A stage station or relay station , also known as a staging post , a posting station , or a stage stop , is a facility along a main road or trade route where a traveller can rest and/or replace exhausted working animals (mostly riding horses ) for fresh ones, since long journeys are much faster with fewer delays when using well fed and rested mounts. Stage is the space between the places known as stations or stops — also known in British English as posts or relays.
54-555: Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station is a stage station in the western foothills of the Laguna Mountains , in northern San Diego County, California . It is located on State Route 79 , 13 miles (21 km) northwest of Warner Springs and Warner's Ranch . The station was built on the site of Camp Wright , an 1860s Civil War outpost. During the American Civil War , Camp Wright was a Union Army outpost in
108-594: A 1967 article in The Carriage Journal , published for the Carriage Association of America , Paul H. Downing recounts that the word post is derived from the Latin postis which in turn derives from the word which means to place an upright timber (a post) as a convenient place to attach a public notice. Postal and postage follow from this. Medieval couriers were caballari postarus or riders of
162-476: A Stage Coach (If God permits), which starts every Thursday at Five in the morning. At first travel by coach was regarded as effeminate for a man. The first public scheduled stagecoach service was in 1637 and long-distance coaches are believed to have begun in the 1650s. There were at least 420 stagecoach services to and from London each week in 1690. but only about a quarter of them took passengers beyond 40 miles (64 km) from London. Provincial routes developed in
216-568: A few major innkeepers. In London in the 1830s the three largest coach masters provided 80 per cent of the horses for the 342 services each week. Chaplin alone had 1,800 horses and 2,000 employees. Their coaches were built in Long Acre and maintained at Millbank . The posting system provided horses for riding their routes (after about 1820 riding was no faster than a stagecoach) and for drawing private carriages and sometimes hired out post chaises , lighter and more comfortable closed carriages with
270-442: A home station and travellers would be supplied with meals. A swing station only provided fresh horses. The first route started in 1610 and ran from Edinburgh to Leith . By the mid 17th century, a basic infrastructure had been put in place. This was followed by a steady proliferation of other routes around the country. By the mid 17th century a coach would depart every Monday and Thursday from London to Liverpool and, during
324-437: A new domain (a conversation). Thus, metaphors work by presenting a target set of meanings and using them to suggest a similarity between items, actions, or events in two domains, whereas metonymy calls up or references a specific domain (here, removing items from the sea). Sometimes, metaphor and metonymy may both be at work in the same figure of speech, or one could interpret a phrase metaphorically or metonymically. For example,
378-583: A postilion riding one of the horses in place of a coachman. The cost of this private travel was at least twice that of travel by stagecoach but by the 1830s there were as many travelled by post or by hired two-wheeled gig (particularly commercial travellers ) as by stagecoach. Strings of coaching inns provided passengers with overnight accommodation as well as fresh horses. William Shakespeare's first plays were performed at coaching inns such as The George Inn, Southwark . The Angel and Royal in Grantham on
432-568: A return hire was anticipated a postilion of a spent team was responsible for returning them to the originating post house. Stagecoaches and mail coaches were known in continental Europe as diligences and postcoaches. Common in England and continental Europe posting declined once railways provided faster transport that was much more comfortable. Posting remained popular in France and other European countries with less developed rail networks. In
486-651: Is a figure of speech in which a concept is referred to by the name of something closely associated with that thing or concept. The words metonymy and metonym come from Ancient Greek μετωνυμία ( metōnumía ) 'a change of name'; from μετά ( metá ) 'after, post, beyond' and -ωνυμία ( -ōnumía ) , a suffix that names figures of speech, from ὄνυμα ( ónuma ) or ὄνομα ( ónoma ) 'name'. Metonymy and related figures of speech are common in everyday speech and writing. Synecdoche and metalepsis are considered specific types of metonymy. Polysemy ,
540-476: Is a "metonymy of a metonymy". Many cases of polysemy originate as metonyms: for example, "chicken" means the meat as well as the animal; "crown" for the object, as well as the institution. Metonymy works by the contiguity (association) between two concepts, whereas the term "metaphor" is based upon their analogous similarity. When people use metonymy, they do not typically wish to transfer qualities from one referent to another as they do with metaphor. There
