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112-607: Three ships of the Polish Navy have been named ORP Orkan ( Polish : windstorm ): Orkan was the planned name for the second improved Grom -class destroyer . She was never laid down; the German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939 interrupted her construction and the materials intended for her construction were scrapped or diverted. ORP  Orkan  (G90) , an M-class destroyer (formerly HMS Myrmidon ) transferred to

224-550: A Kilo-class submarine, ORP  Orzeł and a modified Kashin-class missile destroyer, ( ORP  Warszawa ). Polish shipyards produced mostly landing craft, minesweepers and auxiliary vessels. The primary role of the Warsaw Pact Polish Navy was to be Baltic Sea control, as well as amphibious operations along the entire Baltic coastline against NATO forces in Denmark and West Germany . The collapse of

336-546: A wider campaign . With Ivan's reserves in Pskov and Novgorod to guard against a possible Swedish invasion, the city fell on 30 August 1579. Báthory then appointed a close ally and powerful member of his court, Jan Zamoyski , to lead a force of 48,000, including 25,000 men from Lithuania, against the fortress of Velikie Luki which he went on to capture on 5 September 1580. Without further significant resistance, garrisons such as Sokol, Velizh, and Usvzat fell quickly. In 1581,

448-680: A Chief of the Navy (a three-star Admirał floty ) and a Naval Command. On that date the branch-specific Land Forces, Air Forces, Naval and Special Forces Commands were disestablished and combined into two new commands. The functions of the three-star Chief of the Navy were split between two two-star officers (vice-admirals in the Polish system of military ranks) - an Inspector of the Navy under the Armed Forces General Command , responsible for manpower, materiel and combat readiness and

560-940: A Commander of the Seaborne Component Command, responsible for naval operations. PZL M28 PZL M28 Italy Naval Strike Missile Coastal Defence System 1 additional squadron ordered in 2014 Each squadron is made of 2 batteries. Naval Strike Missile - Battery Command Vehicle 1 per battery, 2 per squadron Mobile Radar Vehicle 1 per battery, 2 per squadron Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Launch Vehicle 4 missiles per launcher. 3 per battery, 6 per squadron Naval Strike Missile - Combat Command Vehicle 3 per battery, 6 per squadron Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Communication Center 1 per battery, 2 per squadron Naval Strike Missile - Transport Loading Vehicle Naval Strike Missile - Mobile Workshop Vehicle Naval Strike Missile 24 ordered with

672-470: A Polish–Swedish force took the town and castle of Wenden in early 1578. Russian forces failed to retake the town in February, an attack followed by a Swedish offensive, targeting Pernau (Pärnu), Dorpat, and Novgorod among others. In September, Ivan responded by sending in an army of 18,000 men, who recaptured Oberpahlen (Põltsamaa) from Sweden and then marched on Wenden. Upon their arrival at Wenden,

784-728: A combined fleet of the Kingdom of Poland and the pro-Polish Prussian Confederation decisively defeated the navy of the Teutonic Knights , and secured permanent access to the Baltic Sea. In 1454, the maritime city of Gdańsk was re-incorporated to Poland after being previously occupied by the Teutonic Knights since 1308. The reintegration was confirmed in the Second Peace of Thorn (1466) , and Poland acquired

896-710: A fifteen-year truce in which Livonia agreed not to enter into an alliance with Poland–Lithuania. On 22 January 1558, Ivan reacted with the invasion of Livonia. The Russians were seen by local peasants as liberators from the German control of Livonia. Many Livonian fortresses surrendered without resistance while Russian troops took Dorpat (Tartu) in May, Narva in July and laid siege to Reval (Tallinn). Reinforced by 1,200 Landsknechts , 100 gunners, and ammunition from Germany, Livonian forces successfully retook Wesenberg (Rakvere) along with

1008-661: A full peace arrangement, was to last ten years and was renewed twice, in 1591 and 1601. Báthory failed in his attempts to pressure Sweden into relinquishing its gains in Livonia, particularly Narva. Following a decision by John, the war with Russia ended when the Tsar concluded the Truce of Plussa ( Plyussa, Pljussa, Plusa ) with Sweden on 10 August 1583. Russia relinquished most of Ingria, leaving Narva and Ivangorod as well under Swedish control. Originally scheduled to last three years,

1120-601: A multitude of small campaigns, with sieges where musketmen played a key role in destroying wooden defences with effective artillery support. The Tsar's forces took important fortresses like Fellin (Viljandi), yet lacked the means to gain the major cities of Riga , Reval (Tallinn), or Pernau (Pärnu). The Livonian knights suffered a disastrous defeat by the Russians at the Battle of Ērģeme in August 1560. Some historians believe

1232-624: A number of other fortresses. Although the Germans raided Russian territory, Dorpat (Tartu), Narva, and many lesser fortresses remained in Russian hands. The initial Russian advance was led by the Khan of Qasim Shahghali , with two other Tatar princes at the head of a force that included Russian boyars , Tatar, and Pomestnoe cavalry, as well as Cossacks , who at that time were mostly armed foot soldiers. Ivan gained further ground in campaigns during

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1344-751: A number of smaller fast-attack vessels. The Polish Navy fought alongside the Allied navies in Norway, the North Sea, the Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and aided in the escort of Atlantic and Arctic convoys , in which ORP  Orkan was lost in 1943. Polish naval vessels played a part in the sinking of the German battleship  Bismarck , and in the landings in Normandy during D-Day . During

1456-476: A payment by Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian II . Maximilian failed to pay the promised compensation, however, and thereby lost his influence on Baltic affairs. The terms of the treaty regarding Livonia were ignored, and thus the Livonian War continued. From Ivan's point of view, the treaty enabled the powers involved to form an alliance against him, now that they were no longer fighting each other. During

