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74-707: Omalos is situated at the northeastern corner of the Omalos Plateau ( οροπέδιο του Ομαλού ), 38 km south of Chania in the White Mountains ( Lefka Ori ). The plateau has an area of 15 km, and lies on the intersection of three districts, namely the Mousouroi unit of Platanias (previously Kydonia ), Sfakia and East Selino . Although the settlement is in Mousouroi, most of the plateau lies in East Selino. The plateau has three approaches, from

148-685: A feature of the Ottoman city. The pasha of Crete resided in Hanya. The city remained under Ottoman control despite fighting during the Greek War of Independence (1821-29) , the Cretan Revolt (1866–1869) and the Cretan Revolt (1878) . Due to the island's mixture of Muslim and Christian residents, Crete was the subject of international debate between the European great powers, most notably at

222-516: A hot-summer Mediterranean climate ( Köppen : Csa ), with sunny dry summers and mild rainy winters. During the period between April and October, clear-sky weather is almost an everyday feature. The atmosphere is always warm, but strong heat waves (temperatures above 38 °C) are not very common, since the prevailing etesian winds ("Meltemia") blow from the Aegean Sea and pleasantly moderate the conditions. Intervals of sunny days are frequent during

296-580: A lake, it is thought to have lost its waters through the Tzani Cave. The cave is found to the right of the winding road from Omalos, descending towards Chania, about 1.6 km from Omalos. At Xyloskalo (1250m), two peaks rise - Gingilos (2080m) and Volakias (2116m), which legend associates with the throne of Zeus , who was born in Crete. Further west are Agathopi (1768m) and Psilafi (1984m), supposedly Zeus' racing grounds, but now slalom ski racing. During

370-697: A neighborhood previously devoted to the worship of the Minoan god Welchanos . The city had become known as Chania in Greek by the time of the second period of Byzantine rule (961–1204). In order to deter another Arab invasion, the Byzantines strongly fortified the city, reusing materials from ancient buildings in the area. Chania was the seat of a Byzantine bishopric, which became the Roman Catholic Diocese of La Canea under Venetian rule and then

444-484: A new airport, port and educational facilities, and it is considered a prominent tourist resort in the Mediterranean Sea . The city of Chania lies around 40 km (25 mi) from the west end of Crete. By road, the distance is approximately 52 km (32 mi). The city of Chania can be divided into two parts: the old town and the modern city which is the larger one. The old town is situated next to

518-455: A popular place especially during the warm period (April–October). In the winter, it still remains a centre of activities (especially for nightlife). Finally, a very distinctive area of the Old Town is the harbour itself and generally the seafront. Akti Tompazi, Akti Kountouriotou and Akti Enoseos ( marina ) all feature several historical buildings and nightlife. The main street that combines

592-610: A significant part of the events taking place throughout the year. There is a French , a German , an Italian and a Swedish consulate in Chania. Water sports are very popular in Chania. The local water polo team, Nautical Club of Chania, N.O.X. has managed to be a protagonist in the primary league of the Greek national championship for years. Several athletes of this team have also played for Greece men's national water polo team , which has achieved major international successes. Football and basketball are also very popular in

666-576: A small fishing harbour. The district of Koum Kapi (the Venetians had first named it "Sabbionara", which means "the Gate of the Sand", the same as "Koum Kapi") situated beyond the walls at the eastern part of the old town, was also one of the first places to be inhabited outside the fortification walls. Initially, it was home for the "Halikoutes", a group of Bedouins from North Africa who had settled there in

740-469: Is about 2.5 km long, and descends 241 metres. It is actually a covered gorge. The Cretan revolutionary Hatzimichalis Giannaris (1833-1916) was born in nearby Lakkoi , and was prominent in the 1855-1869 conflicts, captured but escaped from prison in Chania and then exiled to Odessa . In 1912 he was elected to the Greek parliament. Although he died in Chania his wish was to be buried in Omalos, where by