594-820: Is a metonym for the state in all its aspects. In recent Israeli usage, the term "Balfour" came to refer to the Israeli Prime Minister 's residence, located on Balfour Street in Jerusalem, to all the streets around it where demonstrations frequently take place, and also to the Prime Minister and his family who live in the residence. Western culture studied poetic language and deemed it to be rhetoric . A. Al-Sharafi supports this concept in his book Textual Metonymy , "Greek rhetorical scholarship at one time became entirely poetic scholarship." Philosophers and rhetoricians thought that metaphors were
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#1732801651797648-405: Is no physical link between a language and a bird. The reason the metaphors "phoenix" and "cuckoo" are used is that on the one hand hybridic "Israeli" is based on Hebrew , which, like a phoenix, rises from the ashes; and on the other hand, hybridic "Israeli" is based on Yiddish , which like a cuckoo, lays its egg in the nest of another bird, tricking it to believe that it is its own egg. Furthermore,
702-440: Is nothing press-like about reporters or crown-like about a monarch, but "the press" and "the crown" are both common metonyms. Some uses of figurative language may be understood as both metonymy and metaphor; for example, the relationship between "a crown" and a "king" could be interpreted metaphorically (i.e., the king, like his gold crown, could be seemingly stiff yet ultimately malleable, over-ornate, and consistently immobile). In
756-400: Is the domain of metonymy. In contrast, the metaphorical phrase "fishing for information" transfers the concept of fishing into a new domain. If someone is "fishing" for information, we do not imagine that the person is anywhere near the ocean; rather, we transpose elements of the action of fishing (waiting, hoping to catch something that cannot be seen, probing, and most importantly, trying) into
810-616: The Great North Road — until 1866 known as The Angel — is believed to be England's oldest coaching inn. The façade of the main building as it appears today was built about 600 years ago. Its characteristic layout beyond the central coach entrance from the Market Square has a long enclosed rear courtyard, old stables and another entrance to the rear. The Duc de Rovigo gives the following account of Napoleon's arrangements for his journeys:— "The establishment of saddle-horses
864-717: The Pacific coast theater of the American Civil War . It was established to protect the route to Fort Yuma on the Colorado River , and intercept secessionist sympathizers traveling to the east to join the Confederate Army . A detachment of California Volunteer cavalry and infantry first established Camp Wright at Warner's Ranch near Warner Springs, in October 1861. The cold and windy conditions in
918-622: The Porte . A place (or places) can represent an entire industry. For instance: Wall Street , used metonymically, can stand for the entire U.S. financial and corporate banking sector ; K Street for Washington, D.C.'s lobbying industry or lobbying in the United States in general; Hollywood for the U.S. film industry , and the people associated with it; Broadway for the American commercial theatrical industry ; Madison Avenue for
972-633: The Prime Minister of Spain , and Vatican for the pope , Holy See and Roman Curia . Other names of addresses or locations can become convenient shorthand names in international diplomacy , allowing commentators and insiders to refer impersonally and succinctly to foreign ministries with impressive and imposing names as (for example) the Quai d'Orsay , the Wilhelmstrasse , the Kremlin , and
1026-856: The U.S. State Department , Langley for the Central Intelligence Agency , Quantico for either the Federal Bureau of Investigation academy and forensic laboratory or the Marine Corps base of the same name , Zhongnanhai for the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party , Malacañang for the President of the Philippines , their advisers and Office of the President , "La Moncloa" for
1080-600: The Western United States . The adobe building the stagecoach station used was built in 1858, and on the former site of Camp Wright (1861–1862). It was a stop between Los Angeles and Fort Yuma on the San Francisco to St. Louis route . It is a well-preserved one-story adobe building among California oak woodlands . The site of Camp Wright was registered as a California Historical Landmark in 1950. The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station on its site
1134-414: The ancient Romans when they were used by messengers and couriers or bearers of letters. Individually mounted riders are subject to their personal endurance limits. Posting could continue indefinitely with brief stops for fresh horses and crew. In addition to a carriage's obvious advantages (a degree of safety and shelter for the inside passengers and accessibility to non-riders) on long trips it tended to be
