who could otherwise spend hours in flight without food. As field rations are intended to last long,
854-704: A vegan and vegetarian diet is that vegans exclude dairy products, eggs, and honey. Vegan meat alternatives are commonly sold in forms like vegetarian sausage , mince , or veggie burgers . They are often made from soybeans , seitan (wheat gluten), beans, lentils, rice, mushrooms or vegetables. Meat substitutes have been made in China since at least the Tang dynasty (618 to 907 common era ), including mock duck made from seitan. They are much newer to Western countries. Some famous Western producers of vegan meat alternatives include Impossible Foods and Beyond Meat . But in
915-399: Is " environmental veganism ", which refers to the avoidance of animal products on the grounds that the industrial farming of animals is environmentally damaging and unsustainable . Another motivation for veganism is concern about animal welfare . Since 1988, The Vegan Society gives two definitions of veganism: Veganism is a philosophy and way of living which seeks to exclude—as far as
976-644: Is accepted among ethical and environmental vegans and the second definition by The Vegan Society is accepted among dietary vegans. The European Commission was granted the power to adopt an implementing act on food information related to suitability of a food for vegans by the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union in article 36 of Regulation (EU) No 1169/2011 . The German consumer protection minister conference approved
1037-464: Is also sometimes used. Some modern field rations use a flameless ration heater instead of fuel tablets. NATO standardization states that, while main courses and entrées must be consumable without heating, main course components and hot beverages should be provided with a heater, with such items intended to be heated to a minimum temperature of 62 °C from an ambient temperature of 20 °C within 12 minutes. The shelf life of rations depends on
1098-704: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Operational Ration Pack A field ration is a type of prepackaged military ration designed to be easily and quickly prepared and consumed in the field , in combat , at the front line , or where eating facilities are otherwise unavailable. Field rations are primarily used by military forces, though they are also sometimes distributed to civilians as part of humanitarian aid and emergency management . They differ from garrison rations and field kitchen provisions, which are intended for where proper meals can be supplied and prepared with relative ease and safety, such as in
1159-547: Is estimated to be 4,900 kcal per day; however, this is seen to be a worst-case scenario. General Purpose Individual Operational Ration General Purpose Individual Operational Ration Field rations can be eaten at any temperature, but are preferably heated or cooked. However, as the use of cooking appliances or fire may be unavailable or tactically unwise, smokeless solid fuel and a portable stove are typically included in rations to heat meals. Hexamine fuel tablets have traditionally been preferred, though gelatinized ethanol
1220-599: Is lower in dietary energy, carbohydrates, and protein. Soy milk should not be used as a replacement for breast milk for babies. Babies who are not breastfed may be fed commercial infant formula , normally based on cow milk or soy. The latter is known as soy-based infant formula or SBIF. Butter and margarine can be replaced with alternate vegan products. Vegan cheeses are made from seeds, such as sesame and sunflower ; nuts, such as cashew, pine nut , and almond; and soybeans, coconut oil, nutritional yeast , tapioca , and rice, among other ingredients; and can replicate
1281-412: Is possible and practicable—all forms of exploitation of, and cruelty to, animals for food, clothing or any other purpose; and by extension, promotes the development and use of animal-free alternatives for the benefit of animals, humans and the environment. In dietary terms it denotes the practice of dispensing with all products derived wholly or partly from animals. The first definition by The Vegan Society
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#17327732882371342-488: Is quite true that most—not all—Food Reformers admit into their diet such animal food as milk, butter, cheese, and eggs..." Salt also argued that the primary objective of the vegetarian movement should be to eliminate meat, while contending that dairy and eggs are also unnecessary and could be phased out over time. C. W. Daniel published an early vegan cookbook, Rupert H. Wheldon 's No Animal Food: Two Essays and 100 Recipes , in 1910. The consumption of milk and eggs became