1568-617: A payment of 200,000 zlotys . For a further 200,000 zloty payment, he appointed Hohenzollern George Frederick as administrator of Prussia and secured the latter's military support in the planned campaign against Russia. Báthory received only few soldiers from his Polish vassals and was forced to recruit mercenaries, primarily Poles, Hungarians , Bohemians , Germans , and Wallachians . A separate Szekler brigade fought in Livonia. Swedish King John III and Stephen Báthory allied against Ivan IV in December 1577, despite problems caused by

1680-591: A peace in the region. Magnus at once pursued his own interests, purchasing the Bishopric of Courland without Frederick's consent and trying to expand into Harrien – Wierland (Harju and Virumaa). This brought him into direct conflict with Eric. In 1561, Swedish forces arrived and the noble corporations of Harrien–Wierland and Jerwen (Järva) yielded to Sweden to form the Duchy of Estonia . Reval (Tallinn), similarly, accepted Swedish rule. Denmark-Norway dominated

1792-725: A varying coalition of the Dano-Norwegian Realm , the Kingdom of Sweden , and the Union (later Commonwealth ) of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland . From 1558 to 1578, Russia dominated the region with early military successes at Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva . The Russian dissolution of the Livonian Confederation brought Poland–Lithuania into the conflict, and Sweden and Denmark-Norway intervened between 1559 and 1561. Swedish Estonia

1904-414: A vassal state of Poland–Lithuania. With weak support in Livonia, von Brandenburg had to largely rely on external allies. Among his few Livonian supporters was landmarschall Jasper von Munster , with whom he planned an April 1556 attack on his opponents that would involve military aid from both Sigismund and Albert. However, Sigismund hesitated over participation in the action, fearing that it would leave

2016-635: Is currently serving. [REDACTED] [REDACTED] List of ships with the same or similar names This article includes a list of ships with the same or similar names. If an internal link for a specific ship led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended ship article, if one exists. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=ORP_Orkan&oldid=1255183447 " Categories : Set index articles on ships Polish Navy ship names Hidden categories: Articles containing Polish-language text Articles with short description Short description

2128-469: Is different from Wikidata All set index articles Polish Navy The Polish Navy has its roots in naval vessels that were largely employed on Poland's main rivers in defense of trade and commerce. During the Thirteen Years' War (1454–66), a small force of ships that primarily operated on rivers and lakes saw real open sea battles for the first time. At the Battle of Vistula Lagoon ,

2240-637: Is planned to reinforce the Navy's helicopter fleet with four to eight ASW / SAR units. The Gawron-class corvettes program was cancelled with the sole surviving unit to be built as a patrol vessel. In June 2013 the Coastal Missile Division (NDR) equipped initially with 12 Naval Strike Missiles and two TRS-15C radars achieved initial readiness. The main mission of the Polish Navy is the defense of Poland's territorial waters, coastline and its interests abroad. Other missions include

2352-552: The Archbishopric of Riga and the city of Riga . Together with Riga, the cities of Dorpat (Tartu) and Reval (Tallinn), along with the knightly estates, enjoyed privileges enabling them to act almost independently. The only common institutions of the Livonian estates were the regularly held common assemblies known as Landtags . As well as a divided political administration, there were also persistent rivalries between

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2464-634: The Assembly of the Land ) to discuss the issues at stake. Within the Assembly, the church's representative stressed the need to "keep" Riga (though it had not yet been conquered), while the Boyars were less keen on an overall peace with Lithuania, noting the danger posed by a joint Polish-Lithuanian state. Talks were then halted and hostilities resumed upon the return of the ambassadors to Lithuania. In 1569,

2576-710: The Battle of Lode by the village of Koluvere . The Russian advance concluded with the sacking of Weissenstein (Paide) in 1573, where, after its capture, the occupying forces roasted some of the leaders of the Swedish garrison alive, including the commander. This triggered a retaliatory campaign by John centred on Wesenberg, to which the army departed in November 1573 with Klas Åkesson Tott in overall command and Pontus de la Gardie as field commander. There were also Russian raids into Finland, including one as far as Helsingfors (Helsinki) in 1572. A two-year truce on this front

2688-633: The Battle of Oliwa in 1627 against the Swedish Empire , during the Polish–Swedish War . The victory over the Swedish fleet secured for Poland permanent access to the Baltic, and laid the foundations for potential expeditions beyond Europe. The plans for the permanent naval fleet fell through shortly afterwards due to a badly executed alliance with the Habsburgs who in 1629 forcibly took over

2800-775: The Danish straits to Great Britain during the Polish September Campaign (one of them, ORP  Orzeł , made a daring escape from internment in Tallinn , Estonia , and traveled without charts). Three submarines were interned in Sweden, while remaining surface vessels were sunk by German aircraft. During the war the Polish Navy in exile was supplemented with leased British ships, including two cruisers ( ORP  Conrad , ex-HMS Danae ; ORP  Dragon , ex-HMS Dragon ), seven destroyers, three submarines, and

2912-575: The Kiev Voivodeship exposed to a pending Russian attack. When von Fürstenberg learned of the plan, he led a force into the archbishopric of Riga and in June 1556 captured the main strongholds of Kokenhusen and Ronneburg . Jasper von Munster fled to Lithuania, but von Brandenburg and Christoph von Mecklenburg were captured and detained at Adsel and Treiden . This resulted in a diplomatic mission to petition for their release being dispatched by

3024-409: The Kingdom of Livonia in 1570. Magnus defected from Ivan IV during the same year, having started to appropriate castles without consulting the Tsar. When Kokenhusen (Koknese) submitted to Magnus to avoid fighting Ivan IV's army, the Tsar sacked the town and executed its German commanders. The campaign then focussed on Wenden ( Cēsis , Võnnu), "the heart of Livonia", which as the former capital of

