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35-535: Additionally, there are ethnic Lurs , Persians and Mehri . There are also Omanis from South Asia like the Lawatis , Zadjalis and others. Moreover, in Dhofar , Sur and Muscat , Afro-Omanis can be found. They are the descendants of the slaves who were brought from Africa centuries ago. Omani citizens make up the majority of Oman's total population. Over one and a half million other Omanis live in other areas of

70-675: A Median Empire . After the assassination of the usurper Smerdis, a Mede Fravartish (Phraortes), claiming to be a scion of Cyaxares, tried to restore the Mede kingdom, but was defeated by the Persian generals and executed in Ecbatana ( Darius I in the Behistun inscription). Another rebellion, in 409 BC, against Darius II was of short duration. But the Iranian tribes to the north, especially

105-697: A revolution occurred in Zanzibar in 1964. The Omani descendant, sultan of Zanzibar , Sultan Jamshid bin Abdullah was overthrown, and thousands of Omanis were killed, among many other Arabs. Soon after the revolution, many Omanis fled Zanzibar to avoid persecution and returned to their ancestral homeland in Oman, but others chose to remain on the Swahili Coast. Gwadar, a region of Balochistan in Pakistan,

140-501: A century and a half, and Hellenism was introduced everywhere. Media was surrounded everywhere by Greek towns, in pursuance of Alexander's plan to protect it from neighboring barbarians, according to Polybius . Only Ecbatana retained its old character. But Rhagae became the Greek town Europus ; and with it Strabo names Laodicea , Apamea Heraclea or Achais. Most of them were founded by Seleucus I and his son Antiochus I . In 221 BC,

175-595: A notable Lur population in Bahrain, and Kuwait, carrying the “Bushehri” surname, among others, such as the "Safar" family who are claimed to be Bakhtiari Lurs . Lurs are a mixture of aboriginal Iranian tribes, originating from Central Asia and the pre-Iranic tribes of western Iran, such as the Kassites (whose homeland appears to have been in what is now Lorestan ) and Gutians . In accordance with geographical and archaeological matching, some historians argue that

210-534: A result of Reza Shah's toppling in 1941 and the period of less effective rule during the early years of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi 's reign. In 1986, at the time of the publication of Vladimir Minorsky 's entry on the Lurs in the 2nd edition of the Encyclopaedia of Islam , a sizeable portion of the Lurs and Bakhtiaris were still living that way of life. The authority of tribal elders remains a strong influence among

245-517: Is a region of north-western Iran , best known for having been the political and cultural base of the Medes . During the Achaemenid period, it comprised present-day Iranian Azerbaijan , Iranian Kurdistan and western Tabaristan . As a satrapy under Achaemenid rule, it would eventually encompass a wider region, stretching to southern Dagestan in the north. However, after the wars of Alexander

280-539: Is suggested to be "the central or eastern" Mahidasht District in Kermanshah Province . Its borders were limited in the north by the non-Iranian states of Gizilbunda and Mannea , and to its south by Ellipi and Elam . Gizilbunda was located in the Qaflankuh Mountains , and Ellipi was located in the south of modern Lorestan Province. On the east and southeast of Media, as described by

315-693: Is the second most commonly occurring patrilineage in the Lurs and is associated with the diffusion of agriculturalists from the Neolithic Near East c. 8000-4000 BCE. Another haplogroup reaching a frequency above 10% is that of G2a , with subclade G2a3b accounting for most of this. Also significant is haplogroup E1b1b1a1b , for which the Lurs display the highest frequency in Iran. Lineages Q1b1 and Q1a3 present at 6%, and T at 4%. Media (region) Media ( Old Persian : 𐎶𐎠𐎭 , romanized:  Māda , Middle Persian : Mād )

350-602: The Encyclopaedia of Islam , the Lurs revere bread and fire like the Zoroastrians . Recent reports also indicate a growing Zoroastrian religious movement, particularly among Bakhtiari Lurs. Luri is a Western Iranian language continuum spoken by about four million people. The continuum constitutes the three dialects of Bakhtiari , Luristani and Southern Luri which linguist Anonby situates between Kurdish and Persian . There are several established branches of

385-560: The Bakhtiari , Mamasani , Kohgiluyeh and Lur proper, who are principally linked by the Luri language . Lorestan province is named after the Lurs, but some Lurs live in other provinces including Fars , Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari , Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad , Khuzestan , Hamadan , Isfahan , Tehran southern Ilam Province , and Genaveh county in Bushehr province . There is

