Harry Kearsarge Knapp (September 25, 1864 - January 31, 1926) was a United States financier and a prominent executive in the Thoroughbred horse racing industry in which he had been a steward, secretary-treasurer and vice-chairman of The Jockey Club .
113-726: A graduate of Columbia University , he was a partner with George Hyatt and John S. Van Siclen in the New York City stock brokerage firm , Hyatt & Co. and later a partner in Benedict Drysdale & Co. Harry Knapp was also a director of the Corn Exchange Bank of New York and was the head of the Racquet and Tennis Club . Harry Knapp married Caroline Burr with whom he had three children. They made their home in New York City and in 1903 built Brookwood Hall,
226-594: A Senate Intelligence Committee report criticized Facebook and Twitter for failing to stop the spread of misinformation . In response to criticism of their handling of misinformation and disinformation during the 2016 election , Big Tech companies cracked down on fake accounts and trolling . During the COVID-19 pandemic , Big Tech was criticized for allowing COVID-19 misinformation . According to Representatives Frank Pallone , Mike Doyle , and Jan Schakowsky , "Industry self-regulation has failed. We must begin
339-617: A stock market crash similar to the dot-com bubble or even the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . Others believe the Magnificent Seven can continue to outperform other stocks as capital flows into index funds . On August 5, 2024, the Magnificent Seven companies lost a combined $ 1 trillion in market capitalization at the start of trading hours. Acronyms such as FANG, FAANG, GAFA, GAFAM, MAMAA, GAMMA, and others have been used to refer to Big Tech companies. Alphabet ,
452-462: A "full-blown crisis" over tensions stemming from a pro-Palestinian campus occupation . These protests at Columbia sparked similar pro-Palestinian protests at universities across the USA. As the protests expanded in scale and notoriety, students and faculty, including people of Jewish heritage, pushed back against the silencing of anti-Zionist voices and accusations of anti-semitism . This sentiment
565-525: A 107% return on investment , which analysts credited to the AI boom and Federal Reserve rate cut expectations. In January 2024, the group accounted for 29% of the S&;P 500's market capitalization. In February 2024, as the Magnificent Seven approached an unprecedented combined valuation of $ 13 trillion, Deutsche Bank noted that the Magnificent Seven would constitute the second largest stock market in
678-637: A February 2021 report by New York University researchers, conservative claims of social media censorship could be considered disinformation because the deleted statements were false . The report also recommended that social media platforms should increase their transparency to push back against claims of censorship. Conservatives argued that Facebook and Twitter limiting the spread of the Hunter Biden laptop controversy "proves Big Tech's bias". In some cases, Big Tech platforms reversed actions perceived as censorship. The YouTube channel Right Wing Watch
791-639: A Russian government order to ban the Smart Voting app. On February 24, 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine began. In March 2022, Russia blocked Facebook and Twitter because of "disinformation" and "fake news". On March 21, 2022, Russia recognized Meta as an "extremist organization", making Meta the first public company recognized as extremist in Russia. Microsoft 's LinkedIn has been blocked in Russia since 2016. The environmental impact of Big Tech
904-595: A barrier to entry." The 2020 American docudrama film The Social Dilemma argues that capitalism is the root cause of Big Tech's harmful practices. According to The Globe and Mail , both left-wing and right-wing politicians have criticized Big Tech. Progressives have alleged "runaway profit-taking and concentration of wealth", and conservatives have alleged "liberal bias". According to The New York Times , "The left generally argues that companies like Facebook and Twitter aren't doing enough to root out misinformation, extremism and hate on their platforms, while
1017-586: A bite out of" the bear market , giving a double meaning to the acronym, according to Cramer's colleague at RealMoney.com, Bob Lang. Cramer expanded FANG to FAANG in 2017, adding Apple to the list because its revenue made it a potential Fortune 50 company. Following Facebook's name change to Meta Platforms in October 2021, as well as the 2015 creation of Google holding company Alphabet, Cramer suggested replacing FAANG with MAMAA, replacing Netflix with Microsoft because Netflix's valuation had fallen behind
1130-459: A diverse range of professional and inter-disciplinary fields. In the aftermath of World War II, the discipline of international relations became a major scholarly focus of the university, and in response, the School of International and Public Affairs was founded in 1946, drawing upon the resources of the faculties of political science, economics, and history. The Columbia University Bicentennial
1243-412: A dominant vegetation type of Appalachian Oak ( 104 ) with a dominant vegetation form of Eastern Hardwood Forest ( 25 ). Columbia Transportation is the bus service of the university, operated by Academy Bus Lines . The buses are open to all Columbia faculty, students, Dodge Fitness Center members, and anyone else who holds a Columbia ID card. In addition, all TSC students can ride the buses. In
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#17327943509351356-515: A factor of 10. In 2017, the Big Five had a combined value of over $ 3.3 trillion, and made up almost half of the Nasdaq-100 . A larger group called the Magnificent Seven adds Nvidia and Tesla to the Big Five based on their contributions to the S&P 500 since 2022. In 2023, the Magnificent Seven were responsible for almost two-thirds of the S&P 500's 24% increase. The group had
1469-652: A joint investigation by the NYPD and Columbia, the school concluded that the chemical substance was a "non-toxic, legal, novelty item". On April 17, 2024, Columbia president Minouche Shafik was questioned by the House Committee on Education and the Workforce on the topic of antisemitism on campus. While Shafik was in Washington, DC, student activists began renewed protests, leading to what CNN described as
1582-657: A major research university. For much of the 19th century, the university consisted of decentralized and separate faculties specializing in Political Science, Philosophy, and Pure Science. In 1979, these faculties were merged into the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences . In 1991, the faculties of Columbia College, the School of General Studies, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the School of