3136-740: The Pomeranian dukes , the Danish King, Emperor Ferdinand I , and the estates of the Holy Roman Empire . A cross-party meeting in Lübeck to resolve the conflict was scheduled for 1 April 1557, but was cancelled due to quarrels between Sigismund and the Danish envoys. Sigismund used the killing of his envoy Lancki by the landmeister's son as an excuse to invade the southern portion of Livonia with an army of around 80,000. He forced

3248-538: The River Dvina , troubled the Lithuanians, since much of their trade depended on safe passage through it and they had already built fortifications to protect it. Ivan expanded his demands in July, calling for Ösel in addition to Dorpat (Tartu) and Narva. No agreement was forthcoming and a ten-day break was taken in negotiations, during which time various Russian meetings were held (including the zemsky sobor ,

3360-613: The Treaty of Dorpat , whereby Russia recognised Sweden's right to Reval (Tallinn) and other castles, and Sweden accepted Russia's patrimony over the rest of Livonia. A seven-year truce was signed between Russia and Sweden in 1565. Eric XIV of Sweden was overthrown in 1568 after he killed several nobles in the Sture Murders ( Sturemorden ) of 1567, and was replaced by his half-brother John III . Both Russia and Sweden had other problems and were keen to avoid an expensive escalation of

3472-542: The Treaty of Lublin unified Poland and Lithuania into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth . The Duchy of Livonia , tied to Lithuania in real union since the Union of Grodno in 1566, came under Polish–Lithuanian joint sovereignty . In June 1570 a three-year truce was signed with Russia. Sigismund II, the Commonwealth's first King, died in 1572 leaving the Polish throne with no clear successor for

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3584-462: The Treaty of Mozhaysk , respecting each other's claims in Livonia and maintaining amicable relations. In 1564, Sweden and Russia concluded a seven-years truce. Both Ivan IV and Eric XIV showed signs of mental disorder , with Ivan IV turning against part of the Tsardom's nobility and people with the oprichina that began in 1565, leaving Russia in a state of political chaos and civil war. When

3696-456: The Treaty of Stettin . Primarily fought in western and southern Scandinavia , the war involved important naval battles fought in the Baltic . When Danish-held Varberg surrendered to Swedish forces in 1565, 150 Danish mercenaries escaped the subsequent massacre of the garrison by defecting to Sweden. Among them was Pontus de la Gardie , who thereafter became an important Swedish commander in

3808-615: The Truce of Plussa , with Sweden gaining most of Ingria and northern Livonia while retaining the Duchy of Estonia. By the mid-16th century, economically prosperous Old Livonia had become a region organised into the decentralised and religiously divided Livonian Confederation . Its territories consisted of the Livonian branch of the Teutonic Order , the prince-bishoprics of Dorpat (Tartu), Ösel–Wiek , as well as Courland ,

3920-620: The Tsardom of Russia had become Livonia's eastern neighbour and grown stronger after annexing the khanates of Kazan (1552) and Astrakhan (1556). The conflict between Russia and the Western powers was exacerbated by Russia's isolation from sea trade. The new Ivangorod port – built in 1550 during the reign of Tsar Ivan IV on the eastern shore of the Narva River – was considered unsatisfactory on account of its shallow waters. Thereafter

4032-500: The 1561 Treaty of Vilnius, later modified by the 1617 Formula regiminis and Statuta Curlandiæ , which granted indigenous nobles additional rights at the duke's expense. North of the Düna, Báthory reduced the privileges Sigismund had granted the Duchy of Livonia , regarding the regained territories as the spoils of war. Riga's privileges had already been reduced by the Treaty of Drohiczyn in 1581. Polish gradually replaced German as

4144-633: The 18th century brought an end to the possibility of an independent Polish Navy. Following World War I , the Second Polish Republic on 28 November 1918, by the order of Józef Piłsudski , commander of the Armed Forces of Poland, founded the modern Polish Navy. The small naval force was placed under the command of Captain Bogumił Nowotny as its first chief. The first ships, which included several torpedo boats , were acquired from

4256-686: The Allied war effort and prevent them from being destroyed in a closed Baltic (the Peking Plan ). On 30 August 1939, three destroyers, ( ORP  Błyskawica , ORP  Grom , and ORP  Burza ) sailed to the British naval base at Leith in Scotland. They then operated in combination with Royal Navy vessels against Germany. Also two submarines managed to flee from the Baltic Sea through

4368-730: The Archbishop of Riga and the Landmeister of the Order for hegemony. A schism had existed within the Order since the Reformation had spread to Livonia in the 1520s, although the transformation of the country into a Lutheran region was a gradual process, resisted by part of the Order that to a varying degree remained sympathetic to Roman Catholicism . As war approached, Livonia had a weak administration subject to internal rivalries, lacked any powerful defences or outside support, and

4480-1076: The Baltic, and Sweden wished to challenge this by gaining territory on the Eastern side of the Baltic. Doing so would help Sweden control the West's trade with Russia. This helped to precipitate the Northern Seven Years' War since in 1561, Frederick II had already protested against Swedish presence in Reval (Tallinn), claiming historical rights relating to Danish Estonia . When Eric XIV's forces seized Pernau (Pärnu) in June 1562, his diplomats tried to arrange Swedish protection for Riga, which brought him into conflict with Sigismund. Sigismund maintained close relations with Eric XIV's brother, John, Duke of Finland (later John III), and in October 1562 John married Sigismund's sister, Catherine , thereby preventing her marrying Ivan IV. While Eric XIV had approved

4592-617: The Baltic, known contemporaneously as the dominium maris baltici . While the initial war years were characterised by intensive fighting, a period of low-intensity warfare began in 1562 and lasted until 1570 when fighting once more intensified. Denmark, Sweden, and to some extent Poland–Lithuania were occupied with the Nordic Seven Years' War (1563–1570) taking place in the Western Baltic, but Livonia remained strategically important. In 1562, Denmark and Russia concluded

