Misplaced Pages

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103-414: Oak Creek Canyon is about 12 miles (19 km) long, ranging in width from 0.8 to 2.5 miles (1.3 to 4.0 km). The depth of the canyon ranges from 800 to 2,000 feet (240 to 610 m). However, due to the faulting that played a major role in its formation, the west rim of the canyon is 700 feet (210 m) higher than the east rim. The average elevation of the west rim is 7,200 feet (2,200 m) while

206-405: A decollement . Extensional decollements can grow to great dimensions and form detachment faults , which are low-angle normal faults with regional tectonic significance. Due to the curvature of the fault plane, the horizontal extensional displacement on a listric fault implies a geometric "gap" between the hanging and footwalls of the fault forms when the slip motion occurs. To accommodate into

309-860: A plate boundary. This class is related to an offset in a spreading center , such as a mid-ocean ridge , or, less common, within continental lithosphere , such as the Dead Sea Transform in the Middle East or the Alpine Fault in New Zealand. Transform faults are also referred to as "conservative" plate boundaries since the lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed. Dip-slip faults can be either normal (" extensional ") or reverse . The terminology of "normal" and "reverse" comes from coal mining in England, where normal faults are

412-474: A Swiss company, and the "EKA" series and "DINAMO" sirens were made right here in Hungary. There were 25 air raid warning zones in Hungary back then, which means that only the bigger towns and cities had electric sirens. The rest of the country used hand-crank sirens, the warnings were also given out by radios. The electric sirens were controlled via phone lines and could have been set off from a central location in

515-501: A certain musical note . These choppers would have rotating stators in order to let each note play individually, in order to play music. Singapore currently has a network of 284 stationary sirens named the Public Warning System which warns the entire country of air raids, as well as human-made and natural disasters (except earth tremors ). Singapore's sirens are tested at noon on the first day of every month. During

618-582: A fault hosting valuable porphyry copper deposits is northern Chile's Domeyko Fault with deposits at Chuquicamata , Collahuasi , El Abra , El Salvador , La Escondida and Potrerillos . Further south in Chile Los Bronces and El Teniente porphyry copper deposit lie each at the intersection of two fault systems. Faults may not always act as conduits to surface. It has been proposed that deep-seated "misoriented" faults may instead be zones where magmas forming porphyry copper stagnate achieving

721-500: A fault is locked, and when it reaches a level that exceeds the strength threshold, the fault ruptures and the accumulated strain energy is released in part as seismic waves , forming an earthquake . Strain occurs accumulatively or instantaneously, depending on the liquid state of the rock; the ductile lower crust and mantle accumulate deformation gradually via shearing , whereas the brittle upper crust reacts by fracture – instantaneous stress release – resulting in motion along

824-410: A fault often forms a discontinuity that may have a large influence on the mechanical behavior (strength, deformation, etc.) of soil and rock masses in, for example, tunnel , foundation , or slope construction. The level of a fault's activity can be critical for (1) locating buildings, tanks, and pipelines and (2) assessing the seismic shaking and tsunami hazard to infrastructure and people in

927-408: A fault's age by studying soil features seen in shallow excavations and geomorphology seen in aerial photographs. Subsurface clues include shears and their relationships to carbonate nodules , eroded clay, and iron oxide mineralization, in the case of older soil, and lack of such signs in the case of younger soil. Radiocarbon dating of organic material buried next to or over a fault shear

1030-409: A fault. A fault trace or fault line is a place where the fault can be seen or mapped on the surface. A fault trace is also the line commonly plotted on geologic maps to represent a fault. A fault zone is a cluster of parallel faults. However, the term is also used for the zone of crushed rock along a single fault. Prolonged motion along closely spaced faults can blur the distinction, as

1133-403: A fire department's volunteer notification/paging system. The basics of this type of installation would consist of a device (possibly the same pager the firefighters have) connected to the controller/timer system of the siren. When a page is received, the siren is activated. A mechanical siren uses a rotor and stator to chop an air stream, which is forced through the siren by radial vanes in

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1236-623: A lower pitch than most sirens (the pitch is comparable to a STL-10 on a lower frequency resulting on a lower pitch). A recording of these sirens was used in the movie Silent Hill . In Germany, the Warnämter ('warning authorities') were closed in the 1990s after the threat of the Cold War was over, since the ability to alert the public was then considered unnecessary. As the civil defense sirens were also frequently used to alert volunteer firefighters, many sirens were sold to municipalities for

1339-526: A moment of silence (of one or two minutes): once on Israel's Holocaust Remembrance Day and twice on the Day of Remembrance . Most minaret speakers are used as sirens. The purpose of warnings is to notify the population of a danger that threatens their lives. Individuals must go to shelters or their homes, lock doors and windows, take appropriate protective actions, and listen through the radio and television for instructions of civil defense. The entire siren system