1695-482: A neighborhood that contains a number of academic institutions. The university owns over 7,800 apartments in Morningside Heights, housing faculty, graduate students, and staff. Almost two dozen undergraduate dormitories (purpose-built or converted) are located on campus or in Morningside Heights. Columbia University has an extensive tunnel system , more than a century old, with the oldest portions predating
1808-515: A new economic order called surveillance capitalism . According to Simon and Galloway, this distinguishes them from other Big Tech companies such as Microsoft and IBM . In 2011, Google executive chair Eric Schmidt excluded Microsoft from the group, stating, "Microsoft is not driving the consumer revolution in the minds of the consumers." In the late 2010s, the term Big Four lost favor as Microsoft changed its business strategy and increased its market value, leading to its widespread inclusion among
1921-591: A pivotal role in scientific breakthroughs including brain–computer interface ; the laser and maser ; nuclear magnetic resonance ; the first nuclear pile ; the first nuclear fission reaction in the Americas ; the first evidence for plate tectonics and continental drift ; and much of the initial research and planning for the Manhattan Project during World War II . As of December 2021 , its alumni, faculty, and staff have included seven of
2034-512: A record for the largest one-day drop in U.S. stock market history), and was no longer within the top 20 most valuable U.S. companies after falling to $ 270 billion in October 2022. In January 2024, Meta crossed $ 1 trillion during trading hours. Microsoft controls the majority of market share in desktop operating systems ( Microsoft Windows ), productivity software ( Microsoft Office and Microsoft 365 ), and business communication software ( Microsoft Teams ). Microsoft owns
2147-544: A revision committee, which was headed by John Jay and Alexander Hamilton. In April of that same year, a new charter was adopted for the college granted the power to a separate board of 24 trustees . For a period in the 1790s, with New York City as the federal and state capital and the country under successive Federalist governments, a revived Columbia thrived under the auspices of Federalists such as Hamilton and Jay. President George Washington and Vice President John Adams , in addition to both houses of Congress attended
2260-401: A siege ladder to access the second floor of Hamilton Hall and subsequently removed the demonstrators occupying it, dozens of whom were arrested. The actions taken against the demonstrators by the NYPD in riot armour while clearing Hamilton Hall inspired the rap song 'Hinds Hall' by Macklemore , who described the police as "actors in badges" in the song. In June, the charges against most of
2373-412: A student application process characterized by The New York Times as "the first modern college application". The application required a photograph of the applicant, the maiden name of the applicant's mother, and the applicant's religious background. Columbia University is an independent, privately supported, nonsectarian and not-for-profit institution of higher education. Its official corporate name
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#17327943509352486-468: A summer home on more than 100 acres (0.40 km) at East Islip , on Long Island , New York now being used as the Islip Art Museum . Harry Knapp became involved in the sport of Thoroughbred racing, operating with his brother, Dr. Gideon Lee Knapp, under the nom de course , Oneck Stable. They owned a number of successful horses, among the best known of which were Sir Walter , winner of
2599-609: Is Trustees of Columbia University in the City of New York . In 1754, the university's first charter was granted by King George II ; however, its modern charter was first enacted in 1787 and last amended in 1810 by the New York State Legislature. Big Tech Big Tech , also known as the Tech Giants or Tech Titans , is a grouping of the largest IT companies in the world. The concept of Big Tech
2712-402: Is $ 46,516. In 2015–2016, annual undergraduate tuition at Columbia was $ 50,526 with a total cost of attendance of $ 65,860 (including room and board). The college is need-blind for domestic applicants. On April 11, 2007, Columbia University announced a $ 400 million donation from media billionaire alumnus John Kluge to be used exclusively for undergraduate financial aid. The donation is among
2825-423: Is a software and fabless company which designs and supplies graphics processing units (GPUs), application programming interfaces (APIs) for data science and high-performance computing , as well as system on a chip units (SoCs) for the mobile computing and automotive market. Nvidia is also a dominant supplier of artificial intelligence (AI) hardware and software. In the early 2020s, Nvidia became
2938-410: Is a phenomenon in which many aspects of Big Tech contribute to negative impacts on the environment and climate change . In the big data age, technologists and people in general find it valuable to view emerging technologies with a critical lens, one of which is geared toward the environment. As these emerging technologies become more popular, they consider the extent at which they contribute to changes in
3051-546: Is a tech company, but not a good one due to differences in the IT and automotive markets. The Wall Street Journal raised concerns about the supply chain , the semiconductor shortage , and the price of electric vehicle batteries . In October 2021, Tesla crossed $ 1 trillion in market capitalization. During the 2022 stock market decline , Tesla stock fell 73% from $ 1.3 trillion in November 2021 to $ 495 billion at
3164-763: Is a third campus on the west bank of the Hudson River , the 157-acre (64 ha) Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory and Earth Institute in Palisades , New York. A fourth is the 60-acre (24 ha) Nevis Laboratories in Irvington, New York , for the study of particle and motion physics. A satellite site in Paris holds classes at Reid Hall . In 2006, the university established the Office of Environmental Stewardship to initiate, coordinate and implement programs to reduce
3277-534: Is centered on the front steps of Low Memorial Library . The statue represents a personification of the traditional image of the university as an alma mater , or "nourishing mother", draped in an academic gown and seated on a throne. She wears a laurel wreath on her head and holds in her right hand a scepter capped by a King's Crown, a traditional symbol of the university. A book, representing learning, rests on her lap. The arms of her throne end in lamps, representing "Sapientia et Doctrina", or "Wisdom and Learning"; on