1403-526: The Qimin Yaoshu , a Chinese agricultural encyclopedia written by Jia Sixie in 535. The encyclopedia mentions noodles prepared from wheat gluten called bótuō (餺飥). Wheat gluten was known as miànjīn (麵筋) by the Song dynasty (960–1279). In the 1960s and 1970s, a vegetarian food movement emerged as part of the counterculture in the United States that focused on concerns about diet, the environment, and
1464-666: The American Vegan Society (AVS), linking veganism to the concept of ahimsa , "non-harming" in Sanskrit . Distinctions may be made between several categories of veganism. Dietary vegans, also known as "strict vegetarians ", refrain from consuming meat , eggs , dairy products , and any other animal-derived substances. An " ethical vegan " is someone who not only excludes animal products from their diet but also tries to avoid using animals, animal products, and animal-tested products, when practical. Another term
1525-469: The Cold War . As of the 21st century, the vast majority of the world's militaries issue their own field rations, with different varieties of food based on national and cultural considerations. Many use 20th century-style packaging such as cans, boxes, and vacuum-sealed packaging, though some newer rations use retort pouch-based packaging. Veganism Veganism is the practice of abstaining from
1586-618: The Indus Valley civilization in 3300–1300 BCE in the Indian subcontinent , particularly in northern and western ancient India . Early vegetarians included Indian philosophers such as Parshavnatha , Mahavira , Acharya Kundakunda , Umaswati , Samantabhadra , and Valluvar ; the Indian emperors Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka . The term "Pure Vegan" or "Pure Buddhist" ( Chinese : 纯净素 ; pinyin : chúnjìngsù ) refers to
1647-540: The Western pattern diet , were unhealthy. They produced a series of books that recommend vegan or vegetarian diets, including McDougall's The McDougall Plan (1983), John Robbins 's Diet for a New America (1987), which associated meat eating with environmental damage, and Dr. Dean Ornish's Program for Reversing Heart Disease (1990). In 2003 two major North American dietitians' associations indicated that well-planned vegan diets were suitable for all life stages. This
1708-432: The rear where logistics are steady and fresh food can be supplied. They are similar to, but distinct from, other purpose-designed long-lasting types of food or rations such as emergency rations , humanitarian daily rations , and camping food . Names used for field rations vary by military and type, and include combat ration , food packet , ration pack , battle ration , iron ration , or meal ready-to-eat ( MRE );
1769-516: The American P-38 can opener or Australian field ration eating device . Some, but not all, ration packages may be biodegradable or compostable . NATO categorizes ration packaging under three types: NATO bases the nutritional content requirement on a reference soldier weighing 79 kg (174 lb), who on normal operations would have an energy expenditure of approximately 3,600 kcal per day. For combat operations, energy expenditure
1830-528: The Concordium, a vegan community at Alcott House on Ham Common , in 1838. The term "vegetarian" has been in use since around 1839 to refer to what was previously called a vegetable regimen or diet. Its origin is an irregular compound of vegetable and the suffix -arian (in the sense of "supporter, believer" as in humanitarian ). The earliest known written use is attributed to actress, writer and abolitionist Fanny Kemble , in her Journal of
1891-534: The Roman poet Ovid and the playwright Seneca the Younger . The Greek sage Pythagoras may have advocated an early form of strict vegetarianism, but his life is so obscure that it is disputed whether he ever advocated any form of vegetarianism. He almost certainly prohibited his followers from eating beans and wearing woolen garments . Eudoxus of Cnidus , a student of Archytas and Plato , writes, "Pythagoras
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1952-771: The Society published its definition of veganism as "the doctrine that man should live without exploiting animals". In 1956, its vice-president, Leslie Cross, founded the Plantmilk Society and in 1965, as Plantmilk Ltd and later Plamil Foods , it began production of one of the first widely distributed soy milks in the Western world. The first vegan society in the U.S. was founded in 1948 by Catherine Nimmo and Rubin Abramowitz in California, who distributed Watson's newsletter. In 1960, H. Jay Dinshah founded
