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107-443: The Onassio Cardiac Surgery Center was the scene where the last act of the active political life of Andreas Papandreou , prime minister of Greece and protagonist of its public life for decades, took place. For 4 months, from 29 November 1995 to 21 March 1996, Papandreou was hospitalized at Onassio, submitting his resignation as prime minister on 15 January 1996. One of the goals of the "Alexander S. Onassis" Charitable Foundation (which

214-537: A National Union government under Xenophon Zolotas (a retired banker at the age of 85) as a way out of the deadlock and to restore public trust in political institutions. Zolotas resigned in April 1990 due to the inability to reverse the continuous determination of the Greek economy from Papandreou's handling of the economy in previous years. In the elections of April 1990 , Mitsotakis received sufficient (by one seat above

321-465: A Pampers Diapers box. Andreas Papandreou denied the story, accused the US of manufacturing this scandal to destroy him, and even sued Time magazine. Nonetheless, Koskotas's accusations gained international attention. Several months after the arrest of Koskotas, six ministers (most notable by Costas Simitis ) resigned in protest of the corruption among the most senior members of PASOK. There were demands for

428-606: A Venizelist liberal, declaring himself a democratic socialist. Instead, he formed a new 'radical' party, the Panhellenic Socialist Movement ( PASOK ) on 3 September 1974. Most of his former PAK companions, as well as members of other leftist groups such as the Democratic Defense joined the new party. The founding charter of PASOK advocated social liberation, a radical re-orientation of the country's foreign policy, Greek withdrawal from NATO,

535-513: A newspaper of record ". It was later considered a newspaper of record. Alafouzos died in 2017 and was succeeded by his son Themistoklis Alafouzos. Kathimerini ' s daily edition circulation figures are unavailable since the newspaper has prohibited press agencies from releasing such data. Its Sunday edition had a circulation of 95,007 in January 2014. Kathimerini is published by Nees Kathimerines Ekdoseis Single Member S.A. and

642-527: A $ 1.75 billion loan to deal with the widening foreign trade deficit (8.7% of GDP). However, the EEC imposed the implementation of a "stabilisation programme" as a precondition for the loan. The stabilization package, implemented by Costas Simitis as minister of Finance, included a 15% devaluation of the drachma , posed limits on government borrowing, and monetary policy became more strict, wages ceased to follow inflation, some tax exemptions were eliminated, effectively

749-582: A 7–6 vote. During the trial, the deputy of the Prime Minister, Agamemnon Koutsogeorgas , who was also accused and a close friend of Papandreou, had a heart attack on live television and died a few days afterward. Dimitris Tsovolas , former Minster of Finance, was sentenced to two-and-a-half jail years. Koskotas was tried and sentenced to a 25-year prison term. When Karamanlis was asked about the verdict, he commented, "In democracies, prime ministers do not go to prison. They return home." by both reaffirming

856-456: A break from the failed politics of the past. In 1977 elections PASOK received 25.3% of the vote, doubling in size from 1974, and Papandreou became leader of the opposition. The radical and uncompromising positions (mostly anti-American, anti-NATO, and anti-EEC) of Andreas Papandreou, along with his rising popularity, renewed fears of another military coup in the Right and Greece's allies. After

963-617: A conflict of interest, which forced George Papandreou's resignation; the events following this became known as the Apostasia of 1965 . For the next twenty-two months, there was no elected government, and hundreds of demonstrations took place, with many being injured and killed in clashes with the police. The King tried to lure members of the Center Union party to his side and form a temporary government. He succeeded in bringing 45 members to his side, who later were called 'apostates,' and

1070-570: A daughter out of wedlock , Emilia Nyblom, who was born in 1969 in Sweden . Papandreou divorced his second wife Margaret Chant-Papandreou in 1989, and married Dimitra Liani who was 37 years his junior. He died in 1996. His will generated much discussion because he left everything to his 41-year-old third wife. He left nothing to his second wife, to whom he was married for 38 years, their four children, or his illegitimate Swedish daughter. The government declared 4 days of national mourning. Greece

1177-423: A landslide victory over the conservative New Democracy party, and Papandreou became Greece 's first socialist prime minister. The party's main slogan was Allagí (change). In office, Papandreou backtracked from much of his campaign rhetoric and followed a more conventional approach. Greece did not withdraw from NATO , United States troops and military bases were not ordered out of Greece, and Greek membership in

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1284-525: A military coup intensified, and before the next election took place (scheduled for 28 May 1967) and potentially both Papandreou returned to power, anti-Communist Colonels led the coup d'état of 21 April 1967 . When the Regime of the Colonels led by Georgios Papadopoulos seized power in April 1967, Andreas Papandreou was captured and charged with treason. Not only did the junta revile Andreas Papandreou as

1391-498: A post for one year at Stockholm University . Afterward, he moved to University of Toronto , where he stayed until 1974. In exile, Andreas was a political pariah and excluded from political forces to restore democracy in Greece. In the beginning, he actively campaigned, relying on his American network for a US intervention to bring down the junta, but then changed his mind and favored military resistance. Papandreou publicly accused

