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133-446: Acting as the "key bridge" to unite liberation struggles and movements in the three continents, OSPAAAL's main objective is the promotion of anti-imperialism . The Organization of American States (OAS) called OSPAAAL "the most dangerous threat that international communism has yet made against the inter-American system". OSPAAAL's motto was "This great humanity has said: enough! And has started to move forward". Until 2019, it published

266-601: A theoretician who predicted a post-war arms race . He argued at the time that the United States would retain the character of a war economy ; even in peacetime, US military expenditure would remain large, reducing the percentage of unemployed compared to the 1930s. He extended this analysis in 1950 and 1951. The concept has been a core tenet of the British Socialist Workers Party with founder, Tony Cliff , examining its application to

399-543: A century, back to the days of Adam Smith in 1776, economists had been hostile to imperialism on the grounds that it is a violation of the principles of free trade; they never formed a popular movement. Indeed, imperialism seems to have been generally popular before the 1890s. The key impetus around 1900 came from strong public disapproval with the British actions during with the Second Boer War (1899–1902). The war

532-484: A comprehensive religious refutation of imperialism . He argued that oppressive rulers justify imperialism in the name of progress and socio-political reforms. Describing the main features of imperialism, Mawdudi wrote: "the basic quality of imperialism is the dominance of one particular nation or country... Thus, the doors of imperialism remain closed to people of other nationalities and for this reason, they can play no major role in running its affairs. This gives rise to

665-769: A core element of the demand by Congress for independence. In the mid-19th century, Karl Marx mentioned imperialism to be part of the prehistory of the capitalist mode of production in Das Kapital (1867–1894). Vladimir Lenin defined imperialism as "the highest stage of capitalism", the economic stage in which monopoly finance capital becomes the dominant application of capital. As such, said financial and economic circumstances impelled national governments and private business corporations to worldwide competition for control of natural resources and human labour by means of colonialism . The Leninist views of imperialism and related theories, such as dependency theory , address

798-579: A decade is the Cooperative Threat Reduction Program (CTR) . While this program has been deemed a success, many believe that its funding levels need to be increased so as to ensure that all dangerous nuclear materials are secured in the most expeditious manner possible. The CTR program has led to several other innovative and important nonproliferation programs that need to continue to be a budget priority in order to ensure that nuclear weapons do not spread to actors hostile to

931-463: A form of economic organization, imperialism is unnecessary and immoral, the result of the mis-distribution of wealth in a capitalist society. That created an irresistible desire to extend the national markets into foreign lands, in search of profits greater than those available in the Mother Country. In the capitalist economy, rich capitalists received a disproportionately higher income than did

1064-612: A nation-state level, OSPAAAL campaigned for individuals involved in independence and anti-imperialist activities. OSPAAAL on behalf of a member organization, the Puerto Rican Socialist Party , called for support for Puerto Rican independence fighter Humberto Pagán. Following his arrest in Canada, OSPAAAL called for ‘all revolutionary and progressive countries, parties and organisations to declare solidarity with Humberto Pagán militantly in every way possible’. Their aim

1197-451: A phased withdrawal and verification for the destruction of all devices held by official and unofficial members of the nuclear club . The Global Zero campaign works toward building an international consensus and a sustained global movement of leaders and citizens for the elimination of nuclear weapons . Goals include the initiation of United States - Russia bilateral negotiations for reductions to 1,000 total warheads each and commitments from

1330-428: A policy, nor a short space of decades in the late 19th century, but a global system extending over a period of centuries, often going back to Christopher Columbus . As the application of the term has expanded, its meaning has shifted along five distinct but often parallel axes: the moral, the economic, the systemic, the cultural and the temporal. Those changes reflect—among other shifts in sensibility—a growing unease with

1463-667: A revolutionary state. Academically the idea is seen as emerging with Richard Pipes ' 1957 book The Formation of the Soviet Union: Communism and Nationalism, 1917–1923, but it has been reinforced, along with several other views, in continuing scholarship. Several scholars hold that the Soviet Union was a hybrid entity containing elements common to both multinational empires and nation states . The Soviet Union practiced colonialism similar to conventional imperial powers. The 18th and 19th centuries witnessed

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1596-520: A self-conscious political movement, anti-imperialism originated in Europe in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in opposition to the growing European colonial empires and the United States control of the Philippines after 1898. However, it reached its highest level of popular support in the colonies themselves, where it formed the basis for a wide variety of national liberation movements during

1729-454: A socialist people with tendencies to imperialism, an important aspect of Maoist analysis of the history of the Soviet Union. Contemporarily, the term "anti-imperialism" is most commonly applied by Marxist-Leninists, and political organisations of like ideological persuasion who oppose capitalism, present a class analysis of society and the like. About the nature of imperialism and how to oppose and defeat it, Che Guevara said: imperialism

1862-442: A threat to nonproliferation and world peace . The precise use of terminology in the context of disarmament may have important implications for political Signaling theory . In the case of North Korea , "denuclearization" has historically been interpreted as different from "disarmament" by including withdrawal of American nuclear capabilities from the region. More recently, this term has become provocative due to its comparisons to

1995-466: A very long time." The Indian Jamaat-e-Islami Hind launched a ten-day nationwide campaign titled Anti-Imperialism Campaign in December 2009. Contemporary Jihadist movements such as Al-Qaeda , influenced by Sayyid Qutb's thought, declares itself as a "global revolutionary vanguard" waging jihad to defend Muslims from atrocities committed by the forces of Western imperialism and its allies. In

2128-804: A wide currency after the Second World War and at the onset of the Cold War as political movements in colonies of European powers promoted national sovereignty. Some anti-imperialist groups who opposed the United States supported the power of the Soviet Union , while in some Marxist schools, such as Maoism , this was criticized as social imperialism . Islamist movements traditionally view Russia and China as imperial and neo-colonial forces engaged in persecution and oppression of Muslim communities domestically and abroad, in addition to