3390-591: Is ranked fourth overall and second among university hospitals. Columbia's medical school has a strategic partnership with New York State Psychiatric Institute , and is affiliated with 19 other hospitals in the U.S. and four hospitals in other countries. Health-related schools are located at the Columbia University Medical Center , a 20-acre (8.1 ha) campus located in the neighborhood of Washington Heights , fifty blocks uptown. Other teaching hospitals affiliated with Columbia through
3503-497: Is similar to the grouping of dominant companies in other sectors . It typically refers to the Big Five United States tech companies: Alphabet , Amazon , Apple , Meta , and Microsoft ; or the Magnificent Seven, which includes Nvidia and Tesla . Big Tech can also include Chinese companies such as Baidu , Alibaba , Tencent , and Xiaomi ( BATX ). In the 20th century, IBM and Microsoft dominated
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3616-726: Is the Henry Hudson Parkway ( NY 9A ) to the west of the campus. It is located 3.4 miles (5.5 km) south of the George Washington Bridge . Columbia University received 60,551 applications for the class of 2025 (entering 2021) and a total of around 2,218 were admitted to the two schools for an overall acceptance rate of 3.66%. Columbia is a racially diverse school, with approximately 52% of all students identifying themselves as persons of color. Additionally, 50% of all undergraduates received grants from Columbia. The average grant size awarded to these students
3729-511: Is the third most popular cloud computing platform after Amazon Web Services and Microsoft Azure . Google and Meta have been called a digital advertising duopoly . Google earns 82% of its revenue and most of its profit from advertising. In addition to its Google products, Alphabet is a global leader in artificial intelligence , quantum computing , and self-driving cars . In 2019, Google claimed its Sycamore processor had achieved quantum supremacy . In 2021, Alphabet's subsidiary Waymo
3842-615: The Chinese Communist Party . Meta and X have been banned in China since 2009. In India, Facebook and Twitter were accused of censorship during the 2020–2021 Indian farmers' protest . The Wall Street Journal stated that Facebook only restricted content criticizing the Indian government, even if government supporters posted false statements . In 2021, Alexei Navalny criticized Apple and Google for complying with
3955-587: The Common Application . The policy change made Columbia one of the last major academic institutions and the last Ivy League university to switch to the Common Application. Scholarships are also given to undergraduate students by the admissions committee. Designations include John W. Kluge Scholars, John Jay Scholars, C. Prescott Davis Scholars, Global Scholars, Egleston Scholars, and Science Research Fellows. Named scholars are selected by
4068-623: The Communications Decency Act allowed Big Tech to evade responsibility for user-generated content . It states, "No provider or user of an interactive computer service shall be treated as the publisher or speaker of any information provided by another information content provider." Section 230 has been called "the twenty-six words that created the Internet". Without the legal requirement for content moderation , online services could innovate freely and achieved rapid growth in
4181-703: The Founding Fathers of the United States of America; four U.S. presidents ; 34 foreign heads of state or government ; two secretaries-general of the United Nations; ten justices of the United States Supreme Court ; 103 Nobel laureates ; 125 National Academy of Sciences members; 53 living billionaires; 23 Olympic medalists ; 33 Academy Award winners ; and 125 Pulitzer Prize recipients. Discussions regarding
4294-635: The Israel–Hamas war , with counter-protests from pro- Israel activists. The students were protesting against the alleged genocide of Palestinians in Gaza by the IDF , with significant faculty support for the protests. Protestors were reported to have yelled “October 7th is going to be every day for you,” toward Jewish students. In January 2024, students who were former IDF soldiers were accused of attacking pro-Palestine demonstrators with noxious chemicals in what
4407-743: The Lamont–Doherty Earth Observatory , the Goddard Institute for Space Studies , and accelerator laboratories with Big Tech firms such as Amazon and IBM . Columbia is a founding member of the Association of American Universities and was the first school in the United States to grant the MD degree . The university also administers and annually awards the Pulitzer Prize . Columbia scientists and scholars have played
4520-1015: The Linux kernel . The "cloud wars" also caused Big Tech companies to invest in data centers and undersea cables . The operational efficiency of Big Tech technology stacks means startup companies typically must use Big Tech infrastructure instead of building their own. Nikos Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that Big Tech companies concentrate power by vertically integrating data centers , Internet connectivity, computer hardware (including smartphones), operating systems , applications (including Web browsers ), and online services . He also argued that they concentrate power by horizontally integrating different services such as email, instant messaging , online searching , downloading, and streaming across platforms . For example, Google and Microsoft pay for their search engines to be included with Apple's iPhone . According to The Economist , " Network and scale effects mean that size begets size, while data can act as
4633-541: The Manhattan Project , creating the first nuclear fission reactor in the Americas and researching gaseous diffusion . In 1928, Seth Low Junior College was established by Columbia University in order to mitigate the number of Jewish applicants to Columbia College. The college was closed in 1936 due to the adverse effects of the Great Depression and its students were subsequently taught at Morningside Heights, although they did not belong to any college but to
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4746-553: The New York City Subway , the [REDACTED] train serves the university at 116th Street-Columbia University . The M4 , M104 and M60 buses stop on Broadway while the M11 stops on Amsterdam Avenue. The main campus is primarily boxed off by the streets of Amsterdam Avenue, Broadway , 114th street, and 120th street, with some buildings, including Barnard College, located just outside the area. The nearest major highway