1498-655: A predominantly socialist political program. The achievements of his first two governments include the official recognition of the leftist and communist resistance groups of the Greek Resistance ( EAM / ELAS ) against the Axis powers occupation, the establishment of the National Health System and the Supreme Council for Personnel Selection (ASEP), the passage of Law 1264/1982 which secured

1605-441: A spiral of decline to turn it into one of the country's leading dailies, both in terms of circulation and its influence on economic developments, with an international reputation. Throughout his life, Aristeidis Alafouzos entered the challenging businesses of construction, shipping and publishing and emerged champion in all three. In October 1995, Kathimerini was assessed as Greece's "nearest equivalant [ sic ] to

1712-470: A threat, but also his political opponents and former allies, including his own father, as the man chiefly responsible for the collapse of Greek democracy. Soon after, Gust Avrakotos , a Greek-American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) case officer assigned to Athens, told the Colonels that the U.S. Government wished for Papandreou to be released and allowed to leave the country with his family. Avrakotos violated his orders, however, and unofficially advised

1819-417: A vote of no confidence against the government, which Papandreou defeated. Still, three members of PASOK voted against the party line, however, Papandreou responded by removing them from PASOK, including Antonis Tritsis who was a founding member of PASOK. Papandreou attacked the judiciary independence by passing a law via emergency procedures, despite massive backlash from lawyers, judges, and clerks, to alter

1926-428: A wide range of leading magazines, including Vogue Greece with Conde Nast International and publications for The Walt Disney Company Greece. Considered a high-quality broadsheet, Kathimerini began as hard-line conservative, today however identifies with a broad range of the political spectrum, from traditional liberalism to the main conservative right, while covering the positions and hosting analyses from all

2033-474: A world scale, with ever-increasing unemployment and inflation, intensified international competition, the increase in the degree of concentration and the monopolistic structure of many branches, have made the traditional means of economic policy ineffective. —Papandreou, in his first appearance in the Greek Parliament as the prime minister on 22 November 1981. At the 1981 elections , PASOK won

2140-684: The Allies , and resulted in the National Schism with the expulsion of the King and the creation of the short-lived Second Hellenic Republic (1924-1935). Overall, militarized politics was always a danger since Greece had eight military coups since World War I. The Greek economy was weak, but rapidly growing due to American aid from the Marshall Plan and other sources (in total approximately 3.75 billion US dollars ) as Americans feared that

2247-614: The Center Union , became prime minister of Greece, and his son became chief economic advisor. In the following year, Andreas Papandreou renounced his American citizenship and was elected to the Greek Parliament in the 1964 Greek legislative election . He immediately became Minister to the Prime Minister (in effect, assistant Prime Minister) and the leader of the left wing of the party. The rapid ascension of Andreas Papandreou by his father created displeasure among members of

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2354-644: The Church of Greece , Papandreou introduced, for the first time in Greece, the process of civil marriage . Prior to the institution of civil marriages in Greece, the only legally recognized marriages were those conducted in the Church of Greece. Couples seeking a civil marriage had to get married outside Greece, generally in Italy . Under PASOK, the Greek State also appropriated real estate properties previously owned by

2461-458: The Cold War , and his father (and as Prime Minister) repeatedly requested Andreas tone down his emotive rhetoric. Despite promises that he would do so, Andreas continued actively campaigning, further deepening divisions and prolonging the political instability in the pre-1967 coup period. Andreas increasingly became the target of ultra-rightists who feared that following any new elections, which

2568-479: The Communist party leaving the chamber. Greece entered the EEC as its tenth member in January 1981, and in the eyes of allies, Karamanlis, as President, would act as a restraining factor on radical departures in foreign and domestic affairs. In the elections of October 1981 , Papandreou won by a landslide with 48.1% of the vote. Our basic target is a self-sufficient economic and social development, using all

2675-568: The Cyprus dispute , particularly his interview on Le Monde on 4 October 1964 was politically turbulent, resulting in the sudden but temporary resignation of Andreas Papandreou. Andreas' public attacks against the King and the Americans greatly disturbed the political balance. In particular, conservatives feared that Andreas was a secret Communist, leading them to another civil war. The US embassy officials, sensitive to these public attacks during

2782-495: The Greek Civil War of Greek ethnicity to return home to Greece. During his tenure as the prime minister of Greece from 1981 to 1989, the financial situation of Greece was worsened by dysfunctional and scandal-infested governments, on average annual inflation of the order of 20%, and large budget deficits (over 10% of GDP). The public debt of Greece as a function of gross domestic product (GDP) almost tripled while

2889-479: The Iran–Iraq War . Political polarization reached a climax five weeks before the scheduled elections of November 1989, where the Greek parliament would start deliberations on whether Papandreou and four of his ministers would be indicted. On this day (26 September 1989) and hours before deliberations started, Pavlos Bakoyannis , a prominent conservative member of parliament and the architect of collaboration between