2261-484: A yield equivalent to 12,500 tonnes of TNT , the blast and thermal wave of the bomb destroyed nearly 50,000 buildings (including the headquarters of the 2nd General Army and Fifth Division ) and killed 70,000–80,000 people outright, with total deaths being around 90,000–146,000. Detonation of the " Fat Man " device exploded over the Japanese city of Nagasaki three days later on August 9, 1945, destroying 60% of

2394-482: Is a new danger, which cannot be addressed by deterrence: "The classical notion of deterrence was that there was some consequences before which aggressors and evildoers would recoil. In a world of suicide bombers, that calculation doesn't operate in any comparable way". George Shultz has said, "If you think of the people who are doing suicide attacks, and people like that get a nuclear weapon, they are almost by definition not deterrable". Andrew Bacevich wrote that there

2527-699: Is a world system, the last stage of capitalism—and it must be defeated in a world confrontation. The strategic end of this struggle should be the destruction of imperialism. Our share, the responsibility of the exploited and underdeveloped of the world, is to eliminate the foundations of imperialism: our oppressed nations, from where they extract capitals, raw materials, technicians, and cheap labor, and to which they export new capitals—instruments of domination—arms and all kinds of articles; thus submerging us in an absolute dependence. The concept of permanent war economy originated in 1945 with an article by Trotskyist Ed Sard (alias Frank Demby, Walter S. Oakes and T.N. Vance),

2660-526: Is derived from Lenin's 1917 work Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism . People who categorize themselves as anti-imperialists often state that they are opposed to colonialism , colonial empires, hegemony , imperialism and the territorial expansion of a country beyond its established borders. An influential movement independent of the Western left that advocated religious imperialism

2793-506: Is no feasible scenario under which the US could sensibly use nuclear weapons: For the United States, they are becoming unnecessary, even as a deterrent. Certainly, they are unlikely to dissuade the adversaries most likely to employ such weapons against us -- Islamic extremists intent on acquiring their own nuclear capability. If anything, the opposite is true. By retaining a strategic arsenal in readiness (and by insisting without qualification that

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2926-598: Is opposition to imperialism or neocolonialism . Anti-imperialist sentiment typically manifests as a political principle in independence struggles against intervention or influence from a global superpower , as well as in opposition to colonial rule . Anti-imperialism can also arise from a specific economic theory, such as in the Leninist interpretation of imperialism ( Vladimir Lenin 's theory of surplus value being exported to less developed nations in search of higher profits , eventually leading to imperialism), which

3059-434: Is tempting and easy to say we can't get there from here, [...] we must chart a course toward that goal." During his presidential campaign, former U.S. President Barack Obama pledged to "set a goal of a world without nuclear weapons, and pursue it." The United States has taken the lead in ensuring that nuclear materials globally are properly safeguarded. A popular program that has received bipartisan domestic support for over

3192-474: Is that they often ignore Russian imperialism and colonialism. Nuclear disarmament Nuclear disarmament is the act of reducing or eliminating nuclear weapons . Its end state can also be a nuclear-weapons-free world, in which nuclear weapons are completely eliminated. The term denuclearization is also used to describe the process leading to complete nuclear disarmament. Disarmament and non- proliferation treaties have been agreed upon because of

3325-532: The British Raj , Omar Mukhtar 's Jihad against Italian Fascists in Libya , etc. The establishment and defense of Islamic statehood that enforces Sharia (Islamic law) based on Qur'an and Sunnah , elimination of superstitions and heterodox local practices and folk rituals, etc. were key objectives of these reform movements. These anti-colonial movements inspired the rise of Pan-Islamism during

3458-881: The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament , Peace Action , Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs , Greenpeace , Soka Gakkai International , International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War , Mayors for Peace , Global Zero , the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons , and the Nuclear Age Peace Foundation . There have been many large anti-nuclear demonstrations and protests . On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to

3591-544: The Cold War arms race . It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. In recent years, some U.S. elder statesmen have also advocated nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn , William Perry , Henry Kissinger , and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in various op-ed columns have proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created

3724-545: The Cuban Revolution , suppression of foreign military bases, support of the nuclear disarmament option, and opposition to apartheid and racial segregation . In September, Ben Barka went to Havana to prepare the opening up of the conference on January 3, 1966. However, on October 29, 1965, he was disappeared in Paris , allegedly abducted by Moroccan secret agents. The Havana Conference thus took place without him, and

3857-490: The Dalai Lama ". Others have argued that nuclear weapons have made the world relatively safer, with peace through deterrence and through the stability–instability paradox , including in south Asia. Kenneth Waltz has argued that nuclear weapons have created a nuclear peace , and further nuclear weapon proliferation might even help avoid the large scale conventional wars that were so common prior to their invention at

3990-738: The Democratic Republic of Vietnam in Operation Pocket Money , lead to them to denounce him as ‘the unscrupulous assassin of millions of Vietnamese; he is as dangerous as the fascist Hitler of World War II’. Following on from the critique of US military action in Vietnam OSPAAAL also called for greater solidarity between countries around the world following victories against US forces in Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos. Beyond solidarity with anti-colonial struggles on

4123-546: The First World War , American imperialism and colonial empires including Britain, France and Germany. The nations which were part of the Soviet sphere of influence were nominally independent countries with separate governments that set their own policies, but those policies had to stay within certain limits decided by the Soviet Union. These limits were enforced by the threat of intervention by Soviet forces, and later

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4256-724: The Great Peace March for Global Nuclear Disarmament . There were many Nevada Desert Experience protests and peace camps at the Nevada Test Site during the 1980s and 1990s. On May 1, 2005, 40,000 anti-nuclear/anti-war protesters marched past the United Nations in New York, 60 years after the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki . In 2008, 2009, and 2010, there have been protests about, and campaigns against, several new nuclear reactor proposals in

4389-615: The International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize "for its work to draw attention to the catastrophic humanitarian consequences of any use of nuclear weapons and for its ground-breaking efforts to achieve a treaty-based prohibition of such weapons". One of the earliest peace organisations to emerge after the Second World War was the World Peace Council , which

4522-598: The Japan–South Korea trade dispute were far-right imperialist 'economic invasion' . (South Korean liberals argue that the Japanese government caused unfair damage to the South Korean economy to avoid compensation for Korean victims of Japanese war crimes during the past imperialist Japan .) South Korean liberals also oppose the appropriation of Korean culture of the Chinese people . Some modern liberals in