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420-840: The Elamites were the Proto-Lurs, whose language became Iranian only in the Middle Ages. The distinctive characteristics of the Lur dialects imply that they were Iranized by Persis rather than Media . The history of the Lurs is closely linked with the dynasties that ruled in Khuzestan , Shiraz , Isfahan , Hamadan and in the Zagros Mountains . The Buyid dynasty is known to have produced coins at Izeh . In 935, they marched their forces through Lorestan. The Karkheh River

455-568: The Middle East and the Swahili Coast. In 2023, an estimated percentage of 47.2% of Omani Muslims were Sunni Muslims and 35.2% were Ibadi Muslims while only 6.5% were Shia Muslims. Omani presence in the Swahili Coast can be traced since the Nabhani dynasty . In the late seventeenth century, Zanzibar became part of the overseas holdings of Oman after Saif bin Sultan , the imam of Oman, defeated

490-762: The Portuguese in Mombasa , in what is now Kenya . Large numbers of Omanis settled in the Swahili Coast — especially after 1832, when the Omani Sultan Said bin Sultan moved his court to Zanzibar. To the Omanis, the region became a land of economic opportunity. Omanis who migrated to the Swahili Coast looked forward to a better life. The Omani community in the Swahili Coast grew and became financially successful. Omanis stopped moving to Zanzibar after

525-725: The 7th century BC comes from the Assyrians. The southern border of Media, in that period, is named as the Elamite region of Simaški in present-day Lorestan Province . To the west and northwest, Media was bounded by the Zagros Mountains and from the east by the Dasht-e Kavir desert. This region of Media was ruled by the Assyrians and for them the region fell "along the Great Khorasan Road from just east of Harhar to Alwand, and probably beyond." The location of Harhar

560-436: The Assyrians, another land with the name of "Patušarra" appears. This land was located near a mountain range which the Assyrians call "Bikni" and describe as "Lapis Lazuli Mountain". There are differing opinions on the location of this mountain. Mount Damavand of Tehran and Alvand of Hamadan are two proposed sites. This location is the most remote eastern area that the Assyrians knew of or reached during their expansion until

595-638: The Cadusii, were always troublesome; many abortive expeditions of the later kings against them are mentioned. Under Persian rule, the country was divided into two satrapies: the south, with Ecbatana and Rhagae ( Rey near modern Tehran ), Media proper, or Greater Media, as it is often called, formed in Darius I the Great's organization the eleventh satrapy, together with the Paricanians and Orthocorybantians;

630-515: The Great , the northern parts were separated due to the Partition of Babylon and became known as Atropatene , while the remaining region became known as Lesser Media . In 678 BC, Deioces united the Median tribes of Media and made the first Iranian Empire . His grandson Cyaxares managed to unite all Iranian tribes of Ancient Iran and made his empire a major power. When Cyaxares died he

665-506: The Luri language. Considering their NRY variation, the Lurs are distinguished from other Iranian groups by their relatively elevated frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup R1b (specifically, of subclade R1b1a2a-L23). Together with its other clades, the R1 group comprises the single most common haplogroup among the Lurs. Haplogroup J2a (subclades J2a3a-M47, J2a3b-M67, J2a3h-M530, more specifically)

700-649: The Medes were subjected to their close kin, the Persians. In the new empire they retained a prominent position; in honor and war, they stood next to the Persians; their court ceremony was adopted by the new sovereigns, who in the summer months resided in Ecbatana ; and many noble Medes were employed as officials, satraps and generals. At the beginning the Greek historians referred to the Achaemenid Empire as

735-531: The arrival of the Atabegs , was unaffected by any outside attempts to conquer Lorestan or seize portions of its land. The new Iranian monarch Reza Shah ( r.  1925–1941 ) brought the Bakhtiari lands into the normal system of Iranian government, which included forcibly making semi-nomadic tribesmen settle. The semi-nomadic way of life that many Bakhtiaris and Lurs were familiar with, however, returned as

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770-582: The beginning of the 7th century BC. In Achaemenid sources, specifically from the Behistun Inscription (2.76, 77–78), the capital of Media is Ecbatana , called "Hamgmatāna-" in Old Persian ( Elamite : Agmadana- ; Babylonian: Agamtanu- ) corresponding to modern-day Hamadan . The other cities existing in Media were Laodicea (modern Nahavand ) and the mound that was the largest city of

805-469: The command of the satrapy of Media in the later period. When the Persian empire decayed and the Cadusii and other mountainous tribes made themselves independent, eastern Armenia became a special satrapy, while Assyria seems to have been united with Media; therefore Xenophon in the Anabasis always designates Assyria by the name of "Media". Following Alexander's invasion of the satrapy of Media in