2996-527: The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens from 1937 until 1938 when, during the totalitarian dictatorship led by Ioannis Metaxas , he was arrested for purported Trotskyism . Following representation in court by his father, he was allowed to leave for the US. In 1943, Papandreou received a PhD degree in economics from Harvard University . Immediately after earning his doctorate, Papandreou joined America's war effort and volunteered to serve in

3103-467: The Synaspismos (radical left) to form a government; while on the opposite ideological sides, both seek a " catharsis ," i.e., investigation and trial of PASOK's corruption is completed. This collaboration was led by first under Tzannis Tzannetakis (2 July-12 October) and then Ioannis Grivas (12 October-23 November). The participation of Synaspismos party (effectively following communist ideals) in

3210-868: The US Navy , serving as an examiner of models for repairing warships, and as a hospital corpsman at the Bethesda Naval Hospital for war wounded. He returned to Harvard in 1946 and served as a lecturer and associate professor until 1947. He then held professorships at the University of Minnesota , Northwestern University , the University of California, Berkeley (where he was chair of the Department of Economics), Stockholm University , and York University in Toronto where he worked alongside long term academic advisor Christos Paraskevopoulos. He

3317-535: The national broadcasting organization as a public relations agency. Unfriendly newspapers to PASOK were openly threatened by his ministers. In 1989, it was revealed that the National Information Service , through the state telecommunications organisation OTE , had been bugging over 46,000 phones of politicians, journalists, businessmen, and lawyers and Andreas Papandreous used the information obtained for PASOK's purposes. Six months before

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3424-460: The "Industrial Reconstruction Organisation," which was created by PASOK and was designed to assist failed firms in recovery. The Greek economy started to recover due to Mitsotakis' economic policies towards meeting the Euro convergence criteria , but this was not enough to balance the rising frustration of the Greek voters with the austerity measures impacting their lives. Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou

3531-459: The 1977 elections, Karamanlis toured the European capitals, urging for Greece's quicker entry into EEC as this may reduce the temptation for military intervention if Papandreou implements his promises once in power. Foreign leaders agreed with Karamanlis on a plan for Greece's entry to ECC. Papandreou started to soften his tone, without abandoning his initial positions, by calling for a referendum

3638-456: The 1989 elections, public appointments were bestowed on about 90,000 people as a way to gain additional votes. The abuse of power continued when Papandreou changed the electoral law shortly before the June 1989 general elections , a move designed to prevent the absolute majority of a rival political party. Papandreou's action prolonged the instability because no stable government existed to address

3745-504: The American progressive liberalism from his years in the US, to secure the support of non-communist left-leaning Greek voting blocks as he considered the only way to assist his father in becoming Prime Minister. In this ideology, the King, the armed forces, and the Americans are described as having "vested interests" that are not in the best interests of the Greek people. In the elections of 1963 , his father, George Papandreou, head of

3852-590: The Athens Economic Research Center, and advisor to the Bank of Greece . He also received funding from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations to promote projects aligned to liberal internationalism ; initially American officials hoped that Andreas Papandreou would be a stabilizing force in Greek politics. However, Andreas Papandreou started to develop a political ideology, heavily influenced by

3959-543: The Bank of Crete. In 1989, Time magazine published an article describing in detail the allegations that Koskotas made to US officials. Koskotas alleged that Andreas Papandreou and other PASOK high functionaries had ordered state corporations to deposit funds (over US$ 200 million ) with the Bank of Crete, which went missing in the form of bribes and acquisition of mass media companies. Koskotas claimed that on one occasion, he had delivered to Papandreou himself US$ 600,000 stuffed in

4066-693: The CIA of being responsible for the 1967 coup and became increasingly critical of the US administration , often stating that Greece was a US "colony" and a Cold War "garrison state". In 1968, Andreas Papandreou formed an anti-dictatorship organization, the Panhellenic Liberation Movement (PAK), which sought to 'violently overthrow' the military regime. Reacting to the creation of PAK, his father added: "Political leaders do not head up conspiratorial organizations" and urged his son to work within

4173-479: The Center Union party, particularly Constantine Mitsotakis , who were promoted through rank and file. Both Papandreou advocated for the liberalization of Greek society, which was rapidly urbanizing, resulting in large salary increases for police, judges, and teachers. However, seeds of resentment towards both Papandreou from the military grew as they were excluded from salary increases, and Papandreou sought to remove senior officers with anti-democratic tendencies from

4280-620: The Central Union party. George Papandreou, who was under house arrest since the coup and already at an advanced age, died in 1968; Andreas Papandreou was not allowed by the junta regime to attend his father funeral. In the early 1970s, during the latter phase of the dictatorship in Greece, Andreas Papandreou opposed the process of political normalization attempted by Georgios Papadopoulos and his appointed Prime Minister, Spyros Markezinis . Overall, Papandreou's rhetoric found little response in Greece and whose activities contributed little to