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4704-448: The Danish acquisition of Hapsal, Leal, and Lode. Danish influence in Livonia ceased, as Frederick accepted deals with Sweden and Poland to end nominal Danish involvement. Swedish forces were besieged in Reval (Tallinn) and central Livonia raided as far as Dünaburg (Daugavpils), formally under Polish–Lithuanian control since the 1561 Treaty of Vilnius . The conquered territories submitted to Ivan or his vassal, Magnus, declared monarch of

4816-454: The Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Kettler became the first Duke of Courland, in doing so converting to Lutheranism. Included in the treaty was the Privilegium Sigismundi Augusti by which Sigismund guaranteed the Livonian estates privileges including religious freedom with respect to the Augsburg Confession , the Indygenat , and continuation of the traditional German administration. The terms regarding religious freedom forbade any regulation of

4928-402: The Livonian Order was not only of strategic importance, but also symbolic of Livonia itself. In 1576, the Transylvanian prince Stephen Báthory became King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania after a contested election to the joint Polish–Lithuanian throne with the Habsburg Emperor Maximilian II . Both Báthory's fiancée Anna Jagiellon and Maximilian II had been proclaimed elected to

5040-482: The Livonian War. Livonia was also affected by the naval campaign of Danish admiral Peder Munk , who bombarded Swedish Reval (Tallinn) from sea in July 1569. The Treaty of Stettin made Denmark the supreme and dominating power in Northern Europe , yet failed to restore the Kalmar Union . Unfavourable conditions for Sweden led to a series of conflicts that only ended with the Great Northern War in 1720. Sweden agreed to turn over her possessions in Livonia in return for

5152-410: The Livonian population did not convert en masse , while the Livonian estates in Poland–Lithuania were alienated. In 1590, the Russo-Swedish truce of Plussa expired and fighting resumed while the ensuing Russo-Swedish War of 1590–5 ended with the Treaty of Teusina (Tyavzino, Tyavzin), under which Sweden had to cede Ingria and Kexholm to Russia. The Swedish–Polish alliance began to crumble when

5264-403: The Order required passive Russian support, and was quick to threaten use of military force if necessary. He aimed to establish a corridor between the Baltic and the new territories on the Caspian Sea , because if Russia were to engage in open conflict with major western powers, it would need imports of more sophisticated weaponry. The Polish King and Lithuanian Grand Duke Sigismund II Augustus

5376-429: The Polish King and Grand Duke of Lithuania Sigismund III , who as son of John III of Sweden (died 1592) and Catherine Jagellonica, was the successor to the Swedish throne, met with resistance from a faction led by his uncle, Charles of Södermanland (later Charles IX), who claimed regency in Sweden for himself. Sweden descended into a civil war in 1597, followed by the 1598–1599 war against Sigismund , which ended with

5488-464: The Polish Navy consisted of 5 submarines, 4 destroyers, 1 big minelayer and various smaller support vessels and mine-warfare ships. This force was no match for the larger Kriegsmarine , and so a strategy of harassment and indirect engagement was implemented. The outbreak of World War II caught the Polish Navy in a state of expansion. Lacking numerical superiority, Polish Naval commanders decided to withdraw main surface ships to Great Britain to join

5600-423: The Protestant order by religious or secular authorities. Some members of the Lithuanian nobility opposed the growing Polish–Lithuanian union and offered the Lithuanian crown to Ivan IV. The Tsar publicly advertised this option, either because he took the offer seriously, or because he needed time to strengthen his Livonian troops. Throughout 1561, a Russo-Lithuanian truce (with a scheduled expiration date of 1562)

5712-479: The Republic of Poland undertook a number of modernization programs aimed at creating a force capable of power projection . This included the acquisition of two Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigates from the United States. The Naval air arm has also acquired a number of SH-2G Super Seasprite helicopters. The Polish Navy continues to operate one Kilo-class attack submarine ( ORP  Orzeł ). The Polish Navy has taken part in numerous joint force operations. In 1999

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5824-614: The Russian army laid siege to the town, but was met by a relief force of around 6,000 German, Polish, and Swedish soldiers. In the ensuing Battle of Wenden , Russian casualties were severe with armaments and horses captured, leaving Ivan IV with his first serious defeat in Livonia. Báthory accelerated the formation of the hussars , a new well-organised cavalry troop that replaced the feudal levy. Similarly, he improved an already effective artillery system and recruited cossacks . Báthory gathered 56,000 troops, 30,000 of them from Lithuania, for his first assault on Russia at Polotsk, as part of

5936-437: The Russian nobility were split over the timing of the invasion of Livonia. Eric XIV , the new King of Sweden, turned down Kettler's requests for assistance, along with a similar request from Poland. Kettler turned to Sigismund for help. The weakened Livonian Order was dissolved by the second Treaty of Vilnius in 1561. Its lands were secularised as the Duchy of Livonia and Duchy of Courland and Semigallia and assigned to

6048-429: The Russo-Lithuanian truce expired in 1562, Ivan IV rejected Sigismund's offer of an extension. The Tsar had used the period of the truce to build up his forces in Livonia, and he invaded Lithuania. His army raided Vitebsk and, after a series of border clashes, took Polotsk in 1563. Lithuanian victories came at the Battle of Ula in 1564 and at Czasniki (Chashniki) in 1567, a period of intermittent conflict between

6160-436: The Russo-Swedish truce was later extended until 1590. During the negotiations, Sweden made vast demands for Russian territory, including Novgorod. Whilst these conditions were probably only for the purposes of negotiation, they may have reflected Swedish aspirations of territory in the region. The post-war Duchy of Courland and Semigallia south of the Düna (Daugava) river experienced a period of political stability based on