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#17328016517971188-737: The government of Kenya , the Kremlin for the Russian presidency, Chausseestraße and Pullach for the German Federal Intelligence Service , Number 10 , Downing Street or Whitehall for the prime minister of the United Kingdom and the UK civil service , the White House and Capitol Hill for the executive and legislative branches, respectively, of the United States federal government, Foggy Bottom for
1242-530: The 18th century crude wagons began to be used to carry passengers between cities and towns, first within New England in 1744, then between New York and Philadelphia in 1756. Travel time was reduced on this later run from three days to two in 1766 with an improved coach called the Flying Machine . The first mail coaches appeared in the later 18th century carrying passengers and the mails, replacing
1296-534: The American advertising industry; and Silicon Valley for the American technology industry. The High Street (of which there are over 5,000 in Britain) is a term commonly used to refer to the entire British retail sector. Common nouns and phrases can also be metonyms: " red tape " can stand for bureaucracy , whether or not that bureaucracy uses actual red tape to bind documents. In Commonwealth realms , The Crown
1350-628: The capacity for a word or phrase to have multiple meanings, sometimes results from relations of metonymy. Both metonymy and metaphor involve the substitution of one term for another. In metaphor, this substitution is based on some specific analogy between two things, whereas in metonymy the substitution is based on some understood association or contiguity . American literary theorist Kenneth Burke considers metonymy as one of four "master tropes ": metaphor , metonymy, synecdoche , and irony . He discusses them in particular ways in his book A Grammar of Motives . Whereas Roman Jakobson argued that
1404-563: The concepts they express." Some artists have used actual words as metonyms in their paintings. For example, Miró 's 1925 painting "Photo: This is the Color of My Dreams" has the word "photo" to represent the image of his dreams. This painting comes from a series of paintings called peintures-poésies (paintings-poems) which reflect Miró's interest in dreams and the subconscious and the relationship of words, images, and thoughts. Picasso , in his 1911 painting "Pipe Rack and Still Life on Table" inserts
1458-431: The earlier post riders on the main roads. Coachmen carried letters, packages and money, often transacting business or delivering messages for their customers. By 1829 Boston was the hub of 77 stagecoach lines; by 1832 there were 106. The Pioneer Stage Company ran four stages in 1864, daily and in each direction, between Sacramento and Virginia City — now the path of US Route 50 . in miles A station master lived at
1512-476: The extent that one will be used in place of another." Cicero viewed metonymy as more of a stylish rhetorical method and described it as being based on words, but motivated by style. Metonymy became important in French structuralism through the work of Roman Jakobson . In his 1956 essay "The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles", Jakobson relates metonymy to the linguistic practice of [syntagmatic] combination and to
1566-609: The following century, particularly in the 1770s. There was another burst of expansion from the mid 1820s until rail took the passengers. During this time improving incomes allowed people to travel, there were more people and there was much more economic activity. Speeds improved from 4 or 5 mph (6.4 or 8.0 km/h) in the 1690s to 10 mph (16 km/h) in the 1830s. Part of this was due to greatly improved roading — see Turnpike trusts — and part to improved vehicles. Better suspension allowed coaches to travel faster and remain safe. Lighter faster and better-bred horses were used as
1620-460: The fundamental dichotomy in trope was between metaphor and metonymy, Burke argues that the fundamental dichotomy is between irony and synecdoche, which he also describes as the dichotomy between dialectic and representation, or again between reduction and perspective. In addition to its use in everyday speech, metonymy is a figure of speech in some poetry and in much rhetoric . Greek and Latin scholars of rhetoric made significant contributions to
1674-685: The higher altitude of the exposed San Jose Valley caused the commander to change its site to the more sheltered Oak Grove location in November. At about the same time, the Dan Showalter party of secessionists were attempting to avoid the post and make their way across the desert to join the Confederate Army in Texas . They were pursued from Temecula by a 1st Regiment California Volunteer Cavalry patrol from Camp Wright, intercepted in
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1728-632: The hills west of the San Jose Valley (site of Warner's Ranch) with the support of a 1st California Infantry detachment from the camp, and captured without shots being fired November 20–29, 1861. After being imprisoned at Fort Yuma, Showalter and the others were released upon swearing loyalty to the Union. They later made their way to the Confederacy. For a short time in March 1862 Camp Wright