4387-406: The Church. A major part of Papandreou's allagi ("change") involved driving out the "old families" ( tzákia , literally "hearths", using the traditional Greek expression for the genealogy of families), which dominated Greek politics and economy and belonged to the traditional Greek right. Papandreou was re-elected in the 1985 Greek legislative election with 45.82% of the vote. From

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4494-421: The Colonels to "Shoot the motherfucker because he's going to come back to haunt you." Under heavy pressure from American officials and academics, such as John Kenneth Galbraith , a friend of Andreas since their Harvard days, the military regime released Andreas on Christmas day 1967 on condition that he leave the country. Papandreou then moved to Sweden with his wife, four children, and mother, where he accepted

4601-565: The EEC continued, largely because Papandreou proved very capable of securing monetary aid for Greece. In domestic affairs, Papandreou's government immediately carried out a massive programme of wealth redistribution upon coming into office that immediately increased the availability of entitlement aid to the unemployed and lower wage earners. Pensions, together with average wages and the minimum wage, were increased in real terms, and changes were made to labour laws which up until 1984 made it difficult for employers to make workers redundant. The impact of

4708-651: The First Gulf War further improved the relations between Greece and US. Mitsotakis also visited Washington, making him the first Greek prime minister to do so since 1964 by Papandreou's father. The first thing on the agenda in Mitsotakis' government after taking office was introducing a series of austerity measures (following the footsteps of Simitis in 1985-7), including freezing public-sector salaries and pensions, cutting government spending, and raising taxes on various goods, including fuel oil. It also repealed

4815-536: The Greek economy remained relatively stagnant, with an average annual increase in GDP of 0.8% over 1981-1989 period. By the end of Papandreou's tenure, the Greek economy was in a dire condition as it had diverged from the European average and was furthest from the Euro convergence criteria than the other member states, resulting in a reputation nationally and in European circles as that of `black sheep.' The Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK), which he founded and led,

4922-450: The Greek economy was in dire condition with a reputation nationally and in European circles as that of 'black sheep.' Specifically, the economy was burdened by debt that had nearly tripled in size (from 26.7% of GDP in 1981 to 73.3% of GDP in 1990), high inflation rates (20% the year they came to office), rising unemployment, chronic primary budget deficits, and large government expenditures some intended to keep failed companies afloat. This

5029-668: The Greek military. The latter created friction with the King, who wanted to be in command of the army and not the elected government. Papandreou's government also released all the political prisoners. In foreign policy, Andreas Papandreou criticized the presence of American military and intelligence in Greece by describing Greece as a colony of the United States and publicly taking a neutral stand in Cold War . Papandreou rhetoric intensified after his father's visit as Prime Minister to Washington with President Johnson in July 1964 to discuss

5136-524: The PASOK Government's social and economic policies was such that it was estimated in 1988 that two-thirds of the decrease in inequality that occurred in Greece between 1974 and 1982 took place between 1981 and 1982. During its time in office, Papandreou's government carried through sweeping reforms of social policy by introducing a welfare state, significantly expanding welfare measures, expanding health care coverage (the "National Health System"

5243-479: The US interactions with the junta after the coup and the Turkish invasion of Cyprus reinforced in the imagination of the Greek populace the conspiratorial involvement of the US in the Colonels' junta, and thus, Andreas Papandreou depicted himself and his father as victims of larger forces. Second, the oil crisis in 1973 and 1979 deeply affected the Greek economy, and the inability of Karamanlis' governments after

5350-431: The beginning of the second administration until the 1989 elections, Papandreou's premiership was surrounded by numerous scandals and controversial foreign policy decisions, while the Greek economy rapidly deteriorated. The retired Karamanlis publicly described the situation as: "A boundless lunatic asylum," while others refer to the events surrounding 1989 as "dirty 89". In 1985, Papandreou's government applied to EEC for

5457-434: The best government Greece ever had. Papandreou was born on the island of Chios , Greece , the son of Zofia (Sofia) Mineyko (1883–1981) and Greek liberal politician and future prime minister George Papandreou . His maternal grandfather was Polish - Lithuanian -born public figure Zygmunt Mineyko , and his maternal grandmother was Greek. Before university, he attended Athens College , a private school in Greece. He attended

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5564-513: The closure of the US military bases, and rejection of the option of membership of the European Economic Community (EEC), which was dismissed as a capitalist club. In 1974 elections , PASOK received 13.5% of the vote. Andreas Papandreou was able to salvage his political career by doubling down on his pre-junta-developed ideology by combining it with nationalist elements, which was assisted by three major events. First,

5671-430: The consumer price index every 4 months on the basis of economic forecasts. In addition, all women with unmarried children under 21 could retire at 55, early retirement was extended to more occupations, and low-income households received housing allowances. The role of OAED in vocational guidance and training was strengthened, while subsidies for returning Greek migrants were introduced. A national system against unemployment