4859-773: The New York State Racing Commission . Poor health forced Harry Knapp to step down from his various racing positions in 1925 and he died on February 1, 1926. In May, his racing stable was sold at auction at Belmont Park . His son Theodore served as president of the Queens County Jockey Club from 1941 until his death in 1947. The Queens County Jockey Club owned and operated the Aqueduct Racetrack . Brookwood Hall history [1] [2] Columbia University Columbia University , officially Columbia University in
4972-612: The SPLC ". On November 5, 2020, President Donald Trump alleged "historic election interference from big money, big media, and big tech". Conservative newspaper The Washington Times criticized Trump's claims as lacking evidence. During Trump's speech that incited the January 6 United States Capitol attack , he accused Big Tech of rigging the 2020 election and promised to "get rid of" Section 230 . According to Trump, "They rigged it like they have never rigged an election before, and by
5085-476: The Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights on Seth Low 's late-19th century vision of a university campus where all disciplines could be taught at one location. The campus was designed along Beaux-Arts planning principles by the architects McKim, Mead & White . Columbia's main campus occupies more than six city blocks , or 32 acres (13 ha), in Morningside Heights, New York City,
5198-472: The list of companies by research and development spending . However, large companies tend to focus on operational efficiency instead of new product development . Legal scholar Tim Wu speculated that Big Tech acquisitions could create "kill zones" that stifle competition by taking potential competitors out of the marketplace. For example, Facebook's acquisition of Instagram prevented Instagram from becoming an independent platform similar to Facebook. On
5311-653: The "Urban Beach", are a popular meeting area for Columbia students. The term refers to the long series of granite steps leading from the lower part of campus (South Field) to its upper terrace. In April 2007, the university purchased more than two-thirds of a 17 acres (6.9 ha) site for a new campus in Manhattanville , an industrial neighborhood to the north of the Morningside Heights campus. Stretching from 125th Street to 133rd Street , Columbia Manhattanville houses buildings for Columbia's Business School, School of International and Public Affairs, Columbia School of
5424-553: The 1896 Brooklyn Handicap and Fashion Plate , winner of the 1910 Metropolitan Handicap . Walter Rollins was a long-time trainer for the Oneck Stable and was succeeded by William Karrick . Knapp was a member of the board of directors and a vice-chairman of The Jockey Club and a director of the Saratoga Racing Association . In 1906, New York governor Frank W. Higgins appointed him chairman of
5537-399: The 2016 United States elections , because access to a large amount of data allowed tech companies to influence their users. The concept of Big Tech is similar to how the largest oil companies were called Big Oil following the 1970s energy crisis , and the largest cigarette producers were called Big Tobacco , as Congress sought to regulate those industries. It is also similar to how, at
5650-532: The Arts , and the School of Professional Studies were merged into the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, leading to the academic integration and centralized governance of these schools. In 2010, the School of International and Public Affairs , which was previously a part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, became an independent faculty. In fall of 2023, pro-Palestine student activists organized protests in response to
5763-744: The Arts, and the Jerome L. Greene Center for Mind, Brain, and Behavior, where research will occur on neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. The $ 7 billion expansion plan included demolishing all buildings, except three that are historically significant (the Studebaker Building , Prentis Hall , and the Nash Building), eliminating the existing light industry and storage warehouses, and relocating tenants in 132 apartments. Replacing these buildings created 6.8 million square feet (630,000 m ) of space for
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#17327943509355876-589: The Big Five accounted for nearly a quarter of the S&;P 500 . In March 2023, Apple and Microsoft accounted for 13 percent of the S&P 500. The Big Five are among the most prestigious employers in the world. In the 21st century the Big Five tech companies surpassed the market capitalization of the historically dominant Big Oil companies BP , Chevron , ExxonMobil , and Shell . In 2019, Jason Whittaker stated that they also outpaced Big Media companies such as Comcast , Disney , and Warner Bros. Discovery by
5989-634: The Big Four. They were also referred to as The Four, the Gang of Four, and the Four Horsemen . They were known as GAFA before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021. Eric Schmidt , Phil Simon , and Scott Galloway grouped the Big Four together based on their ability to create social change . They serve billions of users, and are able to influence user behavior and control large amounts of user data. As such, they have been criticized for creating
6102-512: The City of New York , is a private Ivy League research university in New York City . Established in 1754 as King's College on the grounds of Trinity Church in Manhattan , it is the oldest institution of higher education in New York and the fifth-oldest in the United States . Columbia was established as a colonial college by royal charter under George II of Great Britain . It
6215-554: The IT industry. After the dot-com bubble wiped out most of the Nasdaq Composite stock market index , surviving tech startups expanded their market share and became dominant in their markets. The term Big Tech began to appear around 2013, when some economists speculated that a lack of regulation could lead to concentrated market power . The term Big Tech became popular following the investigation into Russian interference in
6328-461: The King's College campus at Park Place to a primarily Gothic Revival campus on 49th Street and Madison Avenue , where it remained for the next forty years. During the last half of the 19th century, under the presidency of Frederick A. P. Barnard , for whom Barnard College is named, the institution rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. Barnard College was created in 1889 as a response to