840-569: The final loss of Seleucid influence in Media. From this time Media remained subject to the Arsacids or Parthians, who changed the name of Rhagae, or Europus, into Arsacia , and divided the country into five small provinces. From the Parthians, it passed in 226 to the Sassanids , together with Atropatene. An early description of Media from the end of the 9th century BC to the beginning of

875-577: The modern form ' Azerbaijan '. The capital of Atropatene was Gazaca in the central plain, and the castle Phraaspa , discovered on the Araz river by archaeologists in April 2005. Atropatene is that country of western Asia which was least of all other countries influenced by Hellenism . There exists not even a single coin of its rulers. Southern Media remained a province of the Seleucid Empire for

910-481: The most distinctive ethno-cultural characteristics of this ethnic group. Many Lurs are small-scale agriculturists and shepherds. A few Lurs are also traveling musicians. Luri textiles and weaving skills are highly esteemed for their workmanship and beauty. Most Lurs are Shia Muslim. Historically, many Lurs adhered to Yarsanism but almost the whole Yarsani Luri population has converted to Shia Islam. A small Sunni Muslim community of Lurs also exists. According to

945-460: The nomadic population. It is not as dominant among the settled urban population. As among Kurds , Lur women have much greater freedom than women in other groups within the region. The women have more freedom to participate in different social activities, to wear diverse types of female clothing and to sing and dance in different ceremonies. Bibi Maryam Bakhtiari is a notable Luri woman. Luri music , Luri clothing and Luri folk dances are some of

980-641: The north, the district of Matiane, together with the mountainous districts of the Zagros and Assyria proper (east of the Tigris) was united with the Alarodians and Saspirians in eastern Armenia , and formed the eighteenth satrapy. Caucasian Albania (roughly comprising northeast of modern-day Azerbaijan and southern Dagestan ) was rapidly incorporated by the Achaemenid Persians and were under

1015-625: The rebellion, and Timarchus was slain. But with Demetrius I, the dissolution of the Seleucid Empire began, brought about chiefly by the intrigues of the Romans , and shortly afterwards, in about 150, the Parthian king Mithradates I conquered Media. Antiochus VII Sidetes briefly reasserted Seleucid control over the region in 130 BC, but his defeat and death at the Battle of Ecbatana marked

1050-508: The rule of Antigonus , and afterwards (about 310 BC) to Seleucus I , Atropates maintained himself in his own satrapy and succeeded in founding an independent kingdom. Thus the partition of the country that Persia had introduced became lasting; the north was named Atropatene (in Pliny, Atrapatene ; in Ptolemy, Tropatene ), after the founder of the dynasty, a name still said to be preserved in

1085-440: The satrap Molon tried to make himself independent (there exist bronze coins with his name and the royal title), together with his brother Alexander , satrap of Persis, but they were defeated and killed by Antiochus the Great . In the same way, the Mede satrap Timarchus took the diadem and conquered Babylonia. On his coins he calls himself the great king Timarchus; but again the legitimate king, Demetrius I, succeeded in subduing

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1120-487: The summer of 330 BC, he appointed as satrap a former general of Darius III the Great named Atropates (Atrupat) in 328 BC, according to Arrian . In the partition of his empire, southern Media was given to the Macedonian Peithon ; but the north, far off and of little importance to the generals squabbling over Alexander's inheritance, was left to Atropates. While southern Media, with Ecbatana , passed to

1155-476: Was a Colony of Oman for more than a century and in the 1960s, Pakistan gained the land. Hence, many people in this region are Omani. Around 20% of Omanis are of Baloch descent whose ancestors migrated to Oman centuries ago, and are now considered native. With an additional 15% expatriate population, the figure rises to 35%. Lurs The Lurs or Lors ( Persian : لر ) are an Iranian people living in western and southern Iran . The four Luri branches are

1190-657: Was later controlled by the Hasanwayhid dynasty , who used Sarmadj as their capital. In c.  1009 , they conquered Shapur-Khwast ( Khorramabad ). In 1042, the Seljuk Empire besieged Shapur-Khwast, then ruled by the Kakuyid dynasty . Between 1152 and 1174/75, Lorestan and some of Khuzestan was controlled by a Turkic lord named Husam al-Din Shuhla. The tribal structure of the Lurs, whose development culminated with

1225-594: Was succeeded by his son, Astyages , who was the last king of the Median Empire . In 553 BC, Cyrus the Great , King of Persia , rebelled against his grandfather, the Median King, Astyages son of Cyaxares; he finally won a decisive victory in 550 BC resulting in Astyages' capture by his own dissatisfied nobles, who promptly turned him over to the triumphant Cyrus. After Cyrus's victory against Astyages,

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