4655-625: The Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Organisations such as Global Zero , an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to eliminating all nuclear weapons, have also been established. In 1945 in the New Mexico desert, American scientists conducted " Trinity ", the first nuclear weapons test , marking the beginning of the atomic age . Even before the Trinity test, national leaders debated

4788-885: The Padri War , Java War , and the Aceh War against the Dutch colonisation of Indonesia , Moro Rebellion against the United States , the South Asian Jihad movement of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid , Mahdist State in Sudan and the Arabian Muwahhidun that fought British colonialism , Emir Abd al-Qadir's military insurgency against French in Algeria, North-West Frontier Uprisings of the Pashtun tribes against

4921-530: The Second World Congress of Comintern (1920), Lenin accused the anti-imperialism of pan-Islamists of favouring the interests of the bourgeoisie , feudal landlords and religious clerics ; and incited communists to compulsorily fight pan-Islamism. Since then, Soviet authorities regularly employed the charge of pan-Islamism to target Islamic dissidents for anti-Soviet activities and fomenting anti-communist rebellions. The phrase gained

5054-480: The United Nations with the petition signed by more than 11,000 scientists calling for an end to nuclear-weapon testing . The " Baby Tooth Survey ", headed by Louise Reiss , demonstrated conclusively in 1961 that above-ground nuclear testing posed significant public health risks in the form of radioactive fallout spread primarily via milk from cows that had ingested contaminated grass. Public pressure and

5187-750: The United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan 's plan to reform the UN as presented in his report to the General Assembly in July 1997. Its goal is to promote nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation and the strengthening of the disarmament regimes in respect to other weapons of mass destruction , chemical and biological weapons . It also promotes disarmament efforts in the area of conventional weapons , especially land mines and small arms , which are often

5320-676: The United States–Russia Strategic Stability Dialogue (SSD) in 2021 under president Joe Biden . When the extreme danger intrinsic to nuclear war and the possession of nuclear weapons became apparent to all sides during the Cold War, a series of disarmament and nonproliferation treaties were agreed upon between the United States, the Soviet Union, and several other states throughout the world. Many of these treaties involved years of negotiations, and seemed to result in important steps in arms reductions and reducing

5453-684: The Warsaw Pact . Major military invasions took place in East Germany in 1953 , Hungary in 1956 , Czechoslovakia in 1968 and Afghanistan from 1979 to 1989 . Countries in the Eastern Bloc were considered satellite states . The Soviet Union exhibited tendencies common to historic empires. The notion of "Soviet empire" often refers to a form of "classic" or "colonial" empire with communism only replacing conventional imperial ideologies such as Christianity or monarchy, rather than creating

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5586-652: The White House Peace Vigil in Washington, D.C. He was later joined on the vigil by anti-nuclear activists Concepcion Picciotto and Ellen Benjamin . On June 12, 1982, one million people demonstrated in New York City's Central Park against nuclear weapons and for an end to the cold war arms race . It was the largest anti-nuclear protest and the largest political demonstration in American history. International Day of Nuclear Disarmament protests were held on June 20, 1983, at 50 sites across

5719-465: The collapse of the Gaddafi regime after disarmament. The Biden administration has been criticized for its reaffirming of a strategy of denuclearization with Korea and Japan, as opposed to a "freeze" or "pause" on new nuclear developments. Similarly, the term "irreversible" has been argued to set an impossible standard for states to disarm. Eliminating nuclear weapons has long been an aim of

5852-620: The magazine Tricontinental as their main transnational communication tool. After the closing of OSPAAAL by the Cuban Government, the Tricontinental Institute for Social Research seeks to continue the heritage of the Tricontinental conference and the organization. They "stand, in the words of Franz Fanon , with the wretched of the earth to create a world of human beings." The OSPAAAL was born out of

5985-524: The post-World War II era. During the Cold War period, the Islamist intellectuals from the Muslim Brotherhood and Jamaat-e Islami also launched fervent anti-communist campaigns, ideologically critiquing socialism and Marxism and chiding leftists as agents of Soviet Imperialism . In his book " Al Jihad Fil Islam ", South Asian revolutionary Islamist scholar Abul A'la Mawdudi made

6118-590: The 1924 British Empire Exhibition in London and the 1938 Glasgow Empire Exhibition . Some intellectuals used the opportunity to criticise imperialism as a policy. Moderately active anti-imperial movements emerged in Canada and Australia. The French Canadians were hostile to British expansion whilst in Australia, it was the Irish Catholics who were opposed. French Canadians argue that Canadian nationalism

6251-558: The Anti-Imperialist League, which included famous citizens such as Andrew Carnegie , Henry James , William James and Mark Twain , formed a platform which stated: We hold that the policy known as imperialism is hostile to liberty and tends toward militarism, an evil from which it has been our glory to be free. We regret that it has become necessary in the land of Washington and Lincoln to reaffirm that all men, of whatever race or color, are entitled to life, liberty and

6384-574: The British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored the thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe. The American rejection of

6517-477: The DPK's descendants of independence activists said at a press conference, "In the spirit of Great Korean Independence 100 years ago, let's overcome the economic invasion of Shinzo Abe 's government." (100년 전 대한독립의 정신으로 아베 정부 경제침략을 이겨내자.) South Korean liberals, unlike protectionist anti-imperialists, believing that the Japanese government's actions that undermined the " free trade principle" (자유무역 원칙 or 자유무역 철칙) during

6650-654: The League of Nations in 1919 was accompanied with a sharp American reaction against European imperialism. American textbooks denounced imperialism as a major cause of the World War. The uglier aspects of British colonial rule were emphasized, recalling the long-standing anti-British sentiments in the United States. Anti-imperialism within Britain emerged in the 1890s, especially from within the Liberal Party . For over

6783-563: The Nuclear Security Project to advance this agenda. Nunn reinforced that agenda during a speech at the Harvard Kennedy School on October 21, 2008, saying, "I'm much more concerned about a terrorist without a return address that cannot be deterred than I am about deliberate war between nuclear powers. You can't deter a group who is willing to commit suicide. We are in a different era. You have to understand