5778-526: The court's decision while at the same time admitting the existence of both positive and negative implications for the country. The trial was characterized as the "trial of trials" and the most critical judicial decision in modern Greek history since the Trial of the Six in 1922. Beyond the financial scandals, the public was getting worried about the government's assertions of arbitrary power. Andreas Papandreou used

5885-514: The crucial matter of our accession to the EEC cannot be decided without a referendum." However, placing the entry to EEC in a referendum was impossible since only the President can do this according to the Greek constitution of 1974 and Karamanlis, as President, would not have permitted this. Legislation to ratify the entry to EEC was passed in the Greek Parliament on 28 June 1979, with PASOK and

5992-406: The democratic restoration to address the rising economic problems further increased the frustration of the Greek population. Third, Karamanlis, the dominant political figure in bringing democracy back to Greece, became President of Greece in 1980, leaving a power vacuum in the upcoming elections of 1981. The changes (some unrealistic) promised by Andreas resonated with the Greek people, who sought

6099-399: The deregulation and liberalization of the economy. There was less reaction to these policies because Papandreou could find a compromising position between capital and labor. In 1994, his government decided to impose an economic embargo on North Macedonia due to the ongoing naming dispute regarding the name of the then Republic of Macedonia. In 1995, an interim accord was signed between

6206-600: The downfall of the junta, which in effect collapsed because of the poor handling of the events leading to the Turkish invasion of Cyprus in July 1974 . We are announcing today the inauguration of a new political movement, a movement which we believe represents the desires of and needs of the average Greek: the farmer, the worker, the craftsman, the salaried worker, and our courageous and enlightened youth. The movement belongs to them, and we will call on every exploited Greek to strengthen our ranks, to form cadres and participate in

6313-439: The dowry system, eased the process for obtaining a divorce, and enhanced the legal status of women. In 1984, for instance, women were guaranteed equal pay for equal work. Papandreou also introduced various reforms in the administration and curriculum of the Greek educational system, allowing students to participate in the election process for their professors and deans in the university, and abolishing tenure. The university system

6420-511: The economic policies of his government were condemned as a failure by his critics. Various nationalizations of enterprises and the increase of the public sector was another point of critic by the conservatives. Kathimerini Kathimerini ( Greek : Η Καθημερινή, [i.kaθimeriˈni] ; lit.   ' The Daily ' ) is a daily, political and financial morning newspaper published in Piraeus , Athens . Its first edition

6527-406: The elections of June 1989. Liani became an influential 'gatekeeper' for Andreas' favor and was involved in appointments in the Prime Minister's Office. The sudden elevation of Liani had negative effects on the operation of the government and caused discontent among members of PASOK. The return from London after the heart surgery (22 October) sparked another series of controversies. No family member

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6634-761: The encouragement of women to join agricultural cooperatives as full members, an option which previously had not been open to women. Social aid became available to deaf and dumb adults as well as for persons with mental disabilities, minimum pensions were indexed to the minimum wage, a social assistance pension for those aged 68 and over was introduced and, according to one study, "All uninsured employed and self-employed individuals are covered by IKA (social insurance fund)." Social security benefits were also adjusted to price increases, while social assistance disability benefits were extended to new categories. Special family allowances were established for certain categories, while wages and pensions became automatically adjusted in line with

6741-530: The entry to EEC after 1977 as he was trying to win over the crucial share of the vote from the centrist Union of the Democratic Centre (EDIK) after its disintegration from its performance in the elections of 1977, and the entry to EEC was becoming positively popular among the Greeks. Papandreou frequently stated in his campaigns prior 1981 elections regarding the entry to EEC: "PASOK believes that

6848-500: The fall of the junta and the restoration of democracy in Greece was Karamanlis, while Papandreou continued to have the stigma of past events. On 6 August 1974, Andreas Papandreou dissolved PAK in Winterthur , Switzerland, without announcing it publicly. He was offered the leadership of his father's old party, which had evolved into Centre Union – New Forces . However, he turned it down by rejecting his father's ideological heritage as

6955-459: The government marked the end of the militarized politics of the past since there was no reaction from the military. However, the collaboration was soon dissolved, and the Greek people went to the polls again. In the elections of November 1989 , New Democracy got 46% of the vote but could still not produce a government. All the parties in Parliament (New Democracy, PASOK, and Synaspismos) entered

7062-710: The incomes dropped to pre-1980 levels. Moreover, Greece signed the Single European Act in February 1986, which required the member states to deregulate and reduce state intervention in economic life for the formation of a single EEC market by 1992. Simitis' policies had the intended outcome, with the inflation reduced from 23.01% in 1986 to 13.5% in 1988, and the Public Sector Borrowing Requirement fell from approximately 18% of GDP in 1985 to 13% of GDP in 1987. However, Papandreou