1442-545: A moment of silence to commemorate the Nanking Massacre . There have also been some commemorative tests during the memorial periods of major disasters, such as on 19 May 2008 in memory of victims of the 2008 Sichuan Earthquake . The air raid warning comes in 3 types: Taiwanese civil defense sirens are erected on police stations and commanded by the nation's Civil Defense Office ( 民防指揮管制所 ). The government issues air raid warnings, as well as tsunami warnings, through

1545-473: A row for 30 seconds, with a 30-second pause between the signals (Figure 3). The alarm past signal also applies to the cancellation of the air raid warning and the disaster alarm past signal. Test - In the first part of the waveforms used during the test, a signal ramping up to 400 Hz is emitted for a duration of 6 seconds, after which the signal decays The Italian War Ministry began installing air raid sirens and issuing air defence regulations in 1938. Production

1648-474: A siren, but even then you won't be able to sound it, because again, it might cause panic. The Civil Defense is currently relying on radio, TV, phone alerts to warn the population in case of an emergency, some emergency plans also say that they could warn the locals with the church bells. And for last, here are the current siren signals, that could be given out by MoLaRi, HÖRMANN, and on the old sirens at places where they still maintain them: Air-Raid alert signal on

1751-400: A slowly rotating angled disc below the siren which directs the siren's output throughout 360 degrees. A variation of the electromechanical siren is a "supercharged" siren. A supercharged siren uses a separate source, usually a supercharger -like blower , which forces air into the rotor assembly of the siren. This increases the air pressure in the rotor assembly, causing the sound output of

1854-401: A symbolic price; others were dismantled. In the 2000s, it was realized that the ability to warn the public is not only necessary in cases of war, but also in events like natural disasters, chemical or nuclear accidents, or terrorist attacks. As a result, some cities like Düsseldorf and Dresden began to rebuild their warning sirens. In Hamburg , the sirens are still operational. They also warn

1957-714: A warning system that links sirens with other warning media, such as the radio and TV Emergency Alert System , NOAA Weather Radio , telephone alerting systems, Reverse 911 , Cable Override , and wireless alerting systems in the United States and the National Public Alerting System, Alert Ready , in Canada. This fluid approach enhances the credibility of warnings and reduces the risk of assumed false alarms by corroborating warning messages through multiple forms of media. The Common Alerting Protocol

2060-534: Is ASC I-Force and Whelen WPS-2900 series. As well as some Federal Signal Modulators in Air Force Bases, and a FS EOWS 1212 in Dammam. Türkiye has Nationwide Siren System of Mechanical Sirens and Loudspeakers, though minaret speakers also are used as sirens sometimes. Models for mechanical sirens used across country are Selay SL-1170's, Even though the main models of the warning speakers are unknown, there

2163-580: Is a slightly common presence of Federal Signal , Whelen and Hörmann, Sonnenburg, despite very rare cases of some Elektror or Siemens-Schuckert models remaining. They sound-off during the memorial of Atatürk's death on November 10 at 9:05 AM and often sound off for common emergencies such as Earthquakes , Tsunamis , Tornadoes , Chemical plant issues or incoming enemy attack. Sirens are controlled by AFAD . Sirens can also be mounted on roofs, or sometimes on 30m long Towers. The United Arab Emirates uses an integrated national Early Warning System (EWS) which

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2266-473: Is a technical standard for this sort of multi-system integration. Siren installations have many ways of being activated. Commonly used methods are dual-tone multi-frequency signaling (DTMF) or public switched telephone network (PSTN) using telephone lines, but activation can also be done via radio broadcast. This method opens up vulnerability for exploitation, but there are protections from false alarms. These sirens can also be tied into other networks such as

2369-629: Is also an emergency broadcast on TV channels, maintained by Czech Television , and radio channels, maintained by Czech Radio . There are 1,078 electronic warning sirens have been installed in Denmark by HSS Engineering. The sirens are placed on the tops of buildings or on masts. This warning system makes it possible to warn the populations of all urban areas with more than 1,000 inhabitants. This means that about 80% of Denmark's population can be warned using stationary sirens. The remaining 20% are warned by mobile sirens mounted on police cars. The function of

2472-576: Is important. Most newer (and some older) electronic sirens have the ability to store digital audio files . These audio files could be custom sounds, or emergency messages. Depending on the situation, the stored sound file can broadcast through the siren. These sirens could also come with a Microphone Jack to broadcast live messages via microphone. As with electromechanical sirens, there are both omnidirectional, directional, and rotating categories. Whelen Engineering produces sirens which oscillate through 360 degrees, rotating in one direction and then in

2575-543: Is often critical in distinguishing active from inactive faults. From such relationships, paleoseismologists can estimate the sizes of past earthquakes over the past several hundred years, and develop rough projections of future fault activity. Many ore deposits lie on or are associated with faults. This is because the fractured rock associated with fault zones allow for magma ascent or the circulation of mineral-bearing fluids. Intersections of near-vertical faults are often locations of significant ore deposits. An example of