6441-816: The NewYork-Presbyterian network include the Payne Whitney Clinic in Manhattan, and the Payne Whitney Westchester, a psychiatric institute located in White Plains, New York. On the northern tip of Manhattan island (in the neighborhood of Inwood ), Columbia owns the 26-acre (11 ha) Baker Field, which includes the Lawrence A. Wien Stadium as well as facilities for field sports, outdoor track, and tennis. There
6554-517: The United States. In 1763, Johnson was succeeded in the presidency by Myles Cooper , a graduate of The Queen's College, Oxford , and an ardent Tory . In the charged political climate of the American Revolution , his chief opponent in discussions at the college was an undergraduate of the class of 1777, Alexander Hamilton . The Irish anatomist, Samuel Clossy , was appointed professor of natural philosophy in October 1765 and later
6667-538: The United States. Several buildings on the Morningside Heights campus are listed on the National Register of Historic Places . Low Memorial Library , a National Historic Landmark and the centerpiece of the campus, is listed for its architectural significance. Philosophy Hall is listed as the site of the invention of FM radio . Also listed is Pupin Hall , another National Historic Landmark , which houses
6780-411: The admission committee from first-year applicants. According to Columbia, the first four designated scholars "distinguish themselves for their remarkable academic and personal achievements, dynamism, intellectual curiosity, the originality and independence of their thinking, and the diversity that stems from their different cultures and their varied educational experiences". In 1919, Columbia established
6893-469: The back of the throne is embossed an image of the seal of the university . The small hidden owl on the sculpture is also the subject of many Columbia legends, the main legend being that the first student in the freshmen class to find the hidden owl on the statue will be valedictorian, and that any subsequent Columbia male who finds it will marry a Barnard student, given that Barnard is a women's college . "The Steps", alternatively known as "Low Steps" or
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#17327943509357006-412: The big five tech giants." Under United States antitrust law , the consumer welfare standard assumes that large companies are not automatically harmful. Antitrust enforcement generally aims to prevent harm to consumers. According to some policy analysts, Big Tech innovation benefits consumers. Big Tech CEOs have consistently opposed antitrust regulation. Antitrust investigations of Big Tech began in
7119-474: The college's commencement on May 6, 1789, as a tribute of honor to the many alumni of the school who had been involved in the American Revolution . In November 1813, the college agreed to incorporate its medical school with The College of Physicians and Surgeons, a new school created by the Regents of New York, forming Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons . In 1857, the college moved from
7232-413: The college's first professor of anatomy in 1767. The American Revolutionary War broke out in 1776, and was catastrophic for the operation of King's College, which suspended instruction for eight years beginning in 1776 with the arrival of the Continental Army . The suspension continued through the military occupation of New York City by British troops until their departure in 1783. The college's library
7345-765: The combination of the Big Five, IBM , Alibaba, Baidu, and Tencent "G-MAFIA BAT". Nikos Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that four phenomena allowed Big Tech to emerge: technological convergence , deregulation , globalization , and financialization . He argued that people like Nicholas Negroponte promoted technological convergence and made an Internet oligopoly appear desirable. The complexity of IT made competition law ineffective, resulting in industry self-regulation . Globalization allowed Big Tech companies to minimize their tax burden and pay foreign workers lower wages . Without regulation, Big Tech earned big profits: in 2014, Google, Apple, and Facebook earned over 20 percent profit margins. Critics have alleged that Section 230 of
7458-484: The company of having the "ability to shut down a debate" and called for "a social media marketplace that isn't dominated by a single censor". Following Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections , Facebook was criticized for failing to curb disinformation . In the Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal , Facebook users were targeted for political propaganda based on their online activity, which Facebook monitored and shared without consent . In 2019,
7571-476: The company's profit every year since 2014. After Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) was released in 2006, Google developed Google App Engine (now Google Cloud Platform ) and Microsoft developed Windows Azure (now Microsoft Azure ). After crossing $ 1 trillion during trading hours once in September 2018 and again in January 2020, Amazon closed above $ 1 trillion for the first time in April 2020. In November 2022, Amazon fell below $ 1 trillion for
7684-514: The early days of the Internet. According to Alexis Madrigal , the innovation that initially characterized Silicon Valley has been replaced by a strategy of growth through acquisitions. For example, Apple started in 1976 as an engineering-focused startup company , and quickly claimed market share from less innovative competitors like Xerox . The tech giants made timely investments in personal computers, websites, e-commerce , mobile devices , social media, and cloud computing , and rank highly on
7797-559: The end of 2022, including a 40% drop in December 2022 alone. In response to the stock price declining over twice as much as the Nasdaq Composite index, Tesla CEO Elon Musk advised employees not to be bothered by the "stock market craziness". In November 2024, Tesla recrossed $ 1 trillion in market capitalization. Smaller companies like Adobe , IBM , Netflix , Oracle , Salesforce , Snap , Uber , and X are sometimes referred to as Big Tech due to their popular influence. Two Chinese tech companies, Alibaba and Tencent , were among
7910-400: The entire university community" and was carried out by both faculty and students. The task force on anti-semitism was criticised by a group of 24 Jewish faculty (as well as 16 non-Jewish faculty) and Jewish students for misrepresentations, omission of key context and equating anti-Zionism with antisemitism. The majority of Columbia's graduate and undergraduate studies are conducted in