7169-568: The judicial procedure to avoid or delay the convocation of the Athens Appeals Court, which was responsible for initiating criminal proceedings on financial scandals, like the case of Koskotas. More resignations followed (Stathis Yiotas, Deputy Defence Minister, and Theodore Karatzas, Finance Under Secretary) upon the revelations during the inquiry that the Papandreou's government was complicit in illegal arms sales to both sides in

7276-473: The left and right wings for Papandreou's indictment, was shot by 17 November terrorist group outside his office in Athens. Both major political parties (New Democracy and PASOK) accused each other for the assassination. A few days later, Papandreou stormed out of Parliament, shouting, "I accuse my accusers.", just before the parliamentary vote on his indictment. Koskotas was extradited to Greece in 1991 for

7383-407: The main political parties and opinions from columnists with different points of view. Defunct Kathimerini is a newspaper title with over 100 years of history. It was founded by Georgios Vlachos, a prominent antivenizelist, in 1919 and was later inherited by his daughter Helen Vlachos (Eléni Vláchou) and her husband, retired submarine commander Constantine Loundras. Kathimerini

7490-492: The molding of the movement in order to promote our national independence, popular sovereignty, social liberation, and democracy in all phases of public life. —Papandreou announcing the creation of the Panhellenic Socialist Movement on 3 September 1974. Papandreou returned to Greece after the fall of the junta in 1974, during metapolitefsi . The dominant and leading political figure right after

7597-407: The most prominent was Mitsotakis. To end the political deadlock, his father attempted a more moderate approach with the King, but Andreas Papandreou publicly rejected his father's effort and attacked the whole establishment, attracting the support of 41 members of the Center Union in an effort designed to gain the party's leadership. With the politicians unable to sort out their differences, rumors of

7704-487: The mounting economic problems for nearly a year and three national elections. In the June 1989 elections , PASOK's electoral percentage fell to 38%, owing much to the Koskotas scandal. However, Mitsotakis' party got 43%, but it was insufficient to form a government; Papandreou's last-minute change of the electoral vote law required a party to win 50% of the vote to govern alone. New Democracy (right wing) collaborated with

7811-549: The nearly 80-year-old Georgios Papandreou would likely win, his son would be the real focus of power in the party. In 1965, while the " Aspida " conspiracy within the Hellenic Army (alleged by the political opposition to involving Andreas personally) was being investigated, Georgios Papandreou decided to remove the defense minister and assume the post himself to protect his son from investigations. Constantine II of Greece refused to endorse this move since this would create

7918-474: The political establishment. The political institutions of the restored Kingdom of Greece were fragile due to military (often pro-royal) interventions preventing democratically elected parliaments from executing their campaign promises; the root of these disputes was the constitutional crisis by the disagreement between Eleftherios Venizelos and King Constantine I on the entry of Greece in World War I with

8025-410: The political party PASOK , which he led from 1974 to 1996. He served three terms as the 3rd and 8th prime minister of Greece . His father, Georgios Papandreou , and his son, George Papandreou , have both also served as prime ministers of Greece. Papandreou's party win in the 1981 election was a milestone in the political history of Greece , since it was the first time that the elected government had

8132-731: The poor economic conditions would make Greece susceptible to Communist rhetoric. Moreover, Americans recognized the strategic significance of Greece's location in the Eastern Mediterranean, invested in having four military bases in Greece, and had close ties with the Greek military. Greece entered NATO in 1952. The politicians often acted between the King and the Americans. Andreas Papandreou started his career as an economic professor, first in Minneapolis and then in Berkley, and achieved considerable fame in his field. While he

8239-411: The productive forces in combination with a fairer distribution of the national income and wealth... We seek the gradual reform of the structures of the economy so that the basic economic choices are made by the society as a whole. The strategic sectors of the economy must come under substantial social control without overlooking the positive role of private initiative. The crisis in the capitalist system on

8346-466: The reins of power. The operation and recovery lasted three months, leaving the Greek state and party without a leader. The opposition described the situation as "government by fax." However, in London, it was revealed that next to him was not his wife but Dimitra Liani , an Olympic Airways steward. Soon after the revelation, Papandreou divorced his wife Margaret Chant and married Liani one month before

8453-406: The right to strike and greatly improved the rights of workers, the constitutional amendment of 1985–1986 which strengthened parliamentarism and reduced the powers of the indirectly-elected president, the conduct of an assertive and independent Greek foreign policy, the expansion in the power of local governments, many progressive reforms in Greek law, and the granting of permission to the refugees from

8560-750: The role of leftist partisan groups in the Greek Resistance during the Axis Occupation. The first law recognizing the Greek Resistance was passed in 1949 excluding partisan groups that fought against the Greek State in the Greek Civil War (A.N. 971) In 1982 his government passed the 1285 law that abolished this exception. A number of other reforms were carried out in areas such as trade union rights, shop closing and reopening times, social security, education, health and safety, and work councils. A more progressive taxation scheme