6272-441: The Soviet Union , the dissolution of the Warsaw Pact , and the fall of Communism ended this stance. Poland's entrance into the North Atlantic Treaty Organization has greatly changed the structure and role of the Polish Navy. Whereas before, most of Naval High Command was concerned with coastal defense and Baltic Sea Operations, the current mindset is for integration with international naval operations. To facilitate these changes

6384-418: The Swedes were also to be moved to Moscow, this occurred at the same time Ivan and his oprichniki were on their way to launch an assault on Novgorod in northern Russia. In an act of vengeance against the perceived treason of the local Orthodox church in Novgorod, Ivan's forces launched an attack on the city, where 2,000–15,000 people were killed. On his return to Moscow in May 1570, Ivan refused to meet

6496-531: The Swedish party, and with the signing of a three-year truce in June 1570 with the Commonwealth he no longer feared war with Poland–Lithuania. Russia considered the delivery of Catherine to be a precondition of any deal, and the Swedes agreed to meet in Novgorod to discuss the matter. According to Juusten, at the meeting the Russians demanded the Swedes to abandon their claim to Reval (Tallinn), provide two or three hundred cavalry when required, pay 10,000 thaler in direct compensation, surrender Finnish silver mines near

6608-428: The administrative language and the establishment of voivodeships reduced the Baltic German administration. The local clergy and the Jesuits in Livonia embraced the Counter-Reformation in a process assisted by Báthory, who gave the Roman Catholic Church revenues and estates confiscated from Protestants as well as initiating a largely unsuccessful recruitment campaign for Catholic colonists. Despite these measures,

6720-435: The advantages of a growing navy and proximity to the Livonian ports across the narrow Gulf of Finland . Before the Livonian War, Sweden had sought expansion into Livonia, but the intervention of the Russian tsar temporarily stalled these efforts through the Russo-Swedish War of 1554–1557 , which culminated in the 1557 Treaty of Novgorod . Through its absorption of the principalities of Novgorod (1478) and Pskov (1510),

6832-409: The border with Russia, and allow the Tsar to style himself "Lord of Sweden". The Swedish party left following an ultimatum from Ivan that Sweden should cede its territory in Livonia or there would be war. Juusten was left behind while John rejected Ivan's demands, and war broke out anew. Quarrels between Denmark-Norway and Sweden led to the Northern Seven Years' War in 1563, which ended in 1570 with

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6944-458: The budgetary limitations placed on the government by the Great Depression never allowed the navy to expand beyond a small Baltic force. The building of one submarine , ORP  Orzeł , was partly funded by a public collection. One of the main goals of the Polish Navy was to protect the Polish coast against the Soviet Baltic Fleet , therefore it put emphasis on fast submarines, large and heavily armed destroyers and mine warfare. By September 1939

7056-424: The capture of Riga in 1621 and expelled Polish–Lithuanian forces from most of Livonia, where the dominion of Swedish Livonia was created. Swedish forces then advanced through Royal Prussia and Poland–Lithuania accepted Swedish gains in Livonia in the 1629 Treaty of Altmark . The Danish province of Øsel was ceded to Sweden under the 1645 Treaty of Brömsebro , which ended the Torstenson War , one theatre of

7168-499: The castles of Hapsal , Leal , and Lode as security, but when he failed to pay they were sold to Denmark. Meanwhile, efforts by Magnus to besiege Swedish-controlled Reval (Tallinn) were faltering, with support from neither Ivan nor Magnus' brother, Frederick II of Denmark forthcoming. Ivan's attention was focused elsewhere, while Frederick's reluctance perhaps stemmed from a new spirit of Swedish–Danish unity that made him unwilling to invade Livonia on behalf of Magnus, whose state

7280-467: The city of Dorpat (Tartu) to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while Polotsk would remain under Commonwealth control. Any captured Swedish territory—specifically Narva—could be retained by the Russians and Velike Luki would be returned from Báthory's control to Russia. Possevino made a half-hearted attempt to get John III's wishes taken into consideration, but this was vetoed by the Tsar, probably in collusion with Báthory. The armistice, which fell short of

7392-447: The competing parties in Livonia to reconcile at his camp in Pozvol in September 1557. There they signed the Treaty of Pozvol , which created a mutual defensive and offensive alliance, with its primary target Russia, and provoked the Livonian War. Ivan IV regarded the Livonian Confederation 's approach to the Polish–Lithuanian union for protection under the Treaty of Pozvol as casus belli . In 1554 Livonia and Russia had signed

7504-445: The course of the war, one cruiser, four destroyers, one minelayer, one torpedo boat, two submarines and some smaller vessels (gunboats, mine hunters etc.) were sunk; in total, twenty-six ships were lost, mostly in September 1939. In addition to participating in the sinking of Bismarck , the Polish Navy sank an enemy destroyer and six other surface ships, two submarines and a number of merchant vessels. After World War II, on 7 July 1945,

7616-554: The creation of a higher, more powerful noble class. Only the archbishopric of Riga successfully overcame resistance of the lesser nobles. Wilhelm von Brandenburg was appointed as Archbishop of Riga and Christoph von Mecklenburg as his Coadjutor , with the help of his brother Albert (Albrecht) of Brandenburg–Ansbach , the former Prussian Hochmeister who had secularised the southern Teutonic Order state and in 1525 established himself as duke in Prussia . Wilhelm and Christoph were to pursue Albert's interests in Livonia, among which

7728-418: The death of Sigismund which meant that the issue of the substantial inheritance due to John's wife, Catherine, had not been resolved. Poland also claimed the whole of Livonia, without accepting Swedish rule of any part of it. The 120,000 daler lent in 1562 had still not been repaid, despite Sigismund's best intentions to settle it. By November, Lithuanian forces moving northward had captured Dünaburg while

