Wind chill (popularly wind chill factor ) is the sensation of cold produced by the wind for a given ambient air temperature on exposed skin as the air motion accelerates the rate of heat transfer from the body to the surrounding atmosphere. Its values are always lower than the air temperature in the range where the formula is valid. When the apparent temperature is higher than the air temperature, the heat index is used instead.
37-688: Oak Lake may refer to: Oak Lake, Manitoba , a small town in Manitoba, Canada Oak Lake Beach , a community in Manitoba Oak Lake (Manitoba) , a lake in Manitoba Oak Lake, Minnesota , United States, a former town Oak Lake, a lake in Carver County, Minnesota Oak Lake, a lake in Lincoln County, Minnesota Oak Lake (Polk County, Minnesota) Oak Lake (Nova Scotia) ,
74-740: A ) , {\displaystyle WCI=\left(10{\sqrt {v}}-v+10.5\right)\cdot \left(33-T_{\mathrm {a} }\right),} where: In November 2001, Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom implemented a new wind chill index developed by scientists and medical experts on the Joint Action Group for Temperature Indices (JAG/TI). It is determined by iterating a model of skin temperature under various wind speeds and temperatures using standard engineering correlations of wind speed and heat transfer rate. Heat transfer
111-549: A v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=35.74+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-35.75v^{+0.16}+0.4275T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Fahrenheit scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Fahrenheit; and v is the wind speed in miles per hour. Windchill temperature is defined only for temperatures at or below 10 °C (50 °F) and wind speeds above 4.8 km/h (3.0 mph). As
148-553: A − 11.37 v + 0.16 + 0.3965 T a v + 0.16 , {\displaystyle T_{\mathrm {wc} }=13.12+0.6215T_{\mathrm {a} }-11.37v^{+0.16}+0.3965T_{\mathrm {a} }v^{+0.16},} where T wc is the wind chill index, based on the Celsius temperature scale; T a is the air temperature in degrees Celsius; and v is the wind speed at 10 m (33 ft) standard anemometer height , in kilometres per hour. When
185-562: A daily 15 minute bus ride to nearby Virden Collegiate Institute in Virden . The closest post secondary educational facilities are in Brandon ; Brandon University (BU) and Assiniboine Community College (ACC). The main method of transportation in Oak Lake is car. For people who live and work in community, walking or biking is common when the weather permits. The nearest domestic airport
222-564: A day or more while snow is cleared from the highways. Temperatures during the coldest winter months of December, January and February can reach -35 °C (-31 °F), though colder temperatures occasionally occur. Windchills during the winter can reach as cold as -45 °C (-49 °F), making outdoor activity difficult on those days. The average winter temperature is a more moderate -12 °C (10.4 °F). Winters are often characterized by extreme shifts in temperature with near 0 °C (32 °F) changing to frigid temperatures within
259-570: A population density of 146.0/km (378.1/sq mi) in 2021. Oak Lake's population is mostly white , with few visible minorities other than a small aboriginal population . The nearby Sioux Valley Dakota Nation and Canupawakpa Dakota Nation are homes to a large community of First Nations people. Oak Lake Community School is the only school in Oak Lake. It is part of the Fort La Bosse School Division, and has grades K-8. Students in their senior years (grades 9-12) take
296-405: A small plastic bottle as its contents turned to ice while suspended in the wind on the expedition hut roof, at the same level as the anemometer . The so-called Windchill Index provided a pretty good indication of the severity of the weather. In the 1960s, wind chill began to be reported as a wind chill equivalent temperature (WCET), which is theoretically less useful. The author of this change
333-599: A stop in Brandon. Oak Lake Golf Course is nine holes long with cart and club rentals available. Camping is available in the community at the Lion's Campground and Aspen Grove Campground can be found west along the Trans-Canada highway. Oak Lake Beach (Four Seasons Island Resort) is a short drive from the community and offers cabins (both for rental and lease), camping, a beach, minigolf and other cottage attractions. During
370-508: A three- or four-digit number with units of kilocalories /hour per square metre. Each individual calibrated the scale of numbers personally, through experience. The chart also provided general guidance to comfort and hazard through threshold values of the index, such as 1400, which was the threshold for frostbite . The original formula for the index was: W C I = ( 10 v − v + 10.5 ) ⋅ ( 33 − T
407-578: Is Virden/R.J. (Bob) Andrew Field Regional Aerodrome , and the nearest one with scheduled service is Brandon Municipal Airport . The closest international airport is the Winnipeg James Armstrong Richardson International Airport , although Regina International Airport in Regina , Saskatchewan is only marginally further away. There is no commuter rail service to Oak Lake, although Via Rail has
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#1732801341464444-470: Is a school sport at both Oak Lake Community School (whose team name is the Oak Lake Raptors) and at Virden Collegiate. There is also a regional league for males and females. Basketball is a school sport at both Oak Lake Community School and Virden Collegiate. Oak Lake is serviced by Persona Communications cable television, which offers 25 channels. Reception of satellite TV is excellent, due to