2678-473: Is only required for a defined area in one direction. Kuwait has an entire siren system of Federal Signal Modulators . They once had an entire system of Thunderbolt system 7000's, until they all got replaced. However, one System 7000 remains on display. Israel has more than 3,100 warning sirens. Most of the sirens in urban areas are German-made HLS sirens, models F71 and ECN3000. All the other sirens are HPSS32 models made by Acoustic Technologies ( ATI ). During

2781-499: Is owned privately. Another variation on the electromechanical siren is the pneumatic siren. Similar to supercharged sirens, pneumatic sirens also force air into the rotor assembly of the siren. However, these sirens use a pressurized air reservoir instead of a motor-driven blower. hochleistungssirene (HLS), first produced by the German firm Pintsch-Bamag and later by the German firm Hörmann . Soon afterward, Hörmann improved on

2884-400: Is shorter than the general alarm (only lasting for 7 or 14 seconds) and may be a flat tone. The system commonly uses Teho-Ulvo sirens, which are electronic and are powered by horn loudspeaker arrays. They are known for their very distinctive wind-ups and wind-downs. In France, the emergency population warning network is called the "Réseau national d'alerte" (RNA). The system is inherited from

2987-620: Is tested yearly, in the summer months. The Oak Creek Canyon census-designated place is within the Flagstaff Unified School District . The zoned secondary schools are Mount Elden Middle School and Flagstaff High School . Geologic fault In geology , a fault is a planar fracture or discontinuity in a volume of rock across which there has been significant displacement as a result of rock-mass movements. Large faults within Earth 's crust result from

3090-584: Is that every police station or fire station or local Civil Defense office had a siren control machine that was supposed to give out the frequencies that activated the sirens in the surrounding towns and villages. The manual said that during check-ups, this equipment most not be used to test the sirens, that's why the Civil Defense workers had to go to every siren location that was registered to their station (every county has around 3-4 Civil Defense stations, that is/was supposed to do check-ups and growl tests on

3193-693: Is that its blower is driven by an Onan two cylinder gasoline engine. Another example of a siren that has a separate blower is the Alerting Communicators of America (ACA) Hurricane . One more example of a siren with a blower is the SoCal Edison Model 120, utilizing a Centrifugal Style Blower, built specifically for the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station . The SoCal Edison Model 120 is no longer standing out in public, as only one exists, and

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3296-416: Is that people subscribe to BE-Alert, a system where information is provided via SMS , e-mail or phone. Bulgaria has over 4000 sirens deployed around in the country, especially Sofia. These are likely used to warn people of earthquakes . Sirens were first installed during WW2 to warn people of incoming attacks by Nazi Germany; these were replaced by electronic ones during the 1990s. The sirens are tested on

3399-485: Is thought to have played a role as well. Oak Creek has an elevation of 4,300 feet (1,300 m) just north of Sedona to 6,000 feet (1,800 m) at the northern terminus of the canyon. Oak Creek enters more open country below Sedona. It meanders past the communities of Page Springs and Cornville , and reaches its confluence with the Verde River about 6 miles (9.7 km) southeast of Cottonwood . In June 2006,

3502-434: The sirenenprobe signal, a 15-second continuous tone. Every year on the first Saturday of October, the whole range of alarm signals (with the exception of the fire alert) is sounded as a system test ( Zivilschutz-Probealarm ) and to familiarize the population with the signals. Belgium used to test its air raid sirens every first Thursday of the trimester (three-month period). Sirens are Sonnenburg Electronic sirens. When

3605-463: The Chesapeake Bay impact crater . Ring faults are the result of a series of overlapping normal faults, forming a circular outline. Fractures created by ring faults may be filled by ring dikes . Synthetic and antithetic are terms used to describe minor faults associated with a major fault. Synthetic faults dip in the same direction as the major fault while the antithetic faults dip in

3708-557: The Miocene Epoch. About this time, the Oak Creek Fault became active again and the modern Oak Creek Canyon began to develop along the fault zone as a result of the erosional action of Oak Creek. The normal, down-to-the-east motion of the Oak Creek Fault during the most recent faulting period resulted in the west rim of the canyon being about 700 feet (210 meters) higher than the east rim. The spectacularly eroded walls of

3811-470: The "all clear" signal has been discontinued, as it was seen as causing unnecessary confusion and alarm. In certain regions in the south of Israel, which regularly undergo rocket attacks from Gaza , a specialized system called Red Color is used. There is an earthquake warning system in Israel, which uses the sirens, which called "תרועה" (Trua). The "all clear" signal is used three times per year to denote