2013-772: The U.S. by eight percent between 2012 and 2015, to $ 553 million a year. The Vegetarian Butcher ( De Vegetarische Slager ), the first known vegetarian butcher shop, selling mock meats, opened in the Netherlands in 2010, while America's first vegan butcher, the Herbivorous Butcher, opened in Minneapolis in 2016. Since 2017, more than 12,500 chain restaurant locations have begun offering Beyond Meat and Impossible Foods products, including Carl's Jr. outlets offering Beyond Burgers and Burger King outlets serving Impossible Whoppers. Plant-based meat sales in
2074-686: The U.S. grew 37% between 2017 and 2019. In 2011, Europe's first vegan supermarkets appeared in Germany: Veganz in Berlin and Vegilicious in Dortmund . In 2013, the Oktoberfest in Munich (traditionally a meat-heavy event) offered vegan dishes for the first time in its 200-year history. By 2016, 49% of Americans were drinking plant milk , and 91% still drank dairy milk. In the U.K.,
2135-643: The United Kingdom. This association continues into the 21st century, as evidenced by the prominence of vegan punk events such as Fluff Fest in Europe. The vegan diet became increasingly mainstream in the 2010s, especially in the latter half. The Economist declared 2019 "the year of the vegan". Chain restaurants began marking vegan items on their menus and supermarkets improved their selection of vegan-processed food. The global mock-meat market increased by 18 percent between 2005 and 2010, and in
2196-562: The beginnings of organized warfare . Some form of military food distribution and ration system has existed in practically every region and recorded era in history. However, for the most part, food actually brought into the field with military forces was uncommon; most of what could be considered "field rations" were, until around the early modern period , stable ingredients (such as grains ), easily or already preserved foods, food soldiers brought with them, and livestock . As most reliable food preservation methods did not exist, military food at
2257-527: The largest share of vegan consumers globally currently reside in Asia Pacific with nine percent of people following a vegan diet. In 2017, veganism rose in popularity in Hong Kong and China, particularly among millennials . China's vegan market was estimated to rise by more than 17% between 2015 and 2020, which is expected to be "the fastest growth rate internationally in that period". This exceeds
2318-497: The late 2010s many meat producers and supermarkets also started making their own brands of vegan meat substitutes. Plant milks —such as soy milk , almond milk , cashew milk , grain milks ( oat milk , flax milk and rice milk ), hemp milk , and coconut milk —are used in place of cow or goat milk. Soy milk provides around 7 g ( 1 ⁄ 4 oz) of protein per cup (240 mL or 8 fl oz), compared with 8 g (2/7oz) of protein per cup of cow's milk. Almond milk
2379-411: The latter is widely used but informal, and more accurately describes a specific U.S. field ration , the design and configuration of which has been used worldwide since its introduction. Field rations may be divided into two types: individual rations , which are intended to sustain a single soldier; and group rations , which are intended to sustain multiple soldiers in numbers ranging from a fireteam to
2440-466: The lunches added by Los Angeles , California in 2018, Portland , Maine in 2019, and New York City in 2022. In January 2021, 582,538 people from 209 countries and territories signed up for Veganuary, breaking the previous year's record of 400,000. That month, ONA in France became the first vegan restaurant in the country to receive a Michelin star . That year, 79 more plant-based restaurants around
2501-433: The meltability of dairy cheese. Nutritional yeast is a common substitute for the taste of cheese in vegan recipes. Cheese substitutes can be made at home, including from nuts, such as cashews . Yoghurt and cream products can be replaced with plant-based products such as soy yoghurt . Various types of plant cream have been created to replace dairy cream , and some types of imitation whipped cream are non-dairy. In
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2562-516: The members of which eat no animal food products what-so-ever; and a less extreme sect, who do not object to eggs, milk, or fish. The Vegetarian Society ... belongs to the latter more moderate division. An article in the Society's magazine, the Vegetarian Messenger , in 1851 discussed alternatives to shoe leather, which suggests the presence of vegans within the membership who rejected animal use entirely, not only in diet. Henry S. Salt 's 1886 A Plea for Vegetarianism and Other Essays asserts, "It