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6916-561: The OSPAAAL was officially founded. OSPAAAL cultivated relationships with international trade unions and solidarity groups around the world. OSPAAAL had a working relationship with the Movement for Colonial Freedom (MCF) a London-based transnational solidarity group. Their communication with Barbara Haq, General Secretary of MCF, included sending posters and published materials in exchange for annual reports and publications from MCF. Due to

7049-595: The Soviet Union had not yet developed it. In 1950, the WPC launched its Stockholm Appeal calling for the absolute prohibition of nuclear weapons. The campaign won support, collecting, it is said, 560 million signatures in Europe, most from socialist countries, including 10 million in France (including that of the young Jacques Chirac ), and 155 million signatures in the Soviet Union – the entire adult population. Several non-aligned peace groups who had distanced themselves from

7182-411: The Soviet Union sending military advisors to Ethiopia , Angola , Egypt and Afghanistan . However, anarchists as well as many other Marxist organizations, have characterized Soviet foreign policy as imperialism and cited it as evidence that the philosophy of Marxism would not resolve and eliminate imperialism. Mao Zedong developed the theory that the Soviet Union was a social imperialist nation,

7315-848: The Soviet Union. In February 1962, Cuba was expelled from the Organization of American States (OAS). On October 3, 1965, Ben Barka declared in a press conference prior to the Havana conference that the "two currents of the world revolution would be represented there: the current born with the October Revolution and the national liberation revolutions' currents." The fourth congress of the OSPAA, in Accra from May 6 to May 9, 1965, finally agreed on including Latin America and to take in account

7448-449: The Soviet point of view. At first there was limited co-operation between such groups and the WPC, but western delegates who tried to criticize the Soviet Union or the WPC's silence about Russian armaments were often shouted down at WPC conferences and by the early 1960s they had dissociated themselves from the WPC. After the 1986 Reykjavík Summit between U.S. President Ronald Reagan and the new Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev ,

7581-405: The Tricontinental Conference in Havana, which Mehdi Ben Barka was preparing before his October 1965 assassination. OSPAA gathered for the first time in Cairo , Egypt in 1957. 500 delegates from 35 countries represented their national liberation movements and parties rather than states. It was led by Ismaël Touré , the brother of Ahmed Sékou Touré , president of Guinea . Ismaël Touré presided

7714-417: The U.S. and its allies like Israel . In the late 1870s, the term "imperialism" was introduced to the English language by opponents of the aggressively imperial policies of British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli (1874–1880). It was shortly appropriated by supporters of "imperialism" such as Joseph Chamberlain . For some, imperialism designated a policy of idealism and philanthropy; others alleged that it

7847-404: The UN General Assembly stated that use of nuclear weaponry "would exceed even the scope of war and cause indiscriminate suffering and destruction to mankind and civilization and, as such, is contrary to the rules of international law and to the laws of humanity". The UN Office for Disarmament Affairs (UNODA) is a department of the United Nations Secretariat established in January 1998 as part of

7980-449: The United Kingdom, the first Aldermaston March organised by the Direct Action Committee and supported by the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament took place on Easter 1958, when several thousand people marched for four days from Trafalgar Square , London, to the Atomic Weapons Research Establishment close to Aldermaston in Berkshire , England, to demonstrate their opposition to nuclear weapons. CND organised Aldermaston marches into

8113-709: The United States , including Dennis Kucinich , support non-interventionism . Antonio Negri and Michael Hardt assert that traditional anti-imperialism is no longer relevant. In the book Empire , Negri and Hardt argue that imperialism is no longer the practice or domain of any one nation or state. Rather, they claim, the "Empire" is a conglomeration of all states, nations, corporations, media, popular and intellectual culture and so forth; and thus, traditional anti-imperialist methods and strategies can no longer be applied against them. The Estonian political scientist Maria Mälksoo argues that "one of many blind spots" in postcolonial studies linked to anti-imperialist movements

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8246-404: The United States and the Soviet Union concluded two important nuclear arms reduction treaties: the INF Treaty (1987) and START I (1991). After the end of the Cold War, the United States and the Russian Federation concluded the Strategic Offensive Reductions Treaty (2003) and the New START Treaty (2010). The US withdrew from the INF Treaty in 2019 under president Donald Trump , and launched

8379-525: The United States insisted on an enforcement regime that would have overridden the UN Security Council veto. This soon led to deadlock in the UNAEC. Operation Crossroads was a series of nuclear weapon tests conducted by the United States at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in the summer of 1946. Its purpose was to test the effect of nuclear weapons on naval ships. Pressure to cancel Operation Crossroads came from scientists and diplomats. Manhattan Project scientists argued that further nuclear testing

8512-406: The United States rededicate itself to the goal of eliminating nuclear weapons, concluding: "We endorse setting the goal of a world free of nuclear weapons and working energetically on the actions required to achieve that goal." Arguing a year later that "with nuclear weapons more widely available, deterrence is decreasingly effective and increasingly hazardous," the authors concluded that although "it

8645-463: The United States. There is an annual protest against U.S. nuclear weapons research at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and in the 2007 protest, 64 people were arrested. There have been a series of protests at the Nevada Test Site and in the April 2007 Nevada Desert Experience protest, 39 people were cited by police. There have been anti-nuclear protests at Naval Base Kitsap for many years, and several in 2008. In 2017,

8778-416: The United States. Key programs: List of countries' nuclear weapons development status represented by color. While the vast majority of states have adhered to the stipulations of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty, a few states have either refused to sign the treaty or have pursued nuclear weapons programs while not being members of the treaty. Many view the pursuit of nuclear weapons by these states as

8911-441: The United States. Large demonstrations and the disruption of US naval visits led the New Zealand government to ban nuclear-armed and powered ships from entering the country's territorial waters in 1984. Hundreds of thousands of people took part in Palm Sunday and other demonstrations for peace and nuclear disarmament in Australia during the mid-1980s. In 1986, hundreds of people walked from Los Angeles to Washington, D.C. in