3914-600: The "all clear" signal which is a continuous single tone). Strong tremors in Bulgaria are quite rare, so a special earthquake warning system is not needed. The Czech Republic has around 6,000 sirens. Within these 6,000 sirens which include mechanical sirens and electronic sirens, are tested every first Wednesday of the month. There are three warning signals, which are accompanied by a verbal message in Czech and usually with an English and German translation on electronic sirens. There

4017-484: The 70s were the property of the National Civil Defense and they still are. The time this System was installed, the controls were a bit different, this time the remote control wasn't run by telephone lines, this time it was controlled by sound frequencies (don't ask me how that works, I'm writing this from like 30-40 Year old, archived manuals that were given to Civil Defense workers) What that manual says

4120-664: The Coconino National Forest. On May 20, 2014, at around 4 PM, a wildfire was reported just north of Slide Rock State Park. The fire was 100% contained on June 4, 2014, with 21,227 acres burned. Total personnel included over 1,230 firefighters, 50 crews, 29 engines, and 9 helicopters. After the fire, the Sedona Fire District installed nine outdoor warning sirens throughout the canyon. They are used for situations including wildfires, flash flooding, severe weather, and other emergencies. The siren system

4223-758: The Cold War ended. However, estimates place the number of operational sirens during the system's peak at around 80,000 in West Germany alone. Accounts as to how many of those sirens are still in operation vary significantly depending on the source. The most prominent German company regarding manufacturing and maintenance of sirens, Hörmann Industries, states on its website that they are in charge of maintaining over 60,000 sirens. Granted, that includes mobile sirens that can be mounted on vehicles, but one can deduct from this information that there could be at least around 50,000 stationary sirens still in operation today, many of

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4326-503: The MoLaRi sirens near the facilites that work with hazard materials, this date is the first monday of the month at 11AM, this is the siren test you Will most likely catch if you visit Hungary, because they are found in a big part of Budapest. And for the rest of the country, sirens are either fully removed or left to rot in place, because it's cheaper to not remove them. What's weird is that on paper, these sirens should still be active, because

4429-518: The Regional Civil Defence Control Center, Mumbai, with input from Indian Defence Services. Sirens are also used to denote a minute's worth of silence on special occasions. Japan utilizes a system of mainly Electronic "Bosai Musen" electronic sirens to warn of impending missile strikes or natural disasters such as Tsunamis . The system was installed by J-Alert in 2007 as one of their many other methods of warning

4532-485: The Thunderbolt 1000, a single-tone siren; the Thunderbolt 1000T, a dual-tone siren; and the Thunderbolt 1003, a variation of the 1000T that employs solenoid-actuated slide valves to create a "hi-lo" (High-Low) signal primarily used as a fire signal. A very early model called the Thunderbolt 2000 was offered in both single tone and dual tone. The only notable difference between the Thunderbolt 2000 and later editions

4635-509: The War, so in the early 1970s, a massive siren-replacement program began. Nearly all of the sirens were replaced with the DDR DS977 and MEZ Sirens. Some of the siren types that were used during the war were also still being made at this point, so it's possible that you might see "WW2-Type Like" sirens in some cities, towns or villages, but those are probably not from WW2. The sirens installed during

4738-403: The action of plate tectonic forces, with the largest forming the boundaries between the plates, such as the megathrust faults of subduction zones or transform faults . Energy release associated with rapid movement on active faults is the cause of most earthquakes . Faults may also displace slowly, by aseismic creep . A fault plane is the plane that represents the fracture surface of

4841-400: The air raid siren network ( défense passive ) developed before World War   II. It consists of about 4,500 electronic or electromechanical sirens placed all over France. The system is tested each month at noon on the first Wednesday. The most common siren type is the electromechanical KM Europ 8 port single tone siren. These sirens have a very characteristic sound: a very fast wind-up and

4944-413: The air-raid sirens are tested, the message "proefsignaal" or "signal d'essai" is broadcast every time the sirens sound. There are 540 sirens all across the country. A non-audible test was performed every day, and the last test occurred on 4 October 2018. Afterwards, the network was decommissioned. The sirens remain around nuclear facilities, but no tests are performed. The official recommendation

5047-514: The broadcast-based Emergency Alert System and the Cell Broadcast -based Wireless Emergency Alerts and EU-Alert mobile technologies. By use of varying tones or binary patterns of sound, different alert conditions can be called. Electronic sirens can transmit voice announcements in addition to alert tone signals. Siren systems may be electronically controlled and integrated into other warning systems. Sirens are sometimes integrated into

5150-615: The canyon are formed mostly of Paleozoic sedimentary rocks . Exposures of the Kaibab Limestone , (the geologic formation found at the top of the Grand Canyon), and the Toroweap Formation are found only at the northern end of the canyon. The more predominant rock units exposed in the cliffs of southern Oak Creek Canyon are the buff to white colored, frequently cross-bedded Permian Coconino Sandstone and