814-753: Is almost entirely absent from Mycenaean Greek with only one known exception, 𐀀𐀟𐀈𐀐 , a-pe-do-ke ( PY Fr 1184), but even that appears elsewhere without the augment, as 𐀀𐀢𐀈𐀐 , a-pu-do-ke ( KN Od 681). The augment is sometimes omitted in Homer . Mycenaean had already undergone the following sound changes particular to the Greek language and so is considered to be Greek: The corpus of Mycenaean-era Greek writing consists of some 6,000 tablets and potsherds in Linear B, from LMII to LHIIIB . No Linear B monuments or non-Linear B transliterations have yet been found. The so-called Kafkania pebble has been claimed as

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888-431: Is named after Mycenae, one of the major centres of Mycenaean Greece. The tablets long remained undeciphered, and many languages were suggested for them, until Michael Ventris , building on the extensive work of Alice Kober , deciphered the script in 1952. The texts on the tablets are mostly lists and inventories. No prose narrative survives, much less myth or poetry. Still, much may be gleaned from these records about

962-698: Is on the edge of the old town and is popular with tourists and locals alike. Some other important sites of the newer urban area are The Court House ("Dikastiria", built late in the 19th century), the Public Gardens ("Kipos", created in 1870), the Garden Clock-Tower ("Roloi", built in 1924–1927), the Episcopal Residence (Bishop's residence, "Despotiko", built in the early 19th century) and the House of Manousos Koundouros (built in 1909),

1036-443: Is specialized in tennis , table tennis and also has a significant tradition in chess . Many of the above sports are being practiced in the old Stadium of Chania, built in 1935 with the financial support of Elena Venizelou, then wife of Eleftherios Venizelos . There is an open swimming pool for water sports in the suburb of Nea Chora. A new indoor pool, which was built on the nearby Akrotiri Peninsula in 2006, has not yet opened to

1110-787: Is the heart of the tourist activities in the area. Next to this (on the west side) lies the Topanas district, which was the Christian quarter during the Ottoman period. Its name comes from the Venetian ammunition warehouse (Turkish tophane ), which was located there. The Jewish quarter ( Evraiki or Ovraiki ) was located at the north-west of the Old Town, behind the harbour and within the borders of Topanas. The Topanas area has many narrow alleys and old buildings, some of which have been restored as hotels, restaurants, shops and bars. This makes it

1184-736: The terminus ad quem for the introduction of the Greek language to Greece. The language is preserved in inscriptions in Linear B , a script first attested on Crete before the 14th century BC. Most inscriptions are on clay tablets found in Knossos , in central Crete, as well as in Pylos , in the southwest of the Peloponnese . Other tablets have been found at Mycenae itself, Tiryns and Thebes and at Chania , in Western Crete. The language

1258-596: The National Schism and the interwar period . The only attempt to overthrow the monarchist Metaxas Regime occurred in the city with the failed 28 July 1938 uprising . Another important period for the city of Chania was the invasion and occupation by German forces during World War II . The British force that faced the German paratroopers during the Battle Of Crete in 1941, had artillery elements over

1332-546: The Treaty of Berlin (1878) which resulted in the Pact of Halepa . During the 19th and early 20th century, interethnic violence on Crete eventually led to the mass migration of the island's local Muslim population to other Mediterranean islands or coastal cities. Mass conversions also occurred. The population exchange between Greece and Turkey in 1922 resulted in the deportation of the island's last Muslim residents. In 1898, during

1406-418: The "Special Mycenaean" represented some local vernacular dialect (or dialects) of the particular scribes producing the tablets. Thus, "a particular scribe, distinguished by his handwriting, reverted to the dialect of his everyday speech" and used the variant forms, such as the examples above. It follows that after the collapse of Mycenaean Greece, while the standardized Mycenaean language was no longer used,

1480-619: The 20th century, and it was only recently when some interest was shown for the restoration of the remaining ones. Other historical buildings in the area include Eleftherios Venizelos 's House (built 1876-1880), the old French school (now property of the Technical University of Crete, housing the Department of Architecture), the Church of Agia Magdalini (built 1901-1903), The "Palace" (built 1882, house of Prince George during

1554-564: The Cretans losing their Greek Orthodox nature. Its fortifications were strengthened, giving Chania the form that it still has today. On the other hand, after the fall of Constantinople in 1453, many priests, monks and artists took refuge in Crete and reinforced the Byzantine religion and culture on the island. The city of Canea during the period that followed was a blend of Byzantine, Venetian, and Classical Greek cultural elements. Many of