1782-440: The like followed the already long-established system for messengers, couriers and letter-carriers. Through metonymy the name stage also came to be used for a stagecoach alone. Until well into the 19th century an overland traveller anxious to reach a destination as fast as possible depended on animals. Systems of arranging a supply of fresh horses to expedite travel along a particular route had been in use at least as far back as
1836-409: The literary practice of realism . He explains: The primacy of the metaphoric process in the literary schools of Romanticism and symbolism has been repeatedly acknowledged, but it is still insufficiently realized that it is the predominance of metonymy which underlies and actually predetermines the so-called 'realistic' trend, which belongs to an intermediary stage between the decline of Romanticism and
1890-430: The metaphor "magpie" is employed because, according to Zuckermann, hybridic "Israeli" displays the characteristics of a magpie, "stealing" from languages such as Arabic and English . Two examples using the term "fishing" help clarify the distinction. The phrase "to fish pearls" uses metonymy, drawing from "fishing" the idea of taking things from the ocean. What is carried across from "fishing fish" to "fishing pearls"
1944-433: The most rapid form of passenger travel. In the 18th century a stagecoach on good roads when regularly provided with fresh horses traveled at an average speed of about five miles per hour (8 km/h) and might cover around 60 or 70 miles (97 or 113 km) in a day. Post-horses would be hired from a postmaster at a post house . Sometimes, to be sure of return of the same horses, with a postilion as passenger. Unless
1998-438: The object meant, but not called by its own name." The author describes the process of metonymy to us saying that we first figure out what a word means. We then figure out that word's relationship with other words. We understand and then call the word by a name that it is associated with. "Perceived as such then metonymy will be a figure of speech in which there is a process of abstracting a relation of proximity between two words to
2052-400: The phrase " lend me your ear " could be analyzed in a number of ways. One could imagine the following interpretations: It is difficult to say which analysis above most closely represents the way a listener interprets the expression, and it is possible that different listeners analyse the phrase in different ways, or even in different ways at different times. Regardless, all three analyses yield
2106-454: The phrase "lands belonging to the crown", the word "crown" is a metonymy . The reason is that monarchs by and large indeed wear a crown, physically. In other words, there is a pre-existent link between "crown" and "monarchy". On the other hand, when Ghil'ad Zuckermann argues that the Israeli language is a "phoenicuckoo cross with some magpie characteristics", he is using metaphors . There
2160-469: The posts. The riders mounted fresh horses at each post on their route and then rode on. Post came to be applied to the riders then to the mail they carried and eventually to the whole system. In England regular posts were set up in the 16th century. The riders of the posts carried the government’s letters. The local postmasters delivered the letters as well as providing horses to the royal couriers. They also provided horses to other travellers. Beginning in
2214-453: The primary figurative language used in rhetoric. Metaphors served as a better means to attract the audience's attention because the audience had to read between the lines in order to get an understanding of what the speaker was trying to say. Others did not think of metonymy as a good rhetorical method because metonymy did not involve symbolism. Al-Sharafi explains, "This is why they undermined practical and purely referential discourse because it
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2268-444: The rise of symbolism and is opposed to both. Following the path of contiguous relationships, the realistic author metonymically digresses from the plot to the atmosphere and from the characters to the setting in space and time. He is fond of synecdochic details. In the scene of Anna Karenina 's suicide Tolstoy's artistic attention is focused on the heroine's handbag; and in War and Peace
2322-464: The road surfaces smoothed and heavy mud-slogging could be forgotten. By 1830 some journey times had fallen to as little as 20 per cent of the same route in 1790. In the 18th and 19th centuries passenger transport was almost exclusively by road though there were coastal passenger vessels and, later, passenger boats on canals. Still later steam vessels and some canal boats could provide stagecoach speeds at much lower prices. Innkeepers were involved from
2376-425: The road. ... If the journey was to be performed in carriages, six relays were placed at the stations upon the road, in lieu of six brigades of saddle-horses. ... The emperor's aides-de-camp were required to have a horse with each brigade when the journeys were performed on horseback; on other occasions they had places in the carriages.” Metonymy Metonymy ( / m ɪ ˈ t ɒ n ɪ m i , m ɛ -/ )