7840-426: The deposition of Sigismund by the Swedish riksdag . Local nobles turned to Charles for protection in 1600 when the conflict spread to Livonia, where Sigismund had tried to incorporate Swedish Estonia into the Duchy of Livonia. Charles then expelled the Polish forces from Estonia and invaded the Livonian duchy , starting a series of Polish–Swedish wars . At the same time, Russia was embroiled in civil war over

7952-408: The dominant force in Central and Eastern Europe during the 16th–18th centuries, never developed its navy to its full potential. The proportionally small Polish coastline and the limited access to the Atlantic never allowed for a massive buildup of naval forces to the level of maritime great powers such as the Kingdom of Great Britain and the Kingdom of France . The Partitions of Poland at the end of

8064-525: The early 1570s, King John III of Sweden faced a Russian offensive on his positions in Estonia. Reval (Tallinn) withstood a Russian siege in 1570 and 1571, but several smaller towns were taken by Russian forces. On 23 January a Swedish army of 700 infantry and 600 cavalry under command of Clas Åkesson Tott (the Elder) clashed with a Russian and Tartar army of 16,000 men under the command of Khan Sain-Bulat at

8176-560: The estates of Livonia came under Polish–Lithuanian protection through the first Treaty of Vilnius . The Polish sejm refused to agree to the treaty, believing it to be a matter affecting only the Grand Duchy of Lithuania . In January 1560, Sigismund sent ambassador Martin Volodkov to the court of Ivan in Moscow in an attempt to stop the Russian cavalry rampaging through rural Livonia. Russian successes followed similar patterns featuring

8288-518: The fall of Wesenberg , a mercenary army hired by Sweden recaptured the strategic city of Narva. A target of John III's campaigns, since it could be attacked by both land and sea, the campaign made use of Sweden's considerable fleet but later arguments over formal control in the long term hampered any alliance with Poland. Following la Gardie's taking of the city, and in retaliation for previous Russian massacres, 7,000 Russians were killed according to Russow 's contemporary chronicle. The fall of Narva

8400-567: The first time since 1382 and thus began the first free election in Polish history. Some Lithuanian nobles, in an effort to retain Lithuanian autonomy, proposed a Russian candidate. Ivan, however, demanded the return of Kiev , an Orthodox coronation, and a hereditary monarchy in parallel to Russia's, with his son, Feodor , as King. The electorate rejected these demands and instead chose Henry of Valois ( Henryk Walezy ), brother of King Charles IX of France . In 1564, Sweden and Russia agreed

8512-461: The fleet. The Commission of Royal Ships ( Komisja Okrętów Królewskich ) was created in 1625. This commission, along with the ultimate allocation of funds by the Sejm in 1637, created a permanent Commonwealth Navy. Władysław IV Vasa , Sigismund's son and successor who took the throne in 1632, purchased 12 ships and built a dedicated port for the royal navy called Władysławowo . The fleet, however,

8624-637: The force besieged Pskov , a well-fortified and heavily defended fortress. However, financial support from the Polish parliament was dropping, and Báthory failed to lure Russian forces in Livonia out into open field before the onset of winter. Not realising that the Polish–Lithuanian advance was on the wane, Ivan signed the Truce of Jam Zapolski . The failure of the Swedish siege of Narva in 1579 led to Pontus de la Gardie 's appointment as commander-in-chief. The towns of Kexholm and Padise were taken by Swedish forces in 1580, then in 1581, concurrent with

8736-628: The former Imperial German Navy. In the 1920s and 1930s the Polish Navy underwent a modernisation program under the leadership of Vice-Admiral Jerzy Świrski (Chief of Naval Staff) and Rear-Admiral Józef Unrug (CO of the Fleet ). A number of modern ships were built in France , the Netherlands , and the United Kingdom . Despite ambitious plans (including 2 cruisers and 12 destroyers ),

8848-658: The free Polish Navy based in Britain in December 1942. She was sunk by U-378 on 8 October 1943 in the Barents Sea. ORP  Orkan  (1992) , an Orkan -class fast attack craft built in the German Democratic Republic for its navy and originally named Project 660. After German reunification the unfinished hulls were bought by the Polish Navy and completed by Northern Shipyard in Gdańsk. Orkan

8960-540: The government. Following the defeat of Crimean and Nogai forces in 1572, oprichnina was wound down and with it the way Russian armies were formed also changed. Ivan IV had introduced a new strategy whereby he relied on tens of thousands of native troops, Cossacks and Tatars instead of a few thousand skilled troops and mercenaries, as was the practice of his adversaries. Ivan's campaign reached its height in 1576 when another 30,000 Russian soldiers crossed into Livonia in 1577 and devastated Danish areas in retaliation for

9072-517: The later Ingrian War , Charles' successor Gustavus Adolphus retook Ingria and Kexholm which were formally ceded to Sweden under the 1617 Treaty of Stolbovo along with the bulk of the Duchy of Livonia. In 1617, when Sweden had recovered from the Kalmar War with Denmark, several Livonian towns were captured, but only Pernau (Pärnu) remained under Swedish control after a Polish–Lithuanian counter-offensive . A second campaign then started with

9184-433: The launchers in 2014 Two additional squadrons of NSM CDS were ordered in 2023, with a delivery planned for 2026 - 2032. Hundreds of missiles are on order. Livonian War Cession of: Russo-Lithuanian War Swedish stage Báthory's campaign The Livonian War (1558–1583) was fought for control of Old Livonia (in the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia ). The Tsardom of Russia faced

9296-481: The market with European mercenary fleets, most notably from the Dutch Seventeen Provinces and France. The Hanseatic vessels were no match for contemporary warships, and since the league was unable to maintain a large navy because of a declining share of trade, its Livonian members Riga , Reval (Tallinn), and trading partner Narva were left without suitable protection. The Danish navy,