9044-445: The WPC advised their supporters not to sign the Appeal. The WPC had uneasy relations with the non-aligned peace movement and has been described as being caught in contradictions as "it sought to become a broad world movement while being instrumentalized increasingly to serve foreign policy in the Soviet Union and nominally socialist countries." From the 1950s until the late 1980s it tried to use non-aligned peace organizations to spread

9177-415: The annexation of new territory, especially the Philippines. The Anti-Imperialist League was founded on June 15, 1898, in Boston in opposition of the acquisition of the Philippines, which would happen anyway. The anti-imperialists opposed the expansion because they believed imperialism violated the credo of republicanism , especially the need for " consent of the governed ". Appalled by American imperialism,

9310-402: The atomic bomb "encapsulated the very worst direction in which society was moving". Peace movements emerged in Japan and in 1954 they converged to form a unified "Japanese Council Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs". Japanese opposition to the Pacific nuclear weapons tests was widespread, and "an estimated 35 million signatures were collected on petitions calling for bans on nuclear weapons". In

9443-457: The author of Atomic Obsession , has also dismissed the need to interfere with Iran's nuclear program and expressed that arms control measures are counterproductive. During a 2010 lecture at the University of Missouri , which was broadcast by C-SPAN , Mueller has also argued that the threat from nuclear weapons, especially nuclear terrorism , has been exaggerated, both in the popular media and by officials. Former Secretary Kissinger says there

9576-451: The belief that West was in decline and that restoration of Islamic prowess was inevitable. Openly equating Western colonialism with atheism , Mawdudi called upon Muslims to rally in jihad against the imperialist forces to regain their spiritual, cultural, economic and military sovereignty and self-sufficiency. Sayyid Qutb, an Egyptian scholar influenced by both Mawdudi and Rashid Rida, took their ideas to its logical culmination; proclaiming

9709-593: The blockade of North Vietnamese ports and of all warlike acts by US air and naval forces against the Indochinese peoples As part of the campaign efforts of OSPAAAL the Executive Secretariat released official declarations about international anti-colonial struggles. Their strong opposition to US President Nixon’s military actions during the Vietnam War , such as the total blockade of the ports of

9842-700: The board responsible of the solidarity funds, assisted by two vice-chairmen: Mehdi Ben Barka of Morocco and Chu Tzu-chi of the People's Republic of China. At that time, AAPSO (Afro-Asian People's Solidarity Organisation) was debating the inclusion of Cuba and the rest of the Caribbean and Latin America to the group, a question posed again in Cairo in June 1961 by the new commission, the Commission on Neocolonialism, which

9975-582: The city and killing 35,000–40,000 people outright, though up to 40,000 additional deaths may have occurred over some time after that. Subsequently, the world's nuclear weapons stockpiles grew. In 1946 the Truman administration commissioned the Acheson-Lilienthal Report , which proposed the international control of the nuclear fuel cycle , revealing atomic energy technology to the USSR, and

10108-444: The city around that time. Henri Curiel was there organizing "solidarity networks," which trained African National Congress activists. (The ANC had been prohibited in 1960, and Curiel would be murdered in 1978). Ben Barka was going to create an anti-colonialist magazine titled The African Review , but he decided to enlarge the union to Latin America. After the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion in 1961, Fidel Castro moved even closer to

10241-469: The consequences." There have also been many examples of liberal anti-imperialism. However, liberal anti-imperialists are distinct from socialist anti-imperialists because they do not support anti-capitalism . South Korean liberals have opposed Chinese and Japanese imperialism. " No Japan Movement " is related to anti-imperialist sentiment in South Korea. On August 14, 2019, seven politicians of

10374-626: The decommissioning of all existing nuclear weapons through the new United Nations (UN) system, via the United Nations Atomic Energy Commission (UNAEC). With key modifications, the report became US policy in the form of the Baruch Plan , which was presented to the UNAEC during its first meeting in June 1946. As Cold War tensions emerged, it became clear that Stalin wanted to develop his own atomic bomb and that

10507-427: The development of other faults in the system and characters of the subject nation. They develop a weakness of character, lose self-esteem and the sense of righteousness. Even if the ruling nation does not treat the subjects with outright cruelty and arrogance, their (the subject nation’s) character sinks to such a low ebb of ignobility that they become quite incapable of striving for attaining and maintaining self-rule for

10640-544: The direct control (intervention, occupation and rule) characteristic of colonial and neo-colonial empires as used in the realm of international relations . In Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism (1917), Lenin outlined the five features of capitalist development that lead to imperialism: Generally, the relationship among Marxist-Leninists and radical, left-wing organisations who are anti-war , often involves persuading such political activists to progress from pacifism to anti-imperialism—that is, to progress from

10773-442: The dropping of atomic bombs on two Japanese cities in 1945 was justified), the United States continues tacitly to sustain the view that nuclear weapons play a legitimate role in international politics ... . In The Limits of Safety , Scott Sagan documented numerous incidents in US military history that could have produced a nuclear war by accident. He concluded: while the military organizations controlling U.S. nuclear forces during

10906-651: The early 2000s, the George W. Bush administration repeatedly pushed to fund policies that would allegedly make nuclear weapons more usable in the post–Cold War environment. To date the U.S. Congress has refused to fund many of these policies. However, some feel that even considering such programs harms the credibility of the United States as a proponent of nonproliferation. Former U.S. officials Henry Kissinger, George Shultz, Bill Perry, and Sam Nunn (aka 'The Gang of Four' on nuclear deterrence) proposed in January 2007 that

11039-420: The early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: Hobson's ideas were not entirely original; however his hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of the British Empire as well as French Anglophobes and Marxists; they colored

11172-464: The economic dominance and exploitation of a country, rather than the military and the political dominance of a people, their country and its natural resources. Hence, the primary purpose of imperialism is economic exploitation, rather than mere control of either a country or of a region. The Marxist and the Leninist denotation thus differs from the usual political science denotation of imperialism as