5253-664: The canyon have been designated federal wilderness areas as part of the Red Rock-Secret Mountain Wilderness . The United States Forest Service operates several campgrounds, picnic areas, and recreation areas within the canyon. Slide Rock State Park, home to a natural water slide along Oak Creek, is also located within Oak Creek Canyon. Other recreational activities include swimming and fishing in Oak Creek. There are 49 fishable miles along

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5356-402: The civil defense alarm system: a siren sound of alternating pitch (between 280 Hz and 400 Hz) repeated three times in a row, lasting 30 seconds, with 30 second pauses between signals Emergency alarm signal: continuous siren sound with alternating pitch (between 133 Hz and 400 Hz) for 120 seconds The signal that the alarm has passed: a siren sound with a constant pitch (400 Hz) repeated twice in

5459-475: The creek where rainbow trout , brown trout , largemouth bass , smallmouth bass , catfish (channel) and catfish (flathead) can be found. Hiking the many trails leading into side canyons or up to the rim of the canyon is a popular activity for the area. The trail leading the first 3 miles (4.8 km) up the West Fork of Oak Creek, a 14-mile (23 km) long narrow side canyon, is the most popular trail in

5562-414: The crust. A thrust fault has the same sense of motion as a reverse fault, but with the dip of the fault plane at less than 45°. Thrust faults typically form ramps, flats and fault-bend (hanging wall and footwall) folds. A section of a hanging wall or foot wall where a thrust fault formed along a relatively weak bedding plane is known as a flat and a section where the thrust fault cut upward through

5665-462: The design to create the HLS 273, which did away with the massive siren head of the original in favor of a more compact head and cast aluminum exponential-profile horns. These sirens stored a reservoir of compressed air , recharged periodically by a diesel engine -driven compressor in a vault in the base of the massive siren unit. The later HLS 273 placed the large (6,000 liter) air tank underground beside

5768-433: The direction of extension or shortening changes during the deformation but the earlier formed faults remain active. The hade angle is defined as the complement of the dip angle; it is the angle between the fault plane and a vertical plane that strikes parallel to the fault. Ring faults , also known as caldera faults , are faults that occur within collapsed volcanic calderas and the sites of bolide strikes, such as

5871-400: The early 2010s, mechanical sirens were gradually phased out and replaced by electronic ones, although the mechanical ones were generally left standing. The air-raid sirens are called אזעקה ( az'aka 'alarm'), and consist of a continuous ascending and descending tone. The "all clear" signal, called צפירת הרגעה ( tzfirat harga'a ), is a constant single-pitch sound. In recent conflicts, use of

5974-465: The east rim elevation is 6,500 feet (2,000 m). Oak Creek , a tributary of the Verde River , flows along the bottom of the canyon, and is one of the few perennial streams in the high desert region of northern Arizona. Oak Creek is largely responsible for carving the modern Oak Creek Canyon, although movement along the Oak Creek Fault, a 30-mile (48 km) long north–south normal fault line,

6077-403: The emergency plans for towns still say that the citizens Will be alarmed with the use of sirens, which Will be hard if the sirens do not work or do not even exist anymore. And you may ask, "If these sirens are deconmissioned, why can't they give it to collectors?" That's a very good question and the reason why is that the government does everything to destroy these sirens and won't let them get into

6180-406: The enemy raiders were 15 minutes away, the original "Red Alert/Air Raid Warning" would be sounded. When the attack was over the "Air Warning Over" signal would be sounded. And finally, when the enemy raiders left the 150km radius, the "All Clear" would be sounded. After the war, siren installations continued throughout the country, the towns that didn't have sirens before were equipped with sirens with

6283-409: The fault (called a piercing point ). In practice, it is usually only possible to find the slip direction of faults, and an approximation of the heave and throw vector. The two sides of a non-vertical fault are known as the hanging wall and footwall . The hanging wall occurs above the fault plane and the footwall occurs below it. This terminology comes from mining: when working a tabular ore body,

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6386-532: The fault is the vertical component of the separation and the heave of the fault is the horizontal component, as in "Throw up and heave out". The vector of slip can be qualitatively assessed by studying any drag folding of strata, which may be visible on either side of the fault. Drag folding is a zone of folding close to a fault that likely arises from frictional resistance to movement on the fault. The direction and magnitude of heave and throw can be measured only by finding common intersection points on either side of

6489-465: The fault movement. Faults are mainly classified in terms of the angle that the fault plane makes with the Earth's surface, known as the dip , and the direction of slip along the fault plane. Based on the direction of slip, faults can be categorized as: In a strike-slip fault (also known as a wrench fault , tear fault or transcurrent fault ), the fault surface (plane) is usually near vertical, and