481-616: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Oak Lake, Manitoba Oak Lake is an unincorporated urban community in the Rural Municipality of Sifton within the Canadian province of Manitoba that held town status prior to January 1, 2015. It is located 52 km (32 mi) west of Brandon along the Trans-Canada Highway . The lake after which it
518-617: Is located in Oak Lake, which employs a handful of people to manage the running of public services . Other employers include the Valleyview CO-OP grocery store, Golden Embers restaurant, Dandy's confectionery, and several smaller, personal businesses. Basic groceries and household items can be purchased from the Co-op. Other locations for shopping are Virden, 15 minutes away, Brandon, 30 minutes away, and for rare items, Winnipeg and Minot each 2 + 1 ⁄ 2 hours away. Oak Lake has
555-409: Is most rapid at the start of any exposure, when the skin is still warm. The apparent temperature (AT), invented in the late 1970s, was designed to measure thermal sensation in indoor conditions. It was extended in the early 1980s to include the effect of sun and wind. The AT index used here is based on a mathematical model of an adult, walking outdoors, in the shade (Steadman 1994). The AT is defined as
592-447: Is the closest live performance theatre. Windchill A surface loses heat through conduction , evaporation , convection , and radiation . The rate of convection depends on both the difference in temperature between the surface and the fluid surrounding it and the velocity of that fluid with respect to the surface. As convection from a warm surface heats the air around it, an insulating boundary layer of warm air forms against
629-400: Is unknown, but it was not Siple or Passel as is generally believed. At first, it was defined as the temperature at which the windchill index would be the same in the complete absence of wind. This led to equivalent temperatures that exaggerated the severity of the weather. Charles Eagan realized that people are rarely still and that even when it is calm, there is some air movement. He redefined
666-1042: The Manitoba North Central Hockey League senior level. There are junior hockey programs available in Virden and Souris . Virden Collegiate has a male high school hockey program. The closest major hockey franchise is the Brandon Wheat Kings who play in the Western Hockey League . The nearest NHL franchise is the Winnipeg Jets . Oak Lake formerly had a baseball program, but it has seen decline in recent years. The closest active baseball program can be found in Virden. Virden Collegiate has male and female high school baseball programs. Gymnastics: Sifton Gymnastic's started in 2022 and runs from fall to spring with short 8 sessions and multiple classes that run throughout
703-676: The U.S. and Canadian weather services use a model accepted by the National Weather Service . That model has evolved over time. The first wind chill formulas and tables were developed by Paul Allman Siple and Charles F. Passel working in the Antarctic before the Second World War, and were made available by the National Weather Service by the 1970s. They were based on the cooling rate of
740-483: The absence of wind to be an air speed of 1.8 metres per second (6.5 km/h; 4.0 mph), which was about as low a wind speed as a cup anemometer could measure. This led to more realistic (warmer-sounding) values of equivalent temperature. Equivalent temperature was not universally used in North America until the 21st century. Until the 1970s, the coldest parts of Canada reported the original Wind Chill Index,
777-494: The air temperature falls, the chilling effect of any wind that is present increases. For example, a 16 km/h (10 mph) wind will lower the apparent temperature by a wider margin at an air temperature of −20 °C (−4 °F) than a wind of the same speed would if the air temperature were −10 °C (14 °F). The 2001 WCET is a steady-state calculation (except for the time-to-frostbite estimates). There are significant time-dependent aspects to wind chill because cooling
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#1732801341464814-502: The air temperature. This means radiators and pipes cannot freeze when wind chill is below freezing and the air temperature is above freezing. Many formulas exist for wind chill because, unlike temperature, wind chill has no universally agreed-upon standard definition or measurement. All the formulas attempt to qualitatively predict the effect of wind on the temperature humans perceive . Weather services in different countries use standards unique to their country or region; for example,
851-473: The east of the current townsite. In the spring they moved the camp west and built a siding and station (now long gone) where the community's flags and flower garden are now located. The area around Oak Lake is dominated by the Assiniboine River , the nearby lake by the same name , areas of flat farm land, and to the north, large, rolling hills left by receding glaciers . Oak Lake's location in
