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33-479: The island has been linked to the mythical island Onigashima ("island of ogres "), visited by the folktale character Momotarō . The caves at the top of Washigamine Summit, as the home of the ogres from that story, are a popular tourist spot. There is an observation platform at the peak of Washigamine Summit where one can get a 360 degree view of the Seto Inland Sea. Megijima is also one of the host sites of

66-619: A claim outright. Much of it is based on the Historia Britonum , a 9th-century Welsh-Latin historical compilation, Bede 's Ecclesiastical History of the English People , and Gildas 's 6th-century polemic De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae , expanded with material from bardic oral tradition and genealogical tracts, and embellished by Geoffrey's own imagination. In an exchange of manuscript material for their own histories, Robert of Torigny gave Henry of Huntingdon

99-482: A copy of History , which both Robert and Henry used uncritically as authentic history and subsequently used in their own works, by which means Geoffrey's fictions became embedded in popular history. The History of the Kings of Britain is now usually considered a literary forgery containing little reliable history. This has since led many modern scholars to agree with William of Newburgh , who wrote around 1190 that "it

132-809: A disproportionately large head, abundant hair, unusually colored skin, a voracious appetite, and a strong body. Ogres are closely linked with giants and with human cannibals in mythology. In both folklore and fiction, giants are often given ogrish traits (such as the giants in " Jack and the Beanstalk " and " Jack the Giant Killer ", the Giant Despair in The Pilgrim's Progress , and the Jötunn of Norse mythology ); while ogres may be given giant-like traits. Famous examples of ogres in folklore include

165-526: A film and a TV series). Ogres make up the army of Duke Igthorn, antagonists in Adventures of the Gummi Bears . In this children's TV series, they are presented as anthropomorphized creatures, emphasized through neomedieval trappings in clothing and equipment. In Smurfs , ogres appear human-like but are stouter than humans. In Disenchantment , Elfo's maternal family are ogres which makes him

198-419: A hybrid between an ogre and an elf. Geoffrey of Monmouth Geoffrey of Monmouth ( Latin : Galfridus Monemutensis, Galfridus Arturus ; Welsh : Gruffudd ap Arthur, Sieffre o Fynwy ; c.  1095  – c.  1155 ) was a Catholic cleric from Monmouth , Wales , and one of the major figures in the development of British historiography and the popularity of tales of King Arthur . He

231-562: A priest at Westminster 10 days before. According to Lewis Thorpe , "There is no evidence that he ever visited his see, and indeed the wars of Owain Gwynedd make this most unlikely." He appears to have died between 25 December 1154 and 24 December 1155 according to Welsh chronicles, when his successor took office. Geoffrey's structuring and shaping of the Merlin and Arthur myths engendered their vast popularity which continues today, and he

264-617: A significant afterlife in a variety of forms, including translations and adaptations such as Wace 's Old Norman-French Roman de Brut , Layamon 's Middle English Brut , and several anonymous Middle Welsh versions known as Brut y Brenhinedd (" Brut of the Kings "). where it was generally accepted as a true account. In 2017, Miles Russell published the initial results of the Lost Voices of Celtic Britain Project established at Bournemouth University . The main conclusion of

297-519: Is a stub . You can help Misplaced Pages by expanding it . Ogre An ogre ( feminine : ogress ) is a legendary monster depicted as a large, hideous, man-like being that eats ordinary human beings, especially infants and children. Ogres frequently feature in mythology , folklore , and fiction throughout the world. They appear in many classic works of literature , and are most often associated in fairy tales and legend. In mythology, ogres are often depicted as inhumanly large, tall, and having

330-664: Is also documented in earlier Italian works ( Fazio degli Uberti , 14th century; Luigi Pulci , 15th century; Ludovico Ariosto , 15th–16th centuries) and has even older cognates with the Latin orcus and the Old English orcnēas found in Beowulf lines 112–113, which inspired J.R.R. Tolkien 's Orc . All these words may derive from a shared Indo-European mythological concept (as Tolkien himself speculated, as cited by Tom Shippey , The Road to Middle-earth , 45). The Dictionary of

363-469: Is best known for his chronicle The History of the Kings of Britain ( Latin : De gestis Britonum or Historia Regum Britanniae ) which was widely popular in its day, being translated into other languages from its original Latin. It was given historical credence well into the 16th century, but is now considered historically unreliable. Geoffrey was born between about 1090 and 1100, in Wales or