6592-406: The fault. A fault in ductile rocks can also release instantaneously when the strain rate is too great. Slip is defined as the relative movement of geological features present on either side of a fault plane. A fault's sense of slip is defined as the relative motion of the rock on each side of the fault concerning the other side. In measuring the horizontal or vertical separation, the throw of

6695-589: The first workday of April and November every year to see if they are functioning properly. On 2 June every year, the day of Hristo Botev and demised ones for the liberation and independence of Bulgaria is commemorated with a 2-minute signal, different from the usual tone. The public is informed about the test beforehand. The sirens are mainly electronic ones (German made type ECN units or other high powered speaker systems on top of public buildings). The signals may include - attack (a 1-minute wailing tone used to indicate an incoming danger) and alert (sometimes referred to as

6798-428: The footwall moves laterally either left or right with very little vertical motion. Strike-slip faults with left-lateral motion are also known as sinistral faults and those with right-lateral motion as dextral faults. Each is defined by the direction of movement of the ground as would be seen by an observer on the opposite side of the fault. A special class of strike-slip fault is the transform fault when it forms

6901-531: The footwall. The dip of most normal faults is at least 60 degrees but some normal faults dip at less than 45 degrees. A downthrown block between two normal faults dipping towards each other is a graben . A block stranded between two grabens, and therefore two normal faults dipping away from each other, is a horst . A sequence of grabens and horsts on the surface of the Earth produces a characteristic basin and range topography . Normal faults can evolve into listric faults, with their plane dip being steeper near

7004-429: The geometric gap, and depending on its rheology , the hanging wall might fold and slide downwards into the gap and produce rollover folding , or break into further faults and blocks which fil in the gap. If faults form, imbrication fans or domino faulting may form. A reverse fault is the opposite of a normal fault—the hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall. Reverse faults indicate compressive shortening of

7107-418: The hands of regular people, because "they might cause panic" if they turn it on", some siren enthusiasts have reported that sirens can rarely be found in scrapyards, but it's unsure if they are allowed to give you the sirens. So there is no "legal way" to get a siren, the only way I could think of getting a siren here is that if you have a family member or friend at the Civil Defense they might be able to give you

7210-564: The idea of war was unlikely and the National Warning System was abandoned. Years went by and in the mid 2000s, the MoLaRi System was built around factories that work with hazard materials to warn the locals in case something goes wrong in there. These Systems are being installed near facilities that work with hazard materials even to this day. Moving on to 2011, they held a National Civil Defense Drill to see how many of

7313-491: The implied mechanism of deformation. A fault that passes through different levels of the lithosphere will have many different types of fault rock developed along its surface. Continued dip-slip displacement tends to juxtapose fault rocks characteristic of different crustal levels, with varying degrees of overprinting. This effect is particularly clear in the case of detachment faults and major thrust faults . The main types of fault rock include: In geotechnical engineering ,

7416-464: The largest faults on Earth and give rise to the largest earthquakes. A fault which has a component of dip-slip and a component of strike-slip is termed an oblique-slip fault . Nearly all faults have some component of both dip-slip and strike-slip; hence, defining a fault as oblique requires both dip and strike components to be measurable and significant. Some oblique faults occur within transtensional and transpressional regimes, and others occur where

7519-423: The machinery vault, instead of in the mast itself as in the earlier HLS units. Electronic sirens consist of an electronic tone generator , a high-power amplifier , and a horn loudspeaker . Typically, the loudspeaker unit incorporates horn loading, causing them to be similar in appearance to some electromechanical sirens. Many of these loudspeakers incorporate a vertical array of horns to achieve pattern control in

7622-408: The miner stood with the footwall under his feet and with the hanging wall above him. These terms are important for distinguishing different dip-slip fault types: reverse faults and normal faults. In a reverse fault, the hanging wall displaces upward, while in a normal fault the hanging wall displaces downward. Distinguishing between these two fault types is important for determining the stress regime of

7725-435: The most common. With the passage of time, a regional reversal between tensional and compressional stresses (or vice-versa) might occur, and faults may be reactivated with their relative block movement inverted in opposite directions to the original movement (fault inversion). In such a way, a normal fault may therefore become a reverse fault and vice versa. In a normal fault, the hanging wall moves downward, relative to

7828-492: The once electro-mechanical sirens having been replaced with newer electronic models. During World War   II, Berlin's air raid sirens became known by the city's residents as "Meier's trumpets" or "Meier's hunting horns" due to Luftwaffe chief Hermann Goering 's boast that "If a single bomb ever falls on Berlin, you can call me Meier!". Audio sample of an older mechanical siren in Germany The wail of

7931-494: The opposite direction. These faults may be accompanied by rollover anticlines (e.g. the Niger Delta Structural Style). All faults have a measurable thickness, made up of deformed rock characteristic of the level in the crust where the faulting happened, of the rock types affected by the fault and of the presence and nature of any mineralising fluids . Fault rocks are classified by their textures and