8023-789: The environment and whether they are inherently positive or negative. On May 9, 2019, the Parliament of France passed a law intended to force Big Tech to pay publishers for the reuse of substantial amounts of copyrighted content ( related rights ). The law is aimed at implementing Article 15 of the Directive on Copyright in the Digital Single Market of the European Union. Concerns over monopolistic practices have led to antitrust investigations in Big Tech from both United States and European Union regulatory agencies. These investigations have raised concerns around Big Tech on privacy , market power , freedom of speech , national security , and law enforcement . In 2019, John Naughton wrote in The Guardian , "It's almost impossible to function without
8136-479: The fall of 1983, after a decade of failed negotiations with Barnard College , the all-female institution affiliated with the university, to merge the two schools. Barnard College still remains affiliated with Columbia, and all Barnard graduates are issued diplomas signed by the presidents of Columbia University and Barnard College. During the late 20th century, the university underwent significant academic, structural, and administrative changes as it developed into
8249-467: The first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $ 1 trillion. In August 2020, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $ 2 trillion. In January 2022, Apple became the first publicly traded U.S. company in history to reach a market capitalization of $ 3 trillion. In January 2023, Apple fell below $ 2 trillion. Apple closed above $ 3 trillion for
8362-836: The first time in June 2023 and closed above $ 3 trillion again in December 2023. Meta Platforms (formerly Facebook) owns the Facebook social networking service , the Instagram image sharing service, and the WhatsApp instant messaging service. Facebook also acquired Oculus in 2014, entering the virtual reality market. After closing above $ 1 trillion for the first time in June 2021 as Facebook, Meta Platforms finished 2021 below $ 1 trillion. In February 2022, Meta Platforms fell to less than $ 600 billion (setting
8475-573: The first time since 2020, part of a 51% decline from $ 1.7 trillion at the beginning of 2022 to $ 834 billion at the end of the year. By May 2023, Amazon stock was again worth more than $ 1 trillion. In June 2024, Amazon crossed $ 2 trillion in market capitalization. Apple sells consumer electronics , including laptops , smartphones , and smartwatches . Apple shares a duopoly with Google in mobile operating systems , with Apple's iOS controlling 27% market share and Google's Android controlling 72%. In August 2018, Apple became
8588-572: The founding of a college in the Province of New York began as early as 1704. Classes were initially held in July 1754 and were presided over by the college's first president, Samuel Johnson . The college was officially founded on October 31, 1754, as King's College by royal charter of George II , making it the oldest institution of higher learning in the State of New York and the fifth oldest in
8701-421: The information technology market through anti-competitive practices , ever-increasing economic power, and intellectual property. Smyrnaios argued that the current situation is the result of deregulation , globalization , and the failure of politicians to understand and respond to developments in technology. Smyrnaios recommended developing academic analysis of the political economy of the Internet to understand
8814-473: The interim provost Dennis Mitchell said was “what appears to have been serious crimes, possibly hate crimes”. One of the students suspected in the attack was initially placed on interim suspension before later being suspended through May 2025. In April 2024, the suspended student sued Columbia, alleging that the school subjected him to "biased misconduct proceedings" and that he had used fart sprays such as " Liquid Ass " rather than harmful chemicals. Following
8927-472: The largest single gifts to higher education. However, this does not apply to international students, transfer students, visiting students, or students in the School of General Studies. In the fall of 2010, admission to Columbia's undergraduate colleges Columbia College and the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science (also known as SEAS or Columbia Engineering) began accepting
9040-521: The leading producer of AI chips. In May 2023, Nvidia crossed $ 1 trillion in market capitalization during trading hours, and was worth $ 1.2 trillion by November 2023. In February 2024, Nvidia rose above $ 1.83 trillion in market capitalization, surpassing Amazon and Alphabet to become the third most valuable U.S. company after Apple and Microsoft, and later crossed $ 2 trillion during trading hours. In June 2024, Nvidia crossed $ 3 trillion in market capitalization and surpassed Apple as
9153-735: The methods of domination and to criticize these methods to encourage opposition to that domination. The practice of banning hate speech has received criticism from conservatives . In July 2020, the United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law interviewed the CEOs of Alphabet , Amazon , Apple , and Facebook . During the hearings, some members of Congress alleged bias against conservatives on social media. Matt Gaetz protested Amazon's ban on donations to hate groups , stating that Jeff Bezos should "divorce from
9266-424: The most valuable company in the world before finishing the year second to Apple at $ 2.5 trillion. After its stock fell during most of 2022, Microsoft finished the year below $ 2 trillion. By May 2023, Microsoft stock was again worth more than $ 2 trillion. In January 2024, Microsoft briefly surpassed Apple as the most valuable U.S. company, and crossed $ 3 trillion during trading hours. Nvidia
9379-512: The multiversity model that later universities would adopt. Prior to becoming the president of Columbia University, Butler founded Teachers College , as a school to prepare home economists and manual art teachers for the children of the poor, with philanthropist Grace Hoadley Dodge . Teachers College is currently affiliated as the university's Graduate School of Education. In the 1940s, faculty members, including John R. Dunning , I. I. Rabi , Enrico Fermi , and Polykarp Kusch , began what became
9492-533: The new Republic, the legislature stipulated that "the College within the City of New York heretofore called King's College be forever hereafter called and known by the name of Columbia College ", a reference to Columbia , an alternative name for America which in turn comes from the name of Christopher Columbus . The Regents finally became aware of the college's defective constitution in February 1787 and appointed