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1628-675: The Cultural Centre ("Pnevmatiko Kentro"). The central largest squares in Chania are the Market Square ("Agora"), the Court House Square ("Dikastiria") and the "1866 Square". Since the 1990s, there has been a profound movement of Chania residents towards the suburbs, as well as towards areas around the city which used to be rural, mainly around Kounoupidiana in the Akrotiri Peninsula . The city has

1702-487: The Greek alphabet. There were at least five vowels /a e i o u/ , which could be both short and long. As noted below, the syllabic Linear B script used to record Mycenaean is extremely defective and distinguishes only the semivowels ⟨j w⟩ ; the sonorants ⟨m n r⟩ ; the sibilant ⟨s⟩ ; the stops ⟨p t d k q z⟩ ; and (marginally) ⟨h⟩ . Voiced, voiceless and aspirate occlusives are all written with

1776-559: The Latin titular see of Cydonia. After the fall of Constantinople during the 1204 Fourth Crusade , Crete was distributed to Bonifacio, Marquess of Montferrat . He in turn chose to sell it to the Venetians for 100 silver marks. In 1252, the Venetians managed to subdue the Cretans but in 1263, their rivals of Genoa, with local support, seized the city under the leadership of Enrico Pescatore , count of Malta, and held it until 1285, when

1850-415: The Linear B script only fully represents open syllables (those ending in vowel sounds), where Mycenaean Greek frequently used closed syllables (those ending in consonants). Orthographic simplifications therefore had to be made: Certain characters can be used alternately: for example, 𐀀 , a , can always be written wherever 𐁀 , a 2 , can. However, these are not true homophones (characters with

1924-527: The Old Town and especially around the old Venetian harbour, at Enetiki Tafros (Venetian moat) and at Splantzia square, but also along the waterfront of the Koum Kapi and Nea Hora neighbourhoods. In summer, the bars and restaurants at Platanias and Agia Marina are also busy. During the summer period a variety of cultural events take place on a daily basis. Theatrical plays, concerts and several exhibitions from Greek and foreign artists are organized either by

1998-600: The Ottoman Empire, the city became more cosmopolitan and flourishing, regaining its role as the crossroad of civilizations, influenced by Europe as well as by the East. Many important buildings were built during this era, intellectual and artistic societies were created and a new class of local aristocracy brought a different atmosphere to the everyday life of the town. The district of Halepa has many fine neoclassical embassies and consulates dating from this period. However

2072-703: The Tzani cave stands a church dedicated to him. During World War II the plateau was used as an airfield. Chania Chania ( Greek : Χανιά , Khaniá , pronounced [xaˈɲa] ), also sometimes romanized as Hania , is a city in Greece and the capital of the Chania regional unit . It lies along the north west coast of the island Crete , about 70 km (43 mi) west of Rethymno and 145 km (90 mi) west of Heraklion . The municipality has 111,375 inhabitants (2021). This consists of

2146-556: The Venetians returned. Under the Venetian name La Canea , the city was chosen to be the seat of the Rector (Administrator General) of the region and flourished as a significant commercial centre of a fertile agricultural region. The Venetian rule was initially strict and oppressive but slowly the relations between the two parts improved. Contact with Venice led to close intertwining of Cretan and Venetian cultures, without, however,

2220-541: The city centre are dominated by colourless medium-height block buildings, typical of the urbanization period of Greece (1950–1970). However, there are still some neoclassical houses, especially in the eastern part of Chania. There are some parks and several sports grounds, the most important being the Venizeleio Stadium of Chania and the Swimming Pool at Nea Hora. The 1913 indoor market ("Agora"),

2294-435: The city of Chania and several nearby areas, including Kounoupidiana , Mournies , Souda , Nerokouros , Daratsos, Perivolia, Galatas and Aroni. Chania was the site of a Minoan settlement, known from Linear B tablets from Knossos as having been named Ku-do-ni-ja ( Mycenaean Greek : 𐀓𐀈𐀛𐀊 ). The subsequent Greek settlement was likewise known as Cydonia ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Κυδωνία , Kydōnía ), ultimately