11305-515: The end of World War II . In the July 2012 issue of Foreign Affairs Waltz took issue with the view of most U.S., European, and Israeli, commentators and policymakers that a nuclear-armed Iran would be unacceptable. Instead Waltz argues that it would probably be the best possible outcome, as it would restore stability to the Middle East by balancing Israel's regional monopoly on nuclear weapons . Professor John Mueller of Ohio State University ,

11438-414: The extreme danger intrinsic to nuclear war and the possession of nuclear weapons. Proponents of nuclear disarmament say that it would lessen the probability of nuclear war occurring, especially considering accidents or retaliatory strikes from false alarms. Critics of nuclear disarmament say that it would undermine deterrence and make conventional wars more common. Nuclear disarmament groups include

11571-542: The fact of power, specifically Western power. The relationships among capitalism , aristocracy and imperialism have been discussed and analysed by theoreticians, historians, political scientists such as John A. Hobson and Thorstein Veblen , Joseph Schumpeter and Norman Angell . Those intellectuals produced much of their works about imperialism before the World War I (1914–1918), yet their combined work informed

11704-508: The founding January 1966 conference in Havana. In July, Medhi Ben Barka, who was presiding the preparatory council, assured the support of the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union, and defined the objectives of the new organization, summed up as "total liberation:" aid to national liberation movements (in particular to the Palestinian movement ), intensification of violent and peaceful struggles on all three continents, support to

11837-621: The impact of nuclear weapons on domestic and foreign policy. Also involved in the debate about nuclear weapons policy was the scientific community, through professional associations such as the Federation of Atomic Scientists and the Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs . On August 6, 1945, towards the end of World War II , the " Little Boy " device was detonated over the Japanese city of Hiroshima . Exploding with

11970-431: The international disease of imperialism by removing its economic foundation. Hobson theorized that state intervention through taxation could boost broader consumption, create wealth and encourage a peaceful multilateral world order. Conversely, should the state not intervene, rentiers (people who earn income from property or securities) would generate socially negative wealth that fostered imperialism and protectionism. As

12103-411: The late 1960s when tens of thousands of people took part in the four-day events. On November 1, 1961, at the height of the Cold War , about 50,000 women brought together by Women Strike for Peace marched in 60 cities in the United States to demonstrate against nuclear weapons . It was the largest national women's peace protest of the 20th century. In 1958, Linus Pauling and his wife presented

12236-529: The late 19th century; which gave birth to numerous Islamist organisations advocating anti-imperialism across the Muslim World ; such as the Muslim Brotherhood ( Ikhwan al-Muslimeen ) and Jamaat-e-Islami . Syro-Egyptian Islamist theoretician Muhammad Rashid Rida (1865 CE/1282 AH–1935 CE/1354 AH), a Salafi theologian greatly influenced by preceding militant Islamic revivalist movements,

12369-439: The light of the weapons build-up and statements of US President Ronald Reagan . Reagan had "a world free of nuclear weapons" as his personal mission, and was largely scorned for this in Europe. Reagan was able to start discussions on nuclear disarmament with Soviet Union . He changed the name "SALT" ( Strategic Arms Limitation Talks ) to "START" ( Strategic Arms Reduction Talks ). On June 3, 1981, William Thomas launched

12502-891: The mid-1980s, OSPAAAL produced brightly coloured propaganda posters promoting their cause. Financial difficulty and ink shortages due to the US embargo against Cuba pushed the artists and printers to find ingenious solutions with unorthodox outcomes, although it ultimately forced the organization to stop producing these posters. However, these posters began to be printed again in 2000. These posters, as they intended to be internationalist , usually had their message written in Spanish , English , French , and Arabic . As opposed to being put up on walls around Cuba, these posters were instead folded up and stapled into copies of Tricontinental , so that they could be distributed internationally. This allowed OSPAAAL to send its message to its subscribers around

12635-478: The mid-20th century and later. These movements, and their anti-imperialist ideas, were instrumental in the decolonization process of the 1950s and 1960s, which saw most European colonies in Asia and Africa achieving their independence. An early use of the term "anti-imperialist" occurred after the United States entered the Spanish–American War in 1898. Most activists supported the war itself, but opposed

12768-540: The necessity of a permanent, un-ending Islamist revolution not only against the imperialists but also its allied regimes in the Muslim World . This revolution against the apostate regimes has to be waged as an armed jihad by an ideological vanguard committed to establish the Islamic state and uphold Tawhid (Islamic monotheism). These ideas gained prominence and arose in influence across the Islamic World during

12901-612: The one side, and the Muslim community on the other, remains in essence one of ideology, although over the years it has appeared in various guises and has grown more sophisticated and, at times, more insidious. We have seen the original ideological conflict succeeded by economic, political and military confrontation, on the basis that 'religious' or 'ideological' conflicts are outdated and are usually prosecuted by 'fanatics' and backward people. Unfortunately, some naïve and confused Muslims have fallen for this stratagem and persuaded themselves that

13034-631: The opposition in Britain came from the Liberal Party. Intellectuals and activists Britain based in the socialist, labour and Fabian movements generally oppose imperialism and John A. Hobson , a Liberal, took many of his ideas from their writings. After the Boer war, opponents of imperialism turned their attention to the British crown colonies in Africa and Asia. By the 1920s, the government was sponsoring large-scale exhibits promoting imperialism, notably

13167-439: The opposition of war, in general, to the condemnation of the capitalist economic system, in particular. In the 20th century, the Soviet Union represented themselves as the foremost enemy of imperialism and thus politically and financially supported Third World revolutionary organisations who fought for national independence. This was accomplished through the export of both financial capital and Soviet military apparatuses, with

13300-515: The other key nuclear weapons countries to participate in multilateral negotiations for phased reductions of nuclear arsenals. Global Zero works to expand the diplomatic dialogue with key governments and continue to develop policy proposals on the critical issues related to the elimination of nuclear weapons. The International Conference on Nuclear Disarmament took place in Oslo in February 2008, and

13433-499: The pacifist left. But now many mainstream politicians, academic analysts, and retired military leaders also advocate nuclear disarmament. Sam Nunn , William Perry , Henry Kissinger , and George Shultz have called upon governments to embrace the vision of a world free of nuclear weapons, and in three op-eds in The Wall Street Journal proposed an ambitious program of urgent steps to that end. The four have created