9605-522: The other companies. With Microsoft, these companies were each valued at over $ 900 billion compared to Netflix's $ 310 billion . In November 2021, The Motley Fool suggested MANAMANA (a reference to the 1968 song " Mah Nà Mah Nà ") as an acronym that stands for Microsoft, Apple, Netflix, Alphabet, Meta, Amazon, Nvidia , and Adobe . At the international level Baidu, Alibaba, Tencent and Xiaomi , referred to as BATX , are often seen as Chinese competitors to Big Tech. Futurist Amy Webb has called
9718-430: The other four and leading to the Big Five designation. Alphabet, Amazon, Apple, Meta, and Microsoft are known as the Big Five tech companies. They were known as GAFAM before Facebook changed its name to Meta in 2021. They are among the most valuable public companies . In 2020, the Big Five ranked as the second through sixth most valuable public companies in the world, behind Saudi Aramco . In August 2020,
9831-565: The other hand, Wu stated that Microsoft's concentration of market power created a platform for new kinds of innovation. According to the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation , "Virtually all so-called killer acquisitions represent the technologies and capabilities the companies view as critical to their competitiveness. If they purchase a company innovating within this zone, they are far more likely to develop its innovation than to bury it. In doing so, they often make
9944-423: The parent company of Google, may be represented by G in these acronyms, and Meta , the rebranding of Facebook, may be represented by F. The acronym FANG was coined in 2013 by Jim Cramer , the television host of CNBC 's Mad Money , to refer to Facebook, Amazon , Netflix , and Google. Cramer called these companies "totally dominant in their markets". Cramer stated that the four companies were poised to "take
10057-428: The participants in the occupation of Hamilton Hall were dropped. In mid-August 2024, three deans and Minouche Shafik , the 20th president of the university, resigned in the wake of the campus protests. In late August, the university's antisemitism task force reported that the university had failed to prevent violence and hate or protect Jews in the university . According to the report, antisemitism has "affected
10170-609: The physics and astronomy departments. Here the first experiments on the fission of uranium were conducted by Enrico Fermi . The uranium atom was split there ten days after the world's first atom-splitting in Copenhagen , Denmark. Other buildings listed include Casa Italiana , the Delta Psi, Alpha Chapter building of St. Anthony Hall , Earl Hall , and the buildings of the affiliated Union Theological Seminary . A statue by sculptor Daniel Chester French called Alma Mater
10283-548: The present campus. Some of these remain accessible to the public, while others have been cordoned off. Butler Library is the largest in the Columbia University Libraries system and one of the largest buildings on the campus. It was completed in 1934 and renamed to Butler Library in 1946. As of 2020 , Columbia's library system includes over 15.0 million volumes, making it the eighth largest library system and fifth largest collegiate library system in
10396-441: The right insists that tech companies are going so overboard in their content decisions that they're suppressing conservative political views." According to The Hill , libertarians oppose government regulation of Big Tech due to their support for laissez-faire economics. Scott Galloway said Big Tech companies "avoid taxes, invade privacy, and destroy jobs". Nikos Smyrnaios described Big Tech as an oligopoly that dominates
10509-599: The right to appropriate private property for public use. On May 20, 2009, the New York State Public Authorities Control Board approved the Manhanttanville expansion plan. NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital is affiliated with the medical schools of both Columbia University and Cornell University . According to U.S. News & World Report ' s "2020–21 Best Hospitals Honor Roll and Medical Specialties Rankings", it
10622-407: The second biggest cloud computing platform ( Microsoft Azure ) after Amazon Web Services . Microsoft is also one of the biggest companies in the video game industry ( Microsoft Gaming ). In April 2019, Microsoft reached $ 1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time. In June 2021, Microsoft crossed $ 2 trillion for the first time, and in October 2021 briefly surpassed Apple as
10735-416: The second most valuable U.S. company, and subsequently surpassed Microsoft in the same month to become the most valuable U.S. company. In the week after surpassing Microsoft, Nvidia lost $ 540 billion in market capitalization. On September 3, 2024, Nvidia's stock price fell 10%, wiping out $ 300 billion in market capitalization. In October 2024, Nvidia's market capitalization surpassed $ 3.4 trillion and
10848-566: The technology available faster and to more people than would otherwise be possible. If companies are prevented from making acquisitions, they are more likely to copy the products or develop alternative innovations than they are to ignore them. Assuming incumbents don't violate intellectual property laws, this type of competition is both legal and socially beneficial." Competition between cloud platforms including Amazon Web Services , Microsoft Azure , and Google Cloud Platform contributed to open-source software infrastructure including LLVM and
10961-464: The top ten most valuable public companies worldwide at the end of the 2010s. Smyrnaios argued in 2016 that the Asian tech giants Samsung , Alibaba, Baidu , and Tencent could be included in the definition of Big Tech. TikTok developer ByteDance and drone manufacturer DJI have also been called Big Tech. In the early 2010s, Alphabet , Amazon , Apple , and Meta were commonly referred to as
11074-588: The turn of the 21st century, the mainstream media became dominated by a small number of corporations called Big Media or the Media Giants. Alphabet is the parent company of Google . As of 2024 , Google is the leader in online advertising ( Google Ads ), online search ( Google Search ), video sharing ( YouTube ), email ( Gmail ), web browsers ( Google Chrome ), web mapping ( Google Maps and Waze ) and mobile operating systems ( Android ), and cloud storage ( Google Drive ). Google Cloud Platform
11187-547: The university at large. There was an evening school called University Extension, which taught night classes, for a fee, to anyone willing to attend. In 1947, the program was reorganized as an undergraduate college and designated the School of General Studies in response to the return of GIs after World War II . In 1995, the School of General Studies was again reorganized as a full-fledged liberal arts college for non-traditional students (those who have had an academic break of one year or more, or are pursuing dual-degrees) and