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2368-506: The diagnostic criteria to reconstruct two dialects within Mycenaean. In particular, more recent paleographical study, not available to Risch, shows that no individual scribe consistently writes "Special Mycenaean" forms. This inconsistency makes the variation between "Normal Mycenaean" and "Special Mycenaean" unlikely to represent dialectical or sociolectical differences, as these would be expected to concentrate in individual speakers, which

2442-458: The difficulties that the war had left in its aftermath. During the 1970s, Crete became a major tourist destination for Greek and international tourists, something that gave a significant boost to the city's economy and affected the everyday life and the overall culture of the locals. The capital of Crete was moved to Heraklion in 1971. Since the 1990s, the city of Chania has entered a new era, mainly due to construction and infrastructure such as

2516-620: The ethnic mix of the city. Under the Ottoman Turkish name Hanya ( خانیه ), Muslims resided mainly in the eastern quarters, Kastelli and Splantzia, where they converted the Dominican church of St Nicholas into the central Sovereign's Mosque (Turkish: Hünkar Camısı ). They also built new mosques such as the Küçük Hasan Pasha Mosque or Yali Mosque on the harbour. Public baths ( hamam ), and fountains were

2590-460: The fall of the palaces because the script was no longer used, the underlying dialects would have continued to develop in their own ways. That view was formulated by Antonin Bartonek. Other linguists like Leonard Robert Palmer and Yves Duhoux  [ de ] also support this view of the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine'. (The term 'Mycenaean koine' is also used by archaeologists to refer to

2664-733: The feet of the White Mountains . The first major wave of settlers from mainland Greece was by the Dorians who came around 1100 BC. Cydonia was constantly at war with other Cretan city-states such as Aptera , Phalasarna , and Polyrrinia and was important enough for the Cydonians to be mentioned in Homer 's Odyssey . In 69 BC, the Roman consul Q. Caecilius Metellus defeated the Cretans and conquered Cydonia, to which he granted

2738-528: The final moves towards independence and enosis —union with Greece —the Great Powers made Chania the capital of the semi-autonomous Cretan State ( Kritiki Politeia ), with Prince George of Greece , the High Commissioner of Crete living here. During these years Crete issued its own stamps and money. This was a very important transitional period when, no longer an isolated vilayet of

2812-465: The hill of Dexameni in the south of the city. These elements bombarded the German forces in the Maleme airfield undetected, until they ran out of ammunition. George II of Greece stayed in a villa near the village of Perivolia outside Chania before escaping to Egypt . Part of the city was bombed and a significant proportion of the area's population was either executed or imprisoned due to participation in

2886-463: The hot katabatic winds ( foehn winds ) blowing from the south, also called Sirocco (Σιρόκος) or "Livas" (the wind from Libya ) by the Greeks. The adjacent climate chart is based on data recorded during 1958–1997. The absolute maximum temperature recorded during this period was 42.5 °C (109 °F), while the absolute minimum recorded was 0 °C (32 °F). However, the record minimum

2960-496: The ideal place for a settlement due to its secure position, its location next to the harbour and its proximity to the fertile valley in the south. Nowadays it is a bit more quiet than the neighbouring areas of the west part of the district. The Splantzia quarter (next to the east part of Kasteli) is also largely untouched. The main square of the Old Town (next to the west end of Kasteli) is Eleftherios Venizelos Square, also known as Syntrivani (from Turkish şadırvan 'fountain'). It

3034-528: The important buildings of the town were built during this era and the intellectual activities (written word, music, education) were also promoted. During the opening months of the Cretan War (1645–1669) the city's walls did not prevent an Ottoman army from capturing it from the Venetians after a two-month siege. Many Cretans fled to escape persecution, many others were slaughtered or converted to Islam, while numerous Turkish Muslim settlers arrived changing

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3108-409: The last half of the 15th century BCE and the earliest years of the 14th. While the Mycenaean dialect is relatively uniform at all the centres where it is found, there are also a few traces of dialectal variants: Based on such variations, Ernst Risch (1966) postulated the existence of some dialects within Linear B. The "Normal Mycenaean" would have been the standardized language of the tablets, and