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396-532: Is generally viewed by scholars as the major establisher of the Arthurian canon. The History' s effect on the legend of King Arthur was so vast that Arthurian works have been categorised as "pre-Galfridian" and "post-Galfridian", depending on whether or not they were influenced by him. Geoffrey wrote several works in Latin, the language of learning and literature in Europe during the medieval period. His major work

429-401: Is quite clear that everything this man wrote about Arthur and his successors, or indeed about his predecessors from Vortigern onwards, was made up, partly by himself and partly by others." Other contemporaries were similarly unconvinced by Geoffrey's History . For example, Giraldus Cambrensis recounts the experience of a man possessed by demons: "If the evil spirits oppressed him too much,

462-512: Is written that he will come again, to all the realms of Logres , which was formerly land of ogres, and destroy them with that lance." The ogres in this rhyme may refer to the ogres who were, in the pseudohistorical work History of the Kings of Britain by Geoffrey of Monmouth , the inhabitants of Britain prior to human settlement. The word orco was widely used in Italy at least since 13th century, as attested by Jacomo Tolomei who, in

495-713: The Gospel of St John was placed on his bosom, when, like birds, they immediately vanished; but when the book was removed, and the History of the Britons by 'Geoffrey Arthur' [as Geoffrey named himself] was substituted in its place, they instantly reappeared in greater numbers, and remained a longer time than usual on his body and on the book." Geoffrey's major work was nevertheless widely disseminated throughout medieval Western Europe; Acton Griscom listed 186 extant manuscripts in 1929, and others have been identified since. It enjoyed

528-486: The Oxford area, sometimes styled magister (teacher). He was probably a secular canon of St. George's college . All the charters signed by Geoffrey are also signed by Walter, Archdeacon of Oxford , a canon at that church. Another frequent co-signatory is Ralph of Monmouth, a canon of Lincoln . Archbishop Theobald of Bec consecrated Geoffrey as Bishop of St Asaph at Lambeth on 24 February 1152, having ordained him

561-533: The Setouchi Triennale . During the festival period, many temporary and permanent art exhibitions are installed across the island. Some of the sights on the island such as the cave and beach are also featured in the Key visual novel Summer Pockets . 34°23′43″N 134°3′0″E  /  34.39528°N 134.05000°E  / 34.39528; 134.05000 This Kagawa Prefecture location article

594-586: The Welsh Marches . He had reached the age of majority by 1129 when he is recorded as witnessing a charter. Geoffrey refers to himself in his Historia as Galfridus Monemutensis (Geoffrey of Monmouth), which indicates a significant connection to Monmouth , Wales, and may refer to his birthplace. His works attest to some acquaintance with the place-names of the region. Geoffrey was known to his contemporaries as Galfridus Arturus or variants thereof. The "Arthur" in these versions of his name may indicate

627-578: The ghouls of pre-Islamic Arabian religion . The word ogre is of French origin, originally derived from the Etruscan god Orcus , who fed on human flesh. Its earliest attestation is in Chrétien de Troyes ' late 12th-century verse romance Perceval, li contes del graal , which contains the lines: Et s'est escrit que il ert ancore que toz li reaumes de Logres, qui jadis fu la terre as ogres, ert destruite par cele lance. "And it

660-657: The Academy of France alternatively states that the name is derived from the word Hongrois , which means Hungarian , as of western cultures referred to Hungarians as a kind of monstrosity. Ogre could possibly also derive from the biblical Og , last of the giants (or from the Greek river god Oiagros , father of Orpheus ). The word ogre came into wider usage in the works of Charles Perrault (1628–1703) or Marie-Catherine Jumelle de Berneville, Comtesse d' Aulnoy (1650–1705), both of whom were French authors. The first appearance of

693-635: The book is a translation of an "ancient book in the British language that told in orderly fashion the deeds of all the kings of Britain", given to him by Walter , Archdeacon of Oxford, but modern historians have dismissed this claim. It is likely, however, that the Archdeacon did furnish Geoffrey with some materials in the Welsh language which helped inspire his work, as Geoffrey's position and acquaintance with him would not have permitted him to fabricate such

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726-613: The information and smoothing out apparent inconsistencies in order to create a single grand narrative which fed into the preferred narrative of the Norman rulers of Britain. Much of the information that he used can be shown to be derived from two discrete sources: Stretching this source material out, chopping, changing and re-editing it in the process, Geoffrey added not just his own fictions but also additional information culled from Roman and early medieval histories and early medieval writers such as Gildas and Bede. Geoffrey's earliest writing