2623-413: The packaging they are stored in is designed to ensure a long shelf life and prevent spoilage. Rations are canned , vacuum-sealed , or freeze-dried foods stored in packages to prevent leakage or spoilage, commonly retort pouches , boxes , or cases . These containers are preferably easy to open, though some may require specific tools that are issued to soldiers or included in the ration package, such as
2684-600: The plant milk market increased by 155 percent in two years, from 36 million litres (63 million imperial pints) in 2011 to 92 million (162 million imperial pints) in 2013. There was a 185% increase in new vegan products between 2012 and 2016 in the U.K. In 2017, the United States School Nutrition Association found 14% of school districts across the country were serving vegan school meals compared to 11.5% of schools offering vegan lunch in 2016. In total, as of 2016 ,
2745-532: The practice of non-consumption of meat in China. This term, which predates the Western Zhou Dynasty (1027–771 BCE), originated from the humble diet of the poor and the rituals and rites of Chinese Pure Land Buddhism within monasteries, showing the dual cultivation of mindfulness and abstinence from killing or harming any sentient being. In the Chinese language, veganism and vegetarianism share
2806-662: The projected growth in the second and third fastest-growing vegan markets internationally in the same period, the United Arab Emirates (10.6%) and Australia (9.6%) respectively. In 2018, Jacy Reese Anthis 's book The End of Animal Farming argued that veganism will completely replace animal-based food by 2100. The book was featured in The Guardian , The New Republic , and Forbes , among other newspapers and magazines. The growth of schools serving vegan school meals has increased in recent years with
2867-519: The same initial interpretation and character, as the language's polymorphic nature denotes a path or journey that differs only by subjective consciousness. Initially centred on abstaining from meat, this concept evolved to include the exclusion of all animal by-products , such as clothing, household items, and medicinal remedies, and extends to doing no harm in thought or action towards all sentient beings. Greek philosophers such as Empedocles , Theophrastus , Plutarch , Plotinus , and Porphyry ; and
2928-449: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title ORP . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ORP&oldid=1218146030 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Polish-language text Short description
2989-401: The term "veganism" is modern: it was coined in 1944 by Donald Watson with the aim of differentiating it from vegetarianism , which rejects the consumption of meat but accepts the consumption of other products of animal origin, such as milk, dairy products and eggs. Interest in veganism increased significantly in the 2010s. Groups Ideas Related Vegetarianism can be traced back to
3050-453: The time focused more on foods that could keep and transit well, such as hardtack , rather than foods that were nutritious. Modern field rations took recognizable forms with the inventions of airtight food preservation, tin cans , and pasteurization in the 19th century. Canned and preserved rations became standard in both World War I and World War II , with modern ration configurations being developed and becoming standard during and after
3111-520: The type and purpose, including how long the ration is intended to be used or kept until logistics and steady food supplies can reach the front lines. Per NATO standardization, the shelf life of a field ration from the time of delivery must be at least 24 months at a storage temperature of 25 °C; individual rations are designed to be used for a period of 30 days, after which fresh food should be given and medical screening should be conducted for nutritional deficiencies. Military rations have existed since
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#17327732882373172-727: The use of animal products —particularly in diet —and an associated philosophy that rejects the commodity status of animals . A person who practices veganism is known as a vegan . The foundations of veganism include ethical, moral, environmental, health and humanitarian arguments. Veganism excludes all forms of animal use , whether in agriculture for labour or food (e.g., meat, fish, eggs, milk, dairy products , and honey), in clothing and industry (e.g., leather , wool , fur , and some cosmetics ), in entertainment (e.g., zoos , exotic pets , and circuses ), or in services (e.g., guide dogs , police dogs , hunting dogs , working animals , and animal testing , including medical experimentation and