3182-400: The last years of Ottoman rule. Nowadays it is a developing area with many cafes, bars and restaurants on its beach. In the same era the district of Halepa began to grow to the east of the city and used to be home for the local aristocracy. Some of the historical buildings of the area (including old embassies of foreign countries) had been destroyed or abandoned during the later decades of

3256-467: The main goal was enosis with Greece, which came after Eleftherios Venizelos 's constant opposition to Prince George's rule over Crete. The series of conflicts includes the Therisos revolt in 1905, which overthrew Prince George and brought Alexandros Zaimis to rule Crete. Finally, in 1908, Venizelos managed to establish a revolutionary government, recognized by the Great Powers . His later election as

3330-453: The material culture of the region.) However, since the Linear B script does not indicate several possible dialectical features, such as the presence or absence of word-initial aspiration and the length of vowels, it is unsafe to extrapolate that Linear B texts were read as consistently as they were written. The evidence for "Special Mycenaean" as a distinct dialect has, however, been challenged. Thompson argues that Risch's evidence does not meet

3404-420: The modern town with the old town is Halidon Street. The modern part of Chania is where most locals live and work. It is less traditional than the old town, but there are still areas of some historical interest. The oldest district (early 18th century) of the modern city is Nea Hora (meaning "New Town") which is located beyond the west end of the old town. It is a developing area with narrow old lanes leading to

3478-501: The most important being the Municipal and Regional Theatre of Crete (DI.PE.THE.K). The repertoire includes old and contemporary plays from Greek and foreign writers. The Venizelian Conservatory of Music ("Odeion", established 1931) is also one of the most important cultural societies in Crete. A recent attempt from the municipality to create a chamber music group named "Sinfonietta" has been successful and its performances throughout

3552-537: The mountains of Crete and several other longer term missions in mainland Greece and abroad. Educational institutions located at the greater area of the city are: Mycenaean Greek language Mycenaean Greek is the most ancient attested form of the Greek language , on the Greek mainland and Crete in Mycenaean Greece (16th to 12th centuries BC), before the hypothesised Dorian invasion , often cited as

3626-478: The municipal unit 12.564 km (4.851 sq mi). The municipality forms the eastern shore of Chania Bay (Kolpos Chanion Κόλπος Χανίων) and is bordered by Platanias (6) to the west, Sfakia (7) to the south and Apokoronas (2) to the east. There are several museums, art galleries , theatre and music groups, educational and research institutions within the city. The most important museums in Chania are: Several theatre groups are active in Chania with

3700-484: The municipality or by individuals. A venue which hosts many of these events is a theater located in the east bulwark of the Old Town ("Anatoliki Tafros"). Also, several festivals, conferences and sport events take place in Chania, especially between May and September. A major role in the city's cultural life is played by the Municipal Cultural Corporation of Chania (DI.P.E.X.) which organizes

3774-535: The next gorge to the west, the Agia Eirini Gorge is made. The cooler climate and fertile soil lends itself to growing vegetables and fruit such as potatoes and apples, together with cereals. Small round stone houses ( mitata ) are used for making local cheese ( graviera ). In the warmer seasons shepherds bring their flocks onto pastures ( madares , μαδάρες) on the slopes of the Lefka Ori. Originally

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3848-406: The old harbour and is the matrix around which the whole urban area was developed. It used to be surrounded by the old Venetian fortifications that started to be built in 1538. Of them, only the eastern and western parts have survived. From the south, the old town is continuous with the new, and from the north the physical border is the sea. The centre of the modern city is the area extending next to

3922-419: The old town and especially towards the south. The borders of the Old Town are the partly destroyed old Venetian wall (and bulwarks) and this has been the cradle of all the civilizations which were developed in the area. The central part of the old town is named Kasteli and has been inhabited since Neolithic times (ancient Kydonia ). It is located on a small hill right next to the seafront and has always been

3996-530: The oldest known Mycenaean inscription, with a purported date to the 17th century BC. However, its authenticity is widely doubted, and most scholarly treatments of Linear B omit it from their corpora. The earliest generally-accepted date for a Linear B tablet belongs to the tablets from the 'Room of the Chariot Tablets' at Knossos, which are believed to date to the LM II-LM IIIA period, between