759-713: The many Bretons who took part in William the Conqueror 's conquest and settled in the southeast of Wales. Monmouth had been in the hands of Breton lords since 1075 or 1086, and the names Galfridus and Arthur were more common among the Bretons than the Welsh. He may have served for a while in the Benedictine Monmouth Priory , but most of his adult life appears to have been spent outside Wales. Between 1129 and 1151, his name appears on six charters in

792-602: The name of his father or a nickname based on his scholarly interests. Earlier scholars assumed that Geoffrey was Welsh or at least spoke Welsh . His knowledge of this language appears to have been slight, however, and there is no evidence that he was of either Welsh or Cambro-Norman descent. He may have come from the same French-speaking elite of the Welsh border country as Gerald of Wales , Walter Map , and Robert, Earl of Gloucester , to whom Geoffrey dedicated versions of his History . Frank Merry Stenton and others have suggested that Geoffrey's parents may have been among

825-572: The ogre "teaches players about fighting big, powerful, stupid monsters, which is an iconic D&D experience". The green-skinned ogre Shrek is a fictional character created by the American author William Steig that since 1990 has appeared in a book , several movies by DreamWorks Animation , a TV series, and a musical. The Ogre Mulgarath is the main antagonist in The Spiderwick Chronicles books series (also adapted into

858-670: The ogre in " Puss in Boots " and the ogre in " Hop-o'-My-Thumb ". Other characters sometimes described as ogres include the title character from " Bluebeard ", the Beast from Beauty and the Beast , Humbaba from the Epic of Gilgamesh , Grendel from Beowulf , Polyphemus the Cyclops from Homer 's Odyssey , the man-eating giant in " Sinbad the Sailor ", the oni of Japanese folklore and

891-513: The other works. Here he is known as Merlin of the Woods ( Merlinus Sylvestris ) or Scottish Merlin ( Merlinus Caledonius ) and is portrayed as an old man living as a crazed and grief-stricken outcast in the forest. The story is set long after the timeframe of the History ' s Merlin, but the author tries to synchronise the works with references to the mad prophet's previous dealings with Vortigern and Arthur. The Vita did not circulate widely, and

924-585: The sonnet " Le favole, compar, ch'om dice tante " ("The many fables, my friend, people tell" – before 1290), compares popular characters of fairy tales, like ogres (whose specific characteristic was to eat people), giants, witches and talking animals, to real people he could see in his city of Siena . The Italian author Giambattista Basile (1575–1632) used the related Neapolitan word uerco , or in standard Italian , orco in some of his tales, and first talks of female orcs (IE in Petrosinella ). This word

957-568: The study was that the Historia Regum Britanniae appears to contain significant demonstrable archaeological fact, despite being compiled many centuries after the period that it describes. Geoffrey seems to have brought together a disparate mass of source material, including folklore, chronicles, king-lists, dynastic tables, oral tales, and bardic praise poems, some of which was irrevocably garbled or corrupted. In doing so, Geoffrey exercised considerable editorial control, massaging

990-575: The word ogre in Perrault's work occurred in his Histoires ou Contes du temps Passé (1696). It later appeared in several of his other fairy tales, many of which were based on the Neapolitan tales of Basile. The first example of a female ogre being referred to as an ogress is found in his version of Sleeping Beauty , where it is spelled ogresse. Madame d'Aulnoy first employed the word ogre in her story L'Orangier et l'Abeille (1698), and

1023-567: Was probably the Prophetiae Merlini ( Prophecies of Merlin ) which he wrote before 1135, and which appears both independently and incorporated into The History of the Kings of Britain . It consists of a series of obscure prophetic utterances attributed to Merlin which he claimed to have translated from an unspecified language. The third work attributed to Geoffrey is the hexameter poem Vita Merlini ( Life of Merlin ), based more closely on traditional material about Merlin than

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1056-558: Was the Historia Regum Britanniae ( The History of the Kings of Britain ), the work best known to modern readers. It relates the purported history of Britain, from its first settlement by Brutus of Troy , a descendant of Trojan hero Aeneas , to the death of Cadwaladr in the 7th century, covering Julius Caesar 's invasions of Britain , Kings Leir and Cymbeline , and one of the earliest developed narratives of King Arthur . Geoffrey claims in his dedication that

1089-516: Was the first to use the word ogree to refer to the creature's offspring. In modern times, ogres have appeared in the Dungeons & Dragons role-playing game as large, powerful humanoid creatures, with slightly below average intelligence, throughout its editions as adversaries but also playable characters. The ogre was counted among the ten best low-level monsters by the authors of Dungeons & Dragons for Dummies . They posit that

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