9408-427: The marriage, he was upset when John lent Sigismund 120,000 dalers and received seven Livonian castles as security. This incident led to John's capture and imprisonment in August 1563 on Eric XIV's behalf, whereupon Sigismund allied with Denmark and Lübeck against Eric XIV in October the same year. The intervention of Denmark-Norway, Sweden, and Poland-Lithuania into Livonia began a period of struggle for control of

9520-537: The means of maintaining a large fleet on the Baltic. In 1561, following a victory over a Russian fleet in the Baltic, the Polish Navy acquired a second key port at Riga , in modern-day Latvia . At that time, as the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania ( Polish–Lithuanian union ) became involved in conflicts in Livonia , Polish king Sigismund II Augustus organized a Sea Commission ( Komisja Morska ) which operated between 1568 and 1572, and supported

9632-454: The most powerful in the Baltic Sea, controlled the entrance to the Baltic Sea , collected requisite tolls , and held the strategically important Baltic Sea islands of Bornholm and Gotland . A long bar of Danish territories in the south and lack of sufficient year-round ice-free ports severely limited Sweden 's access to Baltic trade. Nevertheless, the country prospered due to exports of timber, iron, and most notably copper, coupled with

9744-424: The naval base at Gdynia became the home base of all NATO submarine forces in the Baltic, codenamed "Cooperative Poseidon". That same year joint American-Polish submarine training manoeuvres codenamed "Baltic Porpoise" for the first time utilized the port in a multinational military exercise. As of the 2020s, the Polish Navy is modernizing its fleet. The work was initially planned as a 9 billion zloty project, but this

9856-508: The new Soviet-imposed Communist government revived the Polish Navy with headquarters in Gdynia . During the Communist period, Poland's navy experienced a great buildup, including the development of a separate amphibious force of Polish Marines. The Navy also acquired a number of Soviet -made ships, including 2 destroyers, 2 missile destroyers, 13 submarines and 17 missile boats. Among them was

9968-590: The operations of Polish privateers , but that met with opposition of the Poland's primary port, Gdańsk , which saw them as a threat to its trade operations (see Hanseatic League ). This led to the development of a privateer port in Puck . Around the start of the 17th century, Poland became ruled by the House of Vasa , and was involved in a series of wars with Sweden (see also dominium maris baltici ). The Polish kings of

10080-462: The party himself, forcing them to negotiate instead with the Governor of Novgorod. The Tsar requested that Swedish envoys should greet the governor as 'the brother of their king', but Juusten refused to do so. The Governor then ordered an attack on the Swedish party, that their clothes and money be taken, and that they be deprived of food and drink and be paraded naked through the streets. Although

10192-489: The period attempted to create a proper naval fleet, but their attempts met with repeated failures, due to lack of funds in the royal treasury (Polish nobility saw little need for the fleet and refused to raise taxes for its construction, and Gdańsk continued its opposition to the idea of a royal fleet). During the reign of Sigismund III of Poland , the most celebrated victory of the Commonwealth Navy took place at

10304-403: The same throne in December 1575, three days apart; Maximilan's death in October 1576 prevented the conflict from escalating. Báthory, ambitious to expel Ivan IV from Livonia, was constrained by the opposition of Danzig (Gdansk), which resisted Báthory's accession with Danish support. The ensuing Danzig War of 1577 ended when Báthory conceded further autonomous rights to the city in return for

10416-478: The support of NATO allied operations, and search and rescue operations throughout the Baltic Sea. In addition, the Polish Navy supplies nearly 40 ships as part of the NATO Rapid Reaction Force, designed to be a force projection and conflict response force around the world. The Polish Navy is organized into 2 separate Flotillas and a Naval Air Brigade. Until January 1, 2014 the service had

10528-485: The tide of the war with his successes between 1578 and 1581, including the joint Swedish–Polish–Lithuanian offensive at the Battle of Wenden . That was followed by an extended campaign through Russia , culminating in the long and difficult Siege of Pskov . Under the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski , which ended the war between Russia and Poland–Lithuania, Russia lost all of its former holdings in Livonia and Polotsk to Poland–Lithuania. The following year, Sweden and Russia signed

10640-482: The tsar demanded that the Livonian Confederation pay about 6,000 marks to keep the Bishopric of Dorpat , based on the claim that every adult male had paid Pskov one mark when it had been an independent state. The Livonians eventually promised to pay this sum to Ivan by 1557, but were sent from Moscow when they failed to do so, ending negotiations. Ivan continued to point out that the existence of

10752-500: The two sides. Ivan continued to gain ground among the towns and villages of central Livonia but was held at the coast by Lithuania. The defeats of Ula and Czasniki, along with the defection of Andrey Kurbsky , led Ivan IV to move his capital to the Alexandrov Kremlin while the perceived opposition against him was repressed by his oprichniki . A "grand" party of diplomats left Lithuania for Moscow in May 1566. Lithuania

10864-478: The vacant Russian throne (" Time of Troubles ") when none of the many claimants had prevailed. This conflict became intertwined with the Livonian campaigns when Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian forces intervened on opposite sides, the latter starting the Polish–Muscovite War . Charles IX's forces were expelled from Livonia after major setbacks at the battles of Kokenhausen(1601) and Kircholm (1605). During

10976-724: The war in Livonia. Ivan IV had requested the delivery of John's wife, the Polish-Lithuanian princess Catherine Jagellonica , to Russia, since he had competed with John to marry into the Lithuanian-Polish royal family. In July 1569 John sent a party to Russia, led by Paul Juusten , Bishop of Åbo , which arrived in Novgorod in September, following the arrival in Moscow of the ambassadors sent to Sweden in 1567 by Ivan to retrieve Catherine. Ivan refused to meet with