4070-422: The particular local dialects reflecting local vernacular speech would have continued, eventually producing the various Greek dialects of the historic period. Such theories are also connected with the idea that the Mycenaean language constituted a type of a special koine representing the official language of the palace records and the ruling aristocracy. When the 'Mycenaean linguistic koine' fell into disuse after

4144-470: The people who produced them and about Mycenaean Greece, the period before the so-called Greek Dark Ages . Mycenaean preserves some archaic Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Greek features not present in later ancient Greek : The consonant usually transcribed z probably represents *dy, initial *y, *ky, *gy. It is uncertain how it was pronounced. It may have represented a pair of voiceless and voiced affricates / ts / and / dz / (marked with asterisks in

4218-517: The period of the Cretan independence) and The Church of Evangelistria (built 1908–1923). Part of the marine area of Halepa is called Tabakaria, where a unique architectural complex of old leather processing houses is situated. Apart from the previously mentioned older districts of the modern part of the town, several new residential areas have been developed during the 20th century, like Agios Ioannis, Koumbes, Lentariana, Pachiana and Pasakaki. Sections of

4292-524: The prime minister of Greece (1910) eventually led to Crete's union with Greece on 1 December 1913, following the Balkan Wars . The Greek flag was raised for the first time at Fort Firka in the Old Harbour in the presence of Venizelos and King Constantine. Due to the popularity of Venizelos, Chania as with most of Crete remained staunchly pro- Venizelist , pro- Liberal and later pro- Republican in

4366-583: The privileges of an independent city-state. Cydonia was not well documented in late antiquity or in the early medieval period, when it was first ruled by the Byzantine Empire (395–824) and then by the Emirate of Crete (824–961). The Arabs seem to have begun calling the settlement al-Ḵān ( Arabic : الخان ), literally "the Caravanserai " or " Inn " but possibly transcribing the name of

4440-399: The public because of the estimated operational costs. A modern indoor stadium for basketball, volleyball and other indoor sports and events, called Chania Kladissos Indoor Hall , was also built in 2005 near Nea Chora (Kladissos area). There is a very active climbing and hiking club (Greek Mountaineering Club of Chania, E.O.S. Chanion ) organizing weekly excursions of varying difficulty on

4514-467: The quality of the following vowel), or the consonant is omitted. (See above for more details.) Thus, determining the actual pronunciation of written words is often difficult, and using a combination of the PIE etymology of a word, its form in later Greek and variations in spelling is necessary. Even so, for some words the pronunciation is not known exactly, especially when the meaning is unclear from context, or

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4588-503: The resistance against the German rule. The Jewish community of Chania was also eliminated during the German occupation. Most of them were transported off the island by the Nazi occupiers in 1944. A British torpedo sank the ship Tanais , which was carrying most of the Jewish prisoners. The city of Chania slowly regained its normal pace of development during the 1950s, trying to overcome

4662-1283: The same sound) because the correspondence does not necessarily work both ways: 𐁀 , a 2 cannot necessarily be used in place of 𐀀 , a. For that reason, they are referred to as 'overlapping values': signs such as 𐁀 , a 2 are interpreted as special cases or 'restricted applications' of signs such as 𐀀 , a , and their use as largely a matter of an individual scribe's preference. Nouns likely decline for 7 cases : nominative , genitive , accusative , dative , vocative , instrumental and locative ; 3 genders : masculine, feminine, neuter; and 3 numbers : singular , dual , plural . The last two cases had merged with other cases by Classical Greek . In Modern Greek , only nominative , accusative , genitive and vocative remain as separate cases with their own morphological markings. Adjectives agree with nouns in case , gender , and number . Verbs probably conjugate for 3 tenses : past , present , future ; 3 aspects : perfect , perfective , imperfective ; 3 numbers : singular , dual , plural ; 4 moods : indicative , imperative , subjunctive , optative ; 3 voices : active , middle , passive ; 3 persons : first, second, third; infinitives , and verbal adjectives . The verbal augment

4736-418: The same symbols except that ⟨d⟩ stands for /d/ and ⟨t⟩ for both / t / and / tʰ / ). Both / r / and / l / are written ⟨r⟩ ; /h/ is unwritten unless followed by /a/ . The length of vowels and consonants is not notated. In most circumstances, the script is unable to notate a consonant not followed by a vowel. Either an extra vowel is inserted (often echoing