8667-473: The same time, Papandreou's position in PASOK was crumbling, and two factions were emerging: the pro-Europe faction led by Costas Simitis and the populist faction led by Akis Tsochatzopoulos . Like his predecessor, Papandreou had to bring the Greek economy to converge to Euro convergence criteria. He abandoned his campaign promises and continued the austerity policies of Mitsotakis with minor alterations, expanding

8774-404: The strike was illegal and accused the union of not describing Papandreou's arrival (crowd size and enthusiasm) in the same way as Karamanlis's return after the junta's fall. Early in the second administration, press reports on PASOK's corruption multiplied, with notable ones being the "Yugoslav corn scandal," "telephone tapping scandal," and "public utilities scandal." However, Papandreou himself

8881-411: The threshold) support to form a government, and Papandreou became the opposition leader. Constantine Mitsotakis initiated efforts designed to improve relations with the US, which Papandreou's anti-American rhetoric had damaged. In July 1990, a defense cooperation agreement was signed regarding the operation of American bases in Greece for the next eight years. Greece's airspace and naval support during

8988-523: The trial, and Papandreou's trial began in Athens on 11 March 1991. However, as a former prime minister, he exercised his constitutional right not to attend the trial and proclaimed that the trial was a witch-hunt. In January 1992, the Parliament-appointed tribunal of 13 judges of Supreme Special Court , having heard over 100 witnesses and investigated 50,000 pages of documents over ten months, acquitted Papandreou of all charges against him with

9095-497: The two countries to address the matter and the name issue temporarily. Papandreou was hospitalized with advanced heart disease and renal failure on 21 November 1995 at Onassio Cardiac Surgery Centre and refused to retire from office until 16 January 1996. On 18 January, Costas Simitis was chosen as the new party leader. Papandreou died on 23 June 1996, with his funeral procession producing crowds ranging from "hundreds of thousands" to bid farewell to Andreas. In 1999, Papandreou

9202-446: The wage price index, which kept people's incomes high while fuelling inflation, and it was PASOK's popular law among wage earners since 1982 when it was first introduced. This repeal caused wages and salaries to fall by 13% from 1990 to 1993, resulting in continuous strikes by the affected workers. Certain areas, such as banking, were deregulated to attract capital. Mitsotakis' government also sold or liquidated 44 companies controlled by

9309-419: Was allocated to furnishing the center with the most advanced technical means of operation and the most modern scientific instruments. Andreas Papandreou Andreas Georgiou Papandreou ( Greek : Ανδρέας Γεωργίου Παπανδρέου , pronounced [anˈðreas papanˈðreu] ; 5 February 1919 – 23 June 1996) was a Greek economist, politician, and a dominant figure in Greek politics, known for founding

9416-599: Was also reflected in March 1992, when the EEC Monetary Committee produced a report sharply criticizing the Greek government's economic performance and misuse of EU funds. During the 1987 Greek-Turkish crisis in the Aegean Sea, Papandreou threatened to sink the Turkish vessel if found in Greek waters. In August 1988, Papandreou (at age 70) underwent major heart surgery in London, but he refused to yield

9523-531: Was arrested on 11 November 1988 in Massachusetts for unrelated crimes and was jailed in the US. In December 1988, after the opposition and various respected former ministers called for a clean-up, Papandreou reshuffled the ministers and yielded under pressure to a parliamentary commission inquiry. Demetrios Halikias, the governor of the Bank of Greece, testified to the commission on 7 December 1988 that two senior PASOK ministers had tried to prevent an audit of

9630-464: Was available until the child was aged 2.5 years. The government also introduced a wage indexation system which helped to close the gap modestly between the highest and lowest paid workers, while the share of GNP devoted to social welfare, social insurance, and health was significantly increased. Other major policy changes included the establishment of parental leave for both parents and child care centres, maternity allowances, community health centres, and

9737-514: Was campaigning by promising to bring back the euphoria of the early 1980s and the Greek people voted in October 1993 the return of Papandreou to power. Papandreou's return to power was mostly unremarkable because he was in fragile health and able to work only a few per day, and for much of 1995, he was bedridden. Lianni, now officially part of the government as Chief of Staff, was the person, along with her staff, that Papandreou depended upon. At

9844-432: Was chair of the department at Berkley, he was pressured by his father to return to Greece to groom him as his successor. Andreas Papandreou initially resisted his father's requests. However, he eventually returned to Greece in 1959, where he headed an economic development research program by invitation of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis . In 1960, he was appointed chairman of the board of directors, general director of

9951-413: Was expanded, with the number of students doubling between 1981 and 1986, while the system was reorganised to provide the departments with more power and permit greater participation in their management. The effect of these reforms was however, limited by poor research facilities, a shortage of qualified teaching staff, a lack of resources, and often inefficient administration. In a move strongly opposed by

10058-445: Was founded in 1975 by the daughter of Aristotle Onassis , Christina ) was the creation of a modern cardiac surgery center in Athens, since, while cardiac surgeries had already begun to be performed in Greece, the capabilities of state hospitals could not meet the needs of the Greek population, resulting in the ever-increasing exodus of a large number of heart patients abroad. Construction work began in October 1987 (the foundation stone