11088-526: The years 1559 and 1560. In January 1559, Russian forces again invaded Livonia. A six-month truce covering May to November was signed between Russia and Livonia while Russia fought in the Russo-Crimean Wars . Prompted by the Russian invasion, Livonia first unsuccessfully sought help from Emperor Ferdinand I , then turned to Poland–Lithuania. Landmeister von Fürstenburg fled to Poland–Lithuania to be replaced by Gotthard Kettler . In June 1559,

11200-467: Was a vassal of Russia. The siege was abandoned in March 1571, whereupon Swedish action in the Baltic escalated, with the passive backing of Sigismund, John's brother-in-law. At the same time Crimean Tatars devastated Russian territories and burned and looted Moscow during the Russo-Crimean Wars . Drought and epidemics had fatally affected the Russian economy while oprichnina had thoroughly disrupted

11312-553: Was christened during official launching ceremony, becoming the first new Polish-built Navy ship in 21 years. In 2022, UK shipbuilder Babcock announced that the Polish Navy had selected its Arrowhead 140 design for its Miecznik program, which will equip the navy with three new-build multi-mission frigates. The vessels are expected to be built locally in Poland. In terms of armament, the Polish Navy has acquired 36 Swedish RBS15 Mk3 . and 50 (50/74) Norwegian Naval Strike Missiles for vessels and coastal defence units. As of 2017 , t

11424-647: Was entirely destroyed in 1637 by Denmark-Norway , despite the Danish not issuing a formal declaration of war. Support for the idea of a Polish-Lithuanian navy was weak and it largely withered away by the 1640s; the remaining ships were sold in the years 1641–1643, which marked the end of the Commonwealth Navy. A small navy was also created by Augustus II the Strong in 1700 during the Great Northern War . The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, though

11536-469: Was established despite constant invasion from Russia, and Frederick II of Denmark-Norway bought the old Bishopric of Ösel–Wiek , which he placed under the control of his brother Magnus of Holstein . Magnus attempted to expand his Livonian holdings to establish the Russian vassal state , the Kingdom of Livonia , which nominally existed until his defection in 1576. In 1576, Stephen Báthory became King of Poland as well as Grand Duke of Lithuania and turned

11648-523: Was followed by those of Ivangorod , Jama , and Koporye , leaving Sweden content with its gains in Livonia. Subsequent negotiations led by Jesuit papal legate Antonio Possevino resulted in the 1582 Truce of Jam Zapolski between Russia and the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. This was a humiliation for the Tsar, in part because he requested the truce. Under the agreement Russia would surrender all areas in Livonia it still held and

11760-465: Was prepared to split Livonia with Russia, with a view to a joint offensive to drive Sweden from the area. However, this was seen as a sign of weakness by Russian diplomats, who instead suggested that Russia take the whole of Livonia, including Riga, through the ceding of Courland in southern Livonia and Polotsk on the Lithuanian–Russian border. The transfer of Riga, and the surrounding entrance to

11872-524: Was reduced in 2012 to 5 billion zloty, causing delays and cancellations in the succeeding years. The navy's 2017 strategy called for spending 13 billion zloty and acquiring 22 new warships, including those completed since 2013. In addition, although the force considers larger warships unsuitable for the confines of the Baltic Sea, the strategy called for extending the operational lifespan of one Oliver Hazard Perry -class frigate. 12 new ships worth around 10 billion PLN were to be acquired before 2026. The plan

11984-596: Was respected by both sides. In return for a loan and a guarantee of Danish protection, Bishop Johann von Münchhausen signed a treaty on 26 September 1559 giving Frederick II of Denmark-Norway the right to nominate the bishop of Ösel–Wiek , an act which amounted to the sale of these territories for 30,000 thalers . Frederick II nominated his brother, Duke Magnus of Holstein as bishop, who then took possession in April 1560. Lest Danish efforts create more insecurity for Sweden, Denmark-Norway made another attempt to mediate

12096-459: Was signed in 1575. John's counter-offensive stalled at the siege of Wesenberg in 1574, when German and Scottish units of the Swedish army turned against each other. This failure has also been blamed on the difficulties of fighting in the bitter winter conditions, particularly for the infantry. The war in Livonia was a great financial burden for Sweden, and by the end of 1573, Sweden's German mercenaries were owed 200,000 daler . John gave them

12208-484: Was surrounded by monarchies pursuing expansionist policies. Robert I. Frost notes of the volatile region: "Racked with internal bickering and threatened by the political machinations of its neighbours, Livonia was in no state to resist an attack." The Order's Landmeister and the Gebietigers , as well as the owners of Livonian estates, were all lesser nobles who guarded their privileges and influence by preventing

12320-628: Was the establishment of a hereditary Livonian duchy styled after the Prussian model. At the same time the Order agitated for its re-establishment (" Rekuperation ") in Prussia, opposed secularization, and creation of a hereditary duchy. By the time the Livonian War broke out, the Hanseatic League had already lost its monopoly on the profitable and prosperous Baltic Sea trade. While still involved and with increasing sales, it now shared

12432-548: Was updated in 2017 for 2013–2022 period to be worth 13 billion zloty and called to acquire 22 new vessels. These included three coast-defense vessels, code name Miecznik , that would feature a displacement of 2600 tons; and three patrol/mine countermeasure vessels, code name Czapla with 1700 tons displacement. Other purchases include six tugboats , two tankers , two rescue ships , one ELINT , one logistical support ship and one joint support ship . However some deliveries are expected up to 2026. On 2 July 2015, ORP  Ślązak

12544-563: Was wary of Russian expansionist aspirations. Expansion of Russia into Livonia would have meant not only a stronger political rival but also loss of lucrative trade routes. Therefore, Sigismund supported his cousin Wilhelm von Brandenburg , archbishop of Riga, in his conflicts with Wilhelm von Fürstenberg , the Livonian Order's landmeister . Sigismund hoped that Livonia, just like the Duchy of Prussia under Duke Albert , would become

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