3233-431: The use of pharmaceuticals derived from or tested on animals). A person who practices veganism may do so for personal health benefits or to reduce animal deaths, minimize animal suffering, or minimize their ecological footprint . Fruits, vegetables, legumes, nuts, grains and mushrooms are the basic elements of vegan food. Since ancient times individuals have been renouncing the consumption of products of animal origin, but
3294-611: The view—espoused by Porphyry in De Abstinentia ab Esu Animalium (" On Abstinence from Animal Food ", c. 268 – c. 270 )—that if humans deserve justice, then so do animals. Vegetarianism established itself as a significant movement in 19th-century Britain and the United States. A minority of vegetarians avoided animal food entirely. In 1813, the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley published A Vindication of Natural Diet , advocating "abstinence from animal food and spirituous liquors", and in 1815, William Lambe ,
3355-560: The whole, do not defend the practice of consuming the dairy products except on the ground of expediency." In August 1944, several members of the Vegetarian Society asked that a section of its newsletter be devoted to non-dairy vegetarianism. When the request was denied, Donald Watson , secretary of the Leicester branch, set up a new quarterly newsletter, The Vegan News , in November 1944, priced tuppence . The word vegan
3416-735: The word vegan was first published independently in 1962 by the Oxford Illustrated Dictionary , defined as "a vegetarian who eats no butter, eggs, cheese, or milk". The first edition of The Vegan News attracted more than 100 letters, including from George Bernard Shaw , who resolved to give up eggs and dairy. The Vegan Society held its first meeting in early November at the Attic Club, 144 High Holborn , London. In attendance were Donald Watson , Elsie B. Shrigley , Fay K. Henderson, Alfred Hy Haffenden, Paul Spencer and Bernard Drake, with Mme Pataleewa ( Barbara Moore ,
3477-650: The world received Michelin stars. At the end of the year, a poll conducted by The Guardian showed that a new high of 36% of the British public were interested in veganism. The city with the most vegan restaurants per resident in 2021 according to data collected from HappyCow was Chiang Mai (Thailand), followed by Ubud (Bali, Indonesia), Phuket (Thailand), Tel Aviv (Israel), and Lisbon (Portugal). Vegan diets are based on grains and other seeds , legumes (particularly beans ), fruits , vegetables , edible mushrooms , and nuts . The main difference between
3538-471: Was distinguished by such purity and so avoided killing and killers that he not only abstained from animal foods, but even kept his distance from cooks and hunters". One of the earliest known vegans was the Arab poet al-Ma'arri , famous for his poem "I No Longer Steal From Nature". ( c. 973 – c. 1057 ). Their arguments were based on health, the transmigration of souls , animal welfare , and
3599-404: Was followed by the film Earthlings (2005), Campbell's The China Study (2005), Rory Freedman and Kim Barnouin's Skinny Bitch (2005), Jonathan Safran Foer 's Eating Animals (2009), and the film Forks over Knives (2011). In the 1980s, veganism became associated with punk subculture and ideologies , particularly straight edge hardcore punk in the U.S. and anarcho-punk in
3660-562: Was invented by Watson and Dorothy Morgan, a schoolteacher he later married. The word is based on "the first three and last two letters of 'vegetarian ' " because it marked, in Watson's words, "the beginning and end of vegetarian". The Vegan News asked its readers if they could think of anything better than vegan to stand for "non-dairy vegetarian". They suggested allvega , neo-vegetarian , dairyban , vitan , benevore , sanivores , and beaumangeur . According to Joanne Stepaniak ,
3721-419: Was rejected by Nederlandse Vereniging voor Veganisme who found the standard inconsistent with their vision. Wheat gluten originally called miànjīn (麵筋), is a way of preparation of wheat that has been documented in China since the 6th century to the present day. It is widely consumed by Chinese Buddhist's , monastics and lay people as a substitute for meat. The oldest reference to wheat gluten appears in
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