888-410: The flat landscape devoid of large obstructions, therefore services such as Bell Satellite TV work for more channels. Over the air reception is available from the following stations: The Oak Lake Town and Country News is the community's current paper detailing local happenings. The Brandon Sun is the only home delivered regional, national and international newspaper in the area. Virden's Aud theatre
925-447: The important factor of humidity and is somewhat more involved than the simpler North American model. The North American formula was designed to be applied at low temperatures (as low as −46 °C or −50 °F) when humidity levels are also low. The hot-weather version of the AT (1984) is used by the National Weather Service in the United States. In the United States, this simple version of
962-426: The middle of the Canadian prairies means that Oak Lake experiences an extreme continental climate . The area is known for its long, cold winters owing to its northerly location. There is often much snowfall during the winter, with the possibility for blizzards that can drop in excess of 35 cm (~14 inches) of snow at once, which can be blown into drifts that are much deeper. The community can be cut off for
999-735: The name of various lakes in Nova Scotia Oak Lake (South Dakota) Oak Lake Indian Reserve , a reserve in Manitoba Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Oak Lake . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oak_Lake&oldid=1052491411 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
1036-528: The program. Rachelle Stannage coaches all the teams that range from toddlers(3 years of age) to 14 years of age. Brandon has a youth football team, while Virden Collegiate Institute's Golden Bears football team participates in the Rural Manitoba Football League. There are several regional curling competitions in Oak Lake and surrounding communities. Virden Collegiate also fields a curling team for high school competition. Volleyball
1073-399: The seasonal Dandy's Drive In and Golden Embers. Virden and Brandon have a number of casual and fine dining restaurants as well. In the 2021 Census of Population conducted by Statistics Canada , Oak Lake had a population of 381 living in 155 of its 172 total private dwellings, a change of -6.4% from its 2016 population of 407. With a land area of 2.61 km (1.01 sq mi), it had
1110-404: The span of a few days. Summers are often very warm with the possibility of temperatures in excess of 35 °C (95 °F), though the average summer temperature is 26 °C (78.8 °F). Year round, Oak Lake has an abundance of clear, sunny skies. The economy of the Oak Lake area is dominated by farming , although nearby Virden has a booming oil economy . The rural municipality office
1147-411: The surface. Moving air disrupts this boundary layer, or epiclimate, carrying the warm air away, thereby allowing cooler air to replace the warm air against the surface and increasing the temperature difference in the boundary layer. The faster the wind speed, the more readily the surface cools. Contrary to popular belief , wind chill does not refer to how cold things get, and they will only get as cold as
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1184-483: The temperature and relative humidity using the equation: e = R H 100 ⋅ 6.105 ⋅ exp ( 17.27 ⋅ T a 237.7 + T a ) , {\displaystyle e={\frac {\mathrm {RH} }{100}}\cdot 6.105\cdot \exp {\left({\frac {17.27\cdot T_{\mathrm {a} }}{237.7+T_{\mathrm {a} }}}\right)},} where: The Australian formula includes
1221-517: The temperature is −20 °C (−4 °F) and the wind speed is 5 km/h (3 mph), the wind chill index is −24. If the temperature remains at −20 °C and the wind speed increases to 30 km/h (19 mph), the wind chill index falls to −33. The equivalent formula in US customary units is: T w c = 35.74 + 0.6215 T a − 35.75 v + 0.16 + 0.4275 T
1258-434: The temperature, at the reference humidity level, producing the same amount of discomfort as that experienced under the current ambient temperature and humidity. The formula is: A T = T a + 0.33 e − 0.7 v − 4.00 , {\displaystyle \mathrm {AT} =T_{\mathrm {a} }+0.33e-0.7v-4.00,} where: The vapour pressure can be calculated from
1295-457: The winter, there are plenty of opportunities for snowmobiling , skating (including figure skating), skiing and ice fishing. Hockey is the biggest sport in the community, with an active minor league program. The local arena and hockey program has greatly benefited from the installation of an ice plant. Ice rentals by teams from Brandon are common. Oxen Cart Bandits is the moniker used by teams in younger age groups. The Oak Lake Icemen participate in
1332-490: Was calculated for a bare face in wind, facing the wind, while walking into it at 1.4 m/s (5.0 km/h; 3.1 mph). The model corrects the officially measured wind speed to the wind speed at face height, assuming the person is in an open field. The results of this model may be approximated, to within one degree, from the following formulas. The standard wind chill formula for Environment Canada is: T w c = 13.12 + 0.6215 T
1369-419: Was named is in the rural municipality's western area. During the late 19th century, the area around Oak Lake was a popular stopping point for fur traders and settlers due to the large number of big oak trees (revered for their strength) located around the lake that could be used to repair their wagons. In the fall of 1881, work crews on the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway had reached Flat Creek to
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