2430-591: The same interpretation. Thus, metaphor and metonymy, though different in their mechanism, work together seamlessly. Here are some broad kinds of relationships where metonymy is frequently used: A place is often used as a metonym for a government or other official institutions, for example, Brussels for the institutions of the European Union , The Hague for the International Court of Justice or International Criminal Court , Nairobi for
2484-457: The start. Once they had attracted passengers they arranged partnerships with the others along their route and after deducting wages and hire of vehicles divided surplus takings according to the work done by their horses. An owner's financial success depended on finding the right horses and suitable feed for them at a good price. Profits could be high but well-capitalised competition could cut fares below cost. For financial stability ownership moved to
2538-433: The study of metonymy. Metonymy takes many different forms. Synecdoche uses a part to refer to the whole, or the whole to refer to the part. Metalepsis uses a familiar word or a phrase in a new context. For example, "lead foot" may describe a fast driver; lead is proverbially heavy, and a foot exerting more pressure on the accelerator causes a vehicle to go faster (in this context unduly so). The figure of speech
2592-680: The subject-matter." In other words, Isocrates proposes here that metaphor is a distinctive feature of poetic language because it conveys the experience of the world afresh and provides a kind of defamiliarisation in the way the citizens perceive the world. Democritus described metonymy by saying, "Metonymy, that is the fact that words and meaning change." Aristotle discussed different definitions of metaphor, regarding one type as what we know to be metonymy today. Latin scholars also had an influence on metonymy. The treatise Rhetorica ad Herennium states metonymy as, "the figure which draws from an object closely akin or associated an expression suggesting
2646-579: The summer months, take about ten days to make the journey. By the end of the 17th century, stage-coach routes ran up and down the three main roads in England. The London-York route was advertised in 1698: Whoever is desirous of going between London and York or York and London, Let them Repair to the Black Swan in Holboorn, or the Black Swan in Coney Street , York, where they will be conveyed in
2700-545: The synecdoches "hair on the upper lip" or "bare shoulders" are used by the same writer to stand for the female characters to whom these features belong. Jakobson's theories were important for Claude Lévi-Strauss , Roland Barthes , Jacques Lacan , and others. Dreams can use metonyms. Metonyms can also be wordless. For example, Roman Jakobson argued that cubist art relied heavily on nonlinguistic metonyms, while surrealist art relied more on metaphors. Lakoff and Turner argued that all words are metonyms: "Words stand for
2754-447: Was divided into brigades of nine horses each—two for the emperor, and seven for those whose duties attached them immediately to his person. The establishment of carriage-horses was divided into relays; each relay being composed of three sets of horses. Each brigade and each relay had also an escort attached to it. Suppose the emperor had to perform a journey of twenty leagues on horseback, six brigades would in general be stationed upon
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#17328016517972808-598: Was registered as a separate California Historical Landmark in 1952. The Oak Grove station was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1961. The location of another nearby station at Warner's Ranch is also a National Historic Landmark. Source: "List of Butterfield Overland Mail Stations "Itinerary of the Route" " (PDF) . New York Times. October 14, 1858. Stage station Organised long-distance land travel became known as staging or posting . Stagecoaches , post chaises , private vehicles, individual riders and
2862-440: Was seen as banal and not containing anything new, strange or shocking." Greek scholars contributed to the definition of metonymy. For example, Isocrates worked to define the difference between poetic language and non-poetic language by saying that, "Prose writers are handicapped in this regard because their discourse has to conform to the forms and terms used by the citizens and to those arguments which are precise and relevant to
2916-510: Was the headquarters of the 5th Regiment California Volunteer Infantry before it moved on. Used for the rest of the war as a transit camp for troops moving along the road to and from New Mexico Territory and Arizona Territory , the camp was abandoned in 1866. The Oak Grove Butterfield Stage Station, in operation between 1858 and 1860, is the only surviving station of the Butterfield Overland Mail stagecoach line across
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