8034-429: The other to allow a hard-wired connection between the amplifiers and the siren drivers. These sirens can also be set to rotate any amount from 0 to 360 degrees, allowing sirens to broadcast only in certain directions. Electronic sirens may be mechanically rotated to cover a wide area, or may have transducers facing in all directions to make an omnidirectional pattern. A directional siren may be applied where notification

8137-588: The present landline switching system. In Mumbai civil defence, sirens were used during the Indo-Pakistan wars of 1965 and 1971 , warning civilians about air raids by the Pakistan Air Force . At night, sirens were also used to indicate blackouts , when all lights in Mumbai were switched off. Daily tests of the sirens at 9 a.m. were recently reduced to once per month. They are controlled by

8240-538: The public during storm surges ; for instance, all towns in the Moselle Valley continue to operate and test their warning sirens. The majority of operational sirens in Germany are either electric-mechanical type E57 or electronic sirens. There are no precise official numbers as to how many sirens there used to be, as most of the documents regarding the system's construction and upkeep have been disposed of after

8343-423: The public of incoming dangers. Some of these sirens are also used to play music at certain times of day, presumably as an "end of day" signal. Japan also had a large mechanical siren system not used to warn residents, made by Yamaha, called the "Yamaha Music Siren", sounded at certain times of day presumably as an "end of day" signal. These sirens had many mechanical choppers with different port ratios to match

8446-730: The red sandstones of the Permian Schnebly Hill Formation . Unlike all the other formations exposed in Oak Creek Canyon, the Schnebly Hill Formation is not present at the Grand Canyon. The youngest rocks exposed in the canyon are a series of basalt lava flows that form the east rim, the youngest of which is an estimated 6 million years old. Oak Creek Canyon is located within the Coconino National Forest . Portions of

8549-412: The right time for—and type of— igneous differentiation . At a given time differentiated magmas would burst violently out of the fault-traps and head to shallower places in the crust where porphyry copper deposits would be formed. As faults are zones of weakness, they facilitate the interaction of water with the surrounding rock and enhance chemical weathering . The enhanced chemical weathering increases

8652-411: The rock between the faults is converted to fault-bound lenses of rock and then progressively crushed. Due to friction and the rigidity of the constituent rocks, the two sides of a fault cannot always glide or flow past each other easily, and so occasionally all movement stops. The regions of higher friction along a fault plane, where it becomes locked, are called asperities . Stress builds up when

8755-462: The same type of sirens that were used in the war, because those were kept in production even after the war. In the 1960s, because Hungary had some trouble with the Soviet Union, they became a communist country as well, so they had to choose from the sirens that were produced in other communist countries like Czechoslovakia, East Germany. The plan was to replace the ageing sirens that remained from

8858-446: The siren to increase heavily, which in return increases the sound range by a large amount. The blower is generally driven by an electric motor, but in rare cases, can be driven by an engine . Federal Signal took advantage of this design and created their Thunderbolt Siren Series , utilizing Sutorbilt Roots Blowers of different varieties and outputs. Within the Thunderbolt product line, three different configurations were offered:

8961-481: The sirens in Hungary go back as far as World War 2, when the country was destroyed by enemy raiders. The installation of sirens over the country was requested by the Minister of National Defence in 1938. Sirens were built by many different companies, some were manufactured here in Hungary with a license from the original company. The "FM Si 41" Siren originates from Germany, the "TESLA/Braun-Bovery" siren originates from

9064-476: The sirens in conjunction with their own Public Warning System that utilizes 4G LTE cell signals. The Taiwanese government also holds annual air-raid drills called Wan-an drills ( 萬安演習 ) so the populace can be familiar with what to do in an air raid, given the high risk of war with neighboring mainland China. Mumbai has around 200–250 functional sirens. The government is planning to change the system by incorporating modern wireless and digital technology in place of

9167-434: The sirens is tested every night, but does not produce any sound. Once every year, on the first Wednesday of May at 12:00, the sirens are tested with sound. A general alarm consists of a repeating 1-minute sound, made up of tones that ascend for 7 seconds and descend for 7 seconds. The end of danger is signaled by a 1-minute continuous tone. Warning sirens are tested on the first Monday of every month at noon. The testing alarm

9270-424: The sirens near the surrounding towns and villages). Tha manual also said that the remote control can only be used if there is a real emergency or war. It was a really rare thing to see later Cold War sirens equipped with phone line controls, but they did in fact exist, mostly around nuclear shelters. In the late 1990s, the remote control was deemed unstable/unreliable and because of the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991,

9373-464: The sirens still work that were abandoned since a decade. Many of them didn't work, after this some counties decided to repair the sirens and start doing yearly growl tests again, but some abandoned them again, but a very few cities/counties kept the sirens active and they are still doing repairs, check-ups, and yearly full or growl tests, like Győr-Moson-Sopron county, Heves county, Hajdú-Bihar county, Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok county. In 2014 they started testing