11300-574: The university's environmental footprint. The U.S. Green Building Council selected the university's Manhattanville plan for the Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) Neighborhood Design pilot program. Columbia has been rated "B+" by the 2011 College Sustainability Report Card for its environmental and sustainability initiatives. According to the A. W. Kuchler U.S. potential natural vegetation types, Columbia University would have
11413-409: The university's refusal to accept women. In 1896, university president Seth Low moved the campus from 49th Street to its present location, a more spacious campus in the developing neighborhood of Morningside Heights . Under the leadership of Low's successor, Nicholas Murray Butler , who served for over four decades, Columbia rapidly became the nation's major institution for research, setting
11526-557: The university. Community activist groups in West Harlem fought the expansion for reasons ranging from property protection and fair exchange for land, to residents' rights. Subsequent public hearings drew neighborhood opposition. As of December 2008 , the State of New York's Empire State Development Corporation approved use of eminent domain, which, through declaration of Manhattanville's "blighted" status, gives governmental bodies
11639-405: The way, last night, they didn't do a bad job either." After Trump's Twitter account was suspended, German Chancellor Angela Merkel 's chief spokesman Steffen Seibert noted that Merkel found Twitter's halt of Trump's account "problematic", adding that legislators, not private companies, should decide on any necessary curbs to free expression if hate speech incites violence. According to
11752-798: The work of changing incentives driving social media companies to allow and even promote misinformation and disinformation." President Joe Biden criticized Facebook for allowing anti-vaccine activism . Imran Ahmed , CEO of the Center for Countering Digital Hate , said, "While they fail to take action, lives are being lost." In response to the criticism, Big Tech companies deleted numerous social media accounts and banned health-related false advertising . Human Rights Watch has criticized Big Tech, primarily Facebook, for allowing misinformation to spread in developing countries . Big Tech companies have faced political censorship. China banned Google in 2010 because Google refused to censor search results critical of
11865-417: The world as their combined market capitalization exceeded the combined value of every public company in every G20 country except China, Japan, and the United States as a whole. At the end of the second quarter of 2024, Morgan Stanley estimated that the Magnificent Seven accounted for 31% of the market capitalization of the S&P 500. Some analysts expressed concern that extreme concentration could cause
11978-435: Was banned for showing far-right content to expose extreme views, but the channel was restored after viewer backlash. Human Rights Watch stated that excessive content removal, especially on Facebook, meant losing evidence of human rights abuses . Facebook has also been accused of censoring left-wing opinions. Facebook removed ads by Democratic senator Elizabeth Warren , who advocated breaking up Facebook. Warren accused
12091-482: Was celebrated in 1954. During the 1960s, student activism reached a climax with protests in the spring of 1968 , when hundreds of students occupied buildings on campus. The incident forced the resignation of Columbia's president, Grayson Kirk , and the establishment of the University Senate. Though several schools in the university had admitted women for years, Columbia College first admitted women in
12204-521: Was fully integrated into Columbia's traditional undergraduate curriculum. The same year, the Division of Special Programs, later called the School of Continuing Education and now the School of Professional Studies , was established to reprise the former role of University Extension. While the School of Professional Studies only offered non-degree programs for lifelong learners and high school students in its earliest stages, it now offers degree programs in
12317-667: Was later repeated in an open letter by Columbia faculty that criticized the findings of the university's antisemitism task force. On April 22, 2024 the university moved all in-person classes online, with President Shafik saying that this decision would "deescalate the rancor and give us all a chance to consider next steps". In late April, several participants in the campus encampment occupied Hamilton Hall . While inside, these protestors overturned furniture, broke windows, and erected barricades. On April 30, Columbia University called New York Police Department to clear Hamilton Hall. Around 9 PM that night, NYPD officers in riot gear used
12430-425: Was looted and its sole building requisitioned for use as a military hospital first by American and then British forces. The legislature agreed to assist the college, and on May 1, 1784, it passed "an Act for granting certain privileges to the College heretofore called King's College". The Act created a board of regents to oversee the resuscitation of King's College, and, in an effort to demonstrate its support for
12543-528: Was renamed Columbia College in 1784 following the American Revolution , and in 1787 was placed under a private board of trustees headed by former students Alexander Hamilton and John Jay . In 1896, the campus was moved to its current location in Morningside Heights and renamed Columbia University. Columbia is organized into twenty schools, including four undergraduate schools and 16 graduate schools. The university's research efforts include
12656-551: Was the first company to offer public robotaxi service. Alphabet reached $ 1 trillion in market capitalization for the first time in January 2020. With Amazon Alexa and Amazon Echo , Amazon is the leader in the area of artificial intelligence -based personal digital assistants and smart speakers ( Amazon Echo ) with 69% market share followed by Google ( Google Nest ) at 25% market share. Amazon Web Services made up 59% of Amazon's profit in 2020, and more than half of
12769-555: Was the second most valuable publicly-traded U.S. company after Apple. In November 2024, Nvidia surpassed Apple in market capitalization to become the most valuable publicly-traded U.S. company. Tesla 's classification as a tech company has been debated. In 2022, Fortune included Tesla in Big Tech, and The Washington Post argued that Tesla vehicles are comparable to iPhones . Business Insider argued that Tesla should be classified as an automaker . Barron's argued that Tesla
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