13566-529: The pivot of the entire activity of the Communist Parties", and most western Communist parties followed this policy. Lawrence Wittner , a historian of the post-war peace movement, argues that the Soviet Union devoted great efforts to the promotion of the WPC in the early post-war years because it feared an American attack and American superiority of arms at a time when the USA possessed the atom bomb but

13699-724: The political doctrines of the Declaration of Independence, Washington's Farewell Address, and Lincoln's Gettysburg Address". An important influence on American intellectuals was the work of British writer John A. Hobson . especially Imperialism: A Study (1902). Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in the early 20th century that caused widespread distrust of imperialism: Hobson's ...hatred of moneyed men and monopolies, his loathing of secret compacts and public bluster, fused all existing indictments of imperialism into one coherent system....His ideas influenced German nationalist opponents of

13832-645: The previous year. As reported by the UN Press, "On the one hand, we saw record levels of military spending and division within important arms-control frameworks, including the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons.  On the other hand, we also saw the first-ever Meeting of States Parties to the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons" Despite a general trend toward disarmament in

13965-692: The process identified themselves even more strongly with the British Empire. A little opposition also came from some English immigrants such as the intellectual leader Goldwin Smith . In Canada, the Irish Catholics were fighting the French Canadians for control of the Catholic Church, so the Irish generally supported the pro-British position. Anti-imperialism also grew rapidly in India and formed

14098-695: The pursuit of happiness. We maintain that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed. We insist that the subjugation of any people is "criminal aggression" and open disloyalty to the distinctive principles of our Government... We cordially invite the cooperation of all men and women who remain loyal to the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution of the United States. Fred Harrington states that "the anti-imperialist's did not oppose expansion because of commercial, religious, constitutional, or humanitarian reasons but instead because they thought that an imperialist policy ran counter to

14231-542: The religious and ideological aspects of the conflict are no longer relevant. But in reality world Zionism and Christian Imperialism , as well as world Communism , are conducting the fight against Islam and the Muslim community, first and foremost, on ideological grounds... The confrontation is not over control of territory or economic resources, or for military domination. If we believe that, we would play into our enemies’ hands and would have no one but ourselves to blame for

14364-602: The research results subsequently led to a moratorium on above-ground nuclear weapons testing, followed by the Partial Test Ban Treaty , signed in 1963 by John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev . On the day that the treaty went into force, the Nobel Prize Committee awarded Pauling the Nobel Peace Prize , describing him as "Linus Carl Pauling, who ever since 1946 has campaigned ceaselessly, not only against nuclear weapons tests, not only against

14497-735: The rise of numerous colonial and imperial Islamic resistance movements across various parts of the Muslim World. These included the jihad movement led by the Imamate of Caucasus and the Circassian Confederacy against Russian imperialism during the Caucasus Wars (1763–1864 CE). Prominent leaders in this resistance campaign included Ghazi Mullah , Hamzat Bek , Shamil , Hajji Qerandiqo Berzeg , Jembulat Boletoqo , etc. Other major anti-imperial movements included

14630-429: The risk of nuclear war. Only one country ( South Africa ) has been known to ever dismantle an indigenously developed nuclear arsenal completely. The apartheid government of South Africa produced half a dozen crude fission weapons during the 1980s, but they were dismantled in the early 1990s. In its landmark resolution 1653 of 1961, "Declaration on the prohibition of the use of nuclear and thermo-nuclear weapons,"

14763-664: The spread of these armaments, not only against their very use, but against all warfare as a means of solving international conflicts." Pauling started the International League of Humanists in 1974. He was president of the scientific advisory board of the World Union for Protection of Life and also one of the signatories of the Dubrovnik-Philadelphia Statement . In the 1980s, a movement for nuclear disarmament again gained strength in

14896-577: The struggle of the freedom movements. And this took place not only in many third-world countries; the horizons were soon extended to bring solidarity even to the United States... overcoming the frontiers represented by the triple ‘A’ in the organization’s name (Asia, Africa, Latin America), or simply reporting episodes of violence, brutality and cruelty by the rulers and military forces which underline their colonial and predatory anxieties in far-off lands such as Vietnam or South Africa. From its foundation until

15029-501: The study of the impact of imperialism upon Europe and contributed to the political and ideologic reflections on the rise of the military–industrial complex in the United States from the 1950s onwards. John A. Hobson strongly influenced the anti-imperialism of both Marxists and liberals, worldwide through his 1902 book on Imperialism. He argued that the "taproot of imperialism" is not in nationalist pride , but in Capitalism. As

15162-552: The tension caused by US imperialism in Southeast Asia, the OSPAAAL Executive Secretariat urgently calls on the peoples and governments of the socialist countries, the progressive and peace- and justice-loving countries and the entire US people and their progressive leaders to reinforce their solidarity and support for the peoples of Viet Nam [sic], Laos and Cambodia, struggle vigorously for an end to

15295-433: The thoughts of American liberals and isolationist critics of colonialism. In days to come they were to contribute to American distrust of Western Europe and of the British Empire. Hobson helped make the British averse to the exercise of colonial rule; he provided indigenous nationalists in Asia and Africa with the ammunition to resist rule from Europe. On the positive side, Hobson argued that domestic social reforms could cure

15428-588: The values of Salaf al-Salih . This encompassed a theological assault on Western ideological currents emanating from the principles of secularism and nationalism as well as denunciation of Western cultural imperialism . After Rashid Rida, the mantle of Islamist anti-imperialism was spearheaded by the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood founder Hasan al-Banna , South Asian revolutionary Islamist leader Sayyid Abul A'la Maududi and Egyptian Jihadist theoretician Sayyid Qutb . Mawdudi held

15561-509: The weapons of choice in contemporary conflicts. Following the retirement of Sergio Duarte in February 2012, Angela Kane was appointed as the new High Representative for Disarmament Affairs . On July 7, 2017, a UN conference adopted the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons with the backing of 122 states. It opened for signature on September 20, 2017. The 2022 United Nations Disarmament Yearbook described highlights and challenges in