9476-628: The size of the weathered zone and hence creates more space for groundwater . Fault zones act as aquifers and also assist groundwater transport. Tornado siren A civil defense siren is a siren used to provide an emergency population warning to the general population of approaching danger. Initially designed to warn city dwellers of air raids ( air-raid sirens ) during World War II , they were later used to warn of nuclear attack and natural disasters , such as tornadoes ( tornado sirens ). The generalized nature of sirens led to many of them being replaced with more specific warnings, such as

9579-418: The southern portion of the canyon, near Slide Rock State Park , was affected by a 4,300-acre (17 km) wildfire known as the "Brins Fire". Geologic evidence suggests the formation of an ancestral Oak Creek Canyon along the Oak Creek Fault about eight to ten million years ago . The ancestral Oak Creek Canyon was then filled in by gravel deposits and a series of lava flows between 6–8 million years ago during

9682-477: The spinning rotor. An example of this type of siren is the Federal Signal 2T22, which was originally developed during the Cold War and produced from the early 1950s to the late 1980s. This particular design employs dual rotors and stators to sound each pitch. Because the sound power output of this type of siren is the same in every direction at all times, it is described as omnidirectional. The Federal 2T22

9785-613: The state declares a state of emergency due to attacks or invasion, or when there is a very high risk of military conflict, sirens will warn the public of possible attacks or invasion. The sirens are controlled by the People's Liberation Army . There are annual or semi-annual test runs, often occurring on commemorative dates that are associated with the Second Sino-Japanese War . For example, Nanjing annually tests air raid sirens at 10 a.m. on 13 December, followed by

9888-416: The stratigraphic sequence is known as a ramp . Typically, thrust faults move within formations by forming flats and climbing up sections with ramps. This results in the hanging wall flat (or a portion thereof) lying atop the foot wall ramp as shown in the fault-bend fold diagram. Thrust faults form nappes and klippen in the large thrust belts. Subduction zones are a special class of thrusts that form

9991-400: The surface, then shallower with increased depth, with the fault plane curving into the Earth. They can also form where the hanging wall is absent (such as on a cliff), where the footwall may slump in a manner that creates multiple listric faults. The fault panes of listric faults can further flatten and evolve into a horizontal or near-horizontal plane, where slip progresses horizontally along

10094-666: The test, the sirens sound a light cheerful chime instead of any of the three signals. The sirens look very similar to the Hörmann ECN3000 (See picture). Nearly all towns and cities are equipped with civil defense sirens in case of natural disasters or missile attacks from North Korea. South Korea holds civil defense drills every month to prepare for such scenarios. Austria is fully covered with an operational air-raid siren system consisting of 8,203 devices as of 2012. They are tested weekly at noon on Saturdays (except in Vienna) with

10197-467: The town like a city hall, fire station, local military or a post office. In the beginnings, there were only 2 siren signals, similar to Britain's siren signals, "Red Alert/Air Raid Warning", which meant that danger is coming and "All Clear", which meant that people can come out of their shelter. In 1944, they changed the signals, when enemy raiders were in a 150 km radius, a signal called "Air Warning" would be sounded, 30 seconds of continuous siren sound. When

10300-451: The vertical plane. Each cell of the loudspeaker horn is driven by one or more compression drivers . One type of compression driver for this type of loudspeaker uses two doughnut-shaped permanent magnet slugs to provide magnetic flux . For siren applications, high-fidelity sound is a secondary concern to high output, and siren drivers typically produce large amounts of distortion which would not be tolerable in an audio system where fidelity

10403-582: The vicinity. In California, for example, new building construction has been prohibited directly on or near faults that have moved within the Holocene Epoch (the last 11,700 years) of the Earth's geological history. Also, faults that have shown movement during the Holocene plus Pleistocene Epochs (the last 2.6 million years) may receive consideration, especially for critical structures such as power plants, dams, hospitals, and schools. Geologists assess

10506-652: Was also marketed in a 3-signal configuration known as the Federal Signal 3T22 , with the capability for a "hi-lo" (High-Low) signal. While some mechanical sirens produce sound in all directions simultaneously, other designs produce sound in only one direction, while employing a rotator mechanism to turn the siren head through 360 degrees of rotation. One rare type of mechanical siren, the Federal Signal RSH-10 ("Thunderbeam"), does not rotate or produce equal sound output in all directions. It instead uses

10609-560: Was developed in 2017 and utilizes a network of cell broadcast , variable-message signs on roads, radio alerts, television alerts, and loudspeakers in mosque minarets as sirens. The warning system is managed by the National Emergency Crisis and Disaster Management Authority (NCEMA) and is used to warn the public during times of an emergency or a disaster. China has sirens located in most cities and towns, particularly those located in or near disputed territories . If

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