10165-464: Was implicated in the Koskotas scandal, which overshadowed all other PASOK's scandals. George Koskotas was the owner of the Bank of Crete and was accused of having embezzled large sums from the bank's clients. A judicial inquiry found that Koskotas illegally used this money to form a mass media empire (newspapers and radio stations) to support PASOK. To avoid justice, he left Greece for the USA. However, he

10272-552: Was instituted, which made modern medical procedures available in rural areas for the first time, ) promoting state-subsidized tourism ( social tourism ) for lower-income families, index-linking pensions, and funding social establishments for the elderly. Rural areas benefited from improved state services, the rights and income of low paid workers were considerably improved, and refugees from the Civil War living in exile were allowed to return with impunity. He also officially recognized

10379-611: Was introduced and budgetary support for artistic and cultural programmes was increased. In 1982, Greece ratified the ILO Convention on maternal job-protection. According to Act No. 1302/1982, 12 weeks of job-protected maternity leave was provided, which included 6 weeks of post-natal leave. The maternity leave payment represented 66% of earnings. In 1984, maternity leave was extended to 14 weeks, with 7 weeks before and 7 after childbirth. That same year 3 months of unpaid job-protected parental leave for each parent were introduced, which

10486-467: Was laid on October 8, 1987, by the then Prime Minister Andreas Papandreou, who was to become the most famous patient of Onassios) and was completed in September 1992. On October 6, 1992, the official opening of the operation took place of the center. Onassio cost a total of 75 million dollars (at the exchange rate prevailing in 1992) and is located on an area of 8,000 sq.m. A large part of the total cost

10593-405: Was married to Christina Rasia from 1941 to 1951. In 1948, he entered into a relationship with University of Minnesota journalism student Margaret Chant . After Chant obtained a divorce, and after his own divorce from his first wife Christina Rasia, Papandreou and Chant were married in 1951. They had three sons and a daughter. Papandreou also had, with Swedish actress and TV presenter Ragna Nyblom,

10700-534: Was posthumously awarded the Swedish Order of the Polar Star . The expenditure programme of the Papandreou government during 1981–1990 has been described as excessive by its conservative critics. The excessive expenditures were not accompanied by corresponding revenue increases and this led to increases in budget deficits and the public debt . Many economic indicators worsened during 1981–1990 and

10807-505: Was printed on 15 September 1919. Kathimerini is considered a newspaper of record and the leading right-wing newspaper in Greece, with the highest circulation and a strong digital presence. It is published in Greek and has an English edition, both print and digital . Kathimerini English Edition is published in Greece and Cyprus along with the New York Times International . Kathimerini also produces

10914-524: Was recovering from the Axis occupation in World War II and immediate 1944-49 civil war . The latter dominated the political dialogue in the following decades; the underlying question was how power basis swifts from the Right (victors of the civil war) to the Center. Political stability in Greece was balanced with the support of three factions: the King along with the military forces, the Americans, and

11021-423: Was set up that granted benefits to young people and elderly unemployed persons. In addition, Law 1545/85 extended unemployed benefit duration for certain categories while relaxing entitlement to unemployment benefit. Saturday working was also abolished for certain categories of workers. As part of Papandreou's "Social Contract", new liberalising laws were introduced which decriminalised adultery, abolished (in theory)

11128-491: Was shaken by a widespread backlash with long-running strikes and demonstrations by farmers and major unions in early 1987. With the elections approaching, Papandreou forced Simitis to resign from his ministerial position in 1987, and the reforms were abandoned or even reversed. Greece started to fall last in terms of convergence with EEC goals, economic competitiveness, dependence on EEC and state subsidies, investment, inflation, and growth. After eight years of Papandreou's rule,

11235-414: Was the first non-communist political party in Greek history with a mass-based organization, introducing an unprecedented level of political and social participation in Greek society. In a poll conducted by Kathimerini in 2007, 48% of those polled called Papandreou the "most important Greek prime minister". In the same poll, the first four years of Papandreou's government after Metapolitefsi were voted as

11342-550: Was there to greet Andreas Papandreou, including his eldest son ( George Papandreou ), who was the Minister of Education and a key member of PASOK. Three days later, there was a sudden strike from the Greek Radio and Television Corporation (ERT) employees, alleging that PASOK gave prepared texts to ERT's employees to read as live reports at the scene of Papandreou's arrival. Moreover, the government spokesman publicly stated that

11449-532: Was traditionally perceived as one of the main conservative voices of Greek media. The newspaper was highly critical of Eleftherios Venizelos in the early 20th century, and also opposed Georgios Papandreou in the postwar years. It maintains a traditional layout, with its original griffin logo, and incorporates printed supplements in its Sunday edition . Eleni Vlachou sold the company shortly before her death to George Koskotas . Aristeidis Alafouzos , bought Kathimerini newspaper in 1988, pulling it out of

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