4810-684: The source of the English word " quince ". Some notable archaeological evidence for the existence of this Minoan city below some parts of today's Chania was found by excavations in the district of Kasteli in the Old Town. This area appears to have been inhabited since the Neolithic Age . Cydonia reemerged after the end of the Minoan period as an important city-state in Classical Greece , one whose domain extended from Chania Bay to

4884-439: The south lies the mountain range of Lefka Ori . Furthermore, prevailing winds, such as those of the West side and South of Crete, in addition to the North side—all interact to form its climate. The municipality of Chania was formed in the 2011 local government reform by the merger of the following seven former municipalities, that became municipal units: The municipality has an area of 351.306 km (135.640 sq mi),

4958-406: The table above): / ts / deriving from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiceless or voiceless aspirated velar stop + *y (*ky, *kʰy, *kʷy, kʷʰy) and corresponding to -ττ- or -σσ- in Greek varieties written in the Greek alphabet, and / dz / deriving from Pre-Greek clusters of a voiced dental or velar stop + *y ( *dy, *gy, *ɡʷy ), or in certain instances from word-initial *y , and corresponding to ζ in

5032-515: The town, however not as successful. The main football team is Chania FC (whose home ground is the Perivolia Municipal Stadium ). Platanias FC (originally based at Maleme stadium near the town of Platanias ) played in the top tier Greek Super League between 2012-2013 and 2017-2018. Platanias also played at Perivolia stadium during this period before returning to the smaller Maleme stadium after relegation. The main clubs for athletics are "Eleftherios Venizelos" and "Kydon". The "Antisfairisi" club

5106-434: The uprisings against the Ottoman Empire . the Turks rarely managed to penetrate the plateau. The name Omalos is said to have derived from a revolutionary song " Πότε θα κάνει ξαστεριά πότε θα Φλεβαρίσει να πάρω το τουφέκι μου...να κατεβώ στον Ομαλό " The Tzani cave is named after Tzanis Markos a revolutionary chieftain in the early years of the Turkish invasion who made it his lair. He was nicknamed "Fobos" (fear). The cave

5180-426: The west, from the Chania-Sougia road, from the north at Omalos and from the south where one descends through the Samariá Gorge to the coast at Agia Roumeli on the Libyan Sea . Omalos itself is about 5 km from the entrance to the gorge at Xyloskalo , and derives most of its importance from its association with trekking. An old stone mule track connects Omalos with Agia Eirini to the west, from whence access to

5254-558: The windy and rainy winter as well. Snow and frost are rare near the coast, with very few exceptions, like the snowstorm on 13 February 2004, when 25–75 cm (9.8–29.5 in) of snow accumulated in the greater regional area, causing general chaos. The last significant snowfall occurred on 8 January 2017 when the whole city and the old harbor were covered by snow. However, such cold days can be followed by much warmer and sunny weather. Heat waves can occur from as early as March, oftentimes accompanied by Saharan dust , whose main feature are

5328-450: The word has no descendants in the later dialects. The Mycenaean language is preserved in Linear B writing, which consists of about 200 syllabic characters and ideograms . Since Linear B was derived from Linear A , the script of an undeciphered Minoan language , the sounds of Mycenaean are not fully represented. A limited number of syllabic characters must represent a much greater number of syllables used in spoken speech: in particular,

5402-497: The year have enriched the cultural event calendar of the city. There is also a significant community of people who focus on alternative / indie music as well as jazz and bands performing modern musical styles. A number of traditional [Cretan] musicians are also active in town. There are five cinemas (two of them open-air), concentrating both in commercial and independent movies and occasionally organizing small festivals. There are numerous cafes, restaurants and bars throughout

5476-524: Was broken on 13 February 2004 when the temperature dropped to −1 °C (30 °F) in the nearby airport of Souda and the record maximum was broken on 1 July 2021 when the temperature reached 44.3 °C (111.7 °F) in the city station operated by the National Observatory of Athens . The climate in Chania is further complemented due to the terrain and can vary throughout its regions and elevations and according to its topography. At

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