15694-590: The working class. If the owners invested their incomes to their factories, the greatly increased productive capacity would exceed the growth in demand for the products and services of said factories. Lenin adopted Hobson's ideas to argue that capitalism was doomed and would eventually be replaced by socialism, the sooner the better. Hobson was also influential in liberal circles, especially the British Liberal Party. Historians Peter Duignan and Lewis H. Gann argue that Hobson had an enormous influence in

15827-588: The world has changed." In 2010, the four were featured in a documentary film entitled Nuclear Tipping Point . The film is a visual and historical depiction of the ideas laid forth in The Wall Street Journal op-eds and reinforces their commitment to a world without nuclear weapons and the steps that can be taken to reach that goal. Global Zero is an international non-partisan group of 300 world leaders dedicated to achieving nuclear disarmament. The initiative, launched in December 2008, promotes

15960-425: The world. All OSPAAAL-Posters from the beginning until 2003 are documented and indexed in the book The Tricontinental Solidarity Poster . One American, Jane Norling , is among the artists who designed posters for OSPAAAL, and is one of eight women who contributed designs for 22 of the approximately 326 OSPAAAL posters. Anti-imperialism Anti-imperialism in political science and international relations

16093-635: The worldview of Egyptian Jihadist theoretician Sayyid Qutb , imperialist policies of the secular Western regimes were a continuation of their historical "Crusading Spirit". In his commentary of the Qur'anic verse 2:120 "{ Never will the Jews be pleased with you, (O Prophet), nor the Christians until you follow their way.. }", Sayyid Qutb writes: "The conflict between the Judeo-Christian world on

16226-566: Was pan-Islamism ; which challenged the Western civilisational model and rose to prominence across various parts of the Islamic world during the 19th and 20th centuries. Its most influential ideologue was the Sunni theologian Muhammad Rashid Rida , a fierce opponent of Western ideas, who called upon Muslims to rise up in armed resistance by waging jihad against imperialism and re-establish an Islamic caliphate . Through his resolution in

16359-471: Was an ardent opponent of European imperial powers; and he called for armed jihad to defend the Islamic World from encroaching colonialism, complemented by a political programme to establish Islamic states which would implement Sharia (Islamic laws). He extended this anti-imperialist campaign to the theological level through the Arab Salafiyya movement; which professed the key theme of returning to

16492-437: Was characterized by political self-interest; and a growing number associated it with capitalist greed. John A. Hobson and Vladimir Lenin added a more theoretical macroeconomic connotation to the term. Many theoreticians on the left have followed either or both in emphasizing the structural or systemic character of "imperialism". Such writers have expanded the time period associated with the term so that it now designates neither

16625-625: Was directed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union through the Soviet Peace Committee . Its origins lay in the Communist Information Bureau 's (Cominform) doctrine, put forward 1947, that the world was divided between peace-loving progressive forces led by the Soviet Union and warmongering capitalist countries led by the United States. In 1949, Cominform directed that peace "should now become

16758-554: Was first drawn to public attention in 1954 when a hydrogen bomb test in the Pacific contaminated the crew of the Japanese fishing boat Lucky Dragon . One of the fishermen died in Japan seven months later. The incident caused widespread concern around the world and "provided a decisive impetus for the emergence of the anti-nuclear weapons movement in many countries". The anti-nuclear weapons movement grew rapidly because for many people

16891-739: Was fought against the Afrikaners , who were Dutch colonists who had built new homelands in South Africa. Opposition to the Second Boer War was modest when the war began and was generally less widespread than support for it. However, influential groups formed immediately against the war, including the South African Conciliation Committee and W. T. Stead 's Stop the War Committee . Much of

17024-597: Was held shortly after the signing of the New START , and resulted in a call of action toward eliminating all nuclear weapons. Representatives from 60 countries were invited to the conference. Non-governmental organizations were also present. Among the prominent figures who have called for the abolition of nuclear weapons are "the philosopher Bertrand Russell , the entertainer Steve Allen , CNN 's Ted Turner , former Senator Claiborne Pell , Notre Dame president Theodore Hesburgh , South African Bishop Desmond Tutu and

17157-866: Was organized by The Government of Norway , the Nuclear Threat Initiative and the Hoover Institute . The Conference was entitled Achieving the Vision of a World Free of Nuclear Weapons and had the purpose of building consensus between nuclear weapon states and non-nuclear weapon states in relation to the Nuclear Non-proliferation Treaty . The Tehran International Conference on Disarmament and Non-Proliferation took place in Tehran in April 2010. The conference

17290-668: Was presided by Ben Barka. We are following the heroic example of Comandante Ernesto "Che" Guevara . While the Casablanca Group , founded in 1961, gathered "progressive states" (Egypt, Ghana, Guinea, Mali , Libya , and Morocco ), the OSPAAL was an organization of movements, which aimed at creating national economic development plans for the newly independent states and to break national isolation through internationalism . In exile, Ben Barka resided there six months in 1964. Amílcar Cabral , Malcolm X , and Che Guevara lived in

17423-515: Was the proper and true goal and it sometimes conflicted with loyalty to the British Empire. Many French Canadians claimed that they would fight for Canada but would not fight for the Empire. Protestant Canadians, typically of British descent, generally supported British imperialism enthusiastically. They sent thousands of volunteers to fight alongside British and imperial forces against the Boers and in

17556-484: Was to highlight the perceived injustice of the court proceedings and to prevent the extradition of Pagán in fear for his safety were he to return to Puerto Rico. After refusing to grant an extradition order, and upon appeal to the Canadian Supreme Court , Humberto Pagán was cleared of all charges and the extradition request was denied. The poster was the response to a fundamental aim: that of supporting

17689-405: Was unnecessary and environmentally dangerous. A Los Alamos study warned "the water near a recent surface explosion will be a 'witch's brew' of radioactivity". To prepare the atoll for the nuclear tests, Bikini's native residents were evicted from their homes and resettled on smaller, uninhabited islands where they were unable to sustain themselves. Radioactive fallout from nuclear weapons testing

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