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63-670: The history of the Benin City Ring Road is closely tied to the city's urban development and transportation network. In the 1970s, as Benin City grew rapidly, addressing traffic congestion became a priority. The concept of the Benin City Ring Road emerged as a solution. The road network in Benin City is often compared to a spider web, radiating from the Oba palace at Kingsquare. Some of the world's longest straight roads connect to

126-423: A coronation shrine. Soon after he married a beautiful lady, Ẹrinmwide, daughter of Osa-nego, the ninth Enogie of Egor . He and Erinmwide had a son. After some years he called a meeting of the people and renounced his office, remarking that the country was a land of vexation, Ile-Ibinu , and that only a child born, trained, and educated in the arts and mysteries of the land could reign over the people. The country

189-497: A few of which are widely grown for their edible tuber but others of which are toxic (such as D. communis ). Yam plants can grow up to 15 metres (49 feet) in length and 7.6 to 15.2 centimetres (3 to 6 inches) high. The tuber may grow into the soil up to 1.5 m (5 ft) deep. The plant disperses by seed . The edible tuber has a rough skin that is difficult to peel but readily softened by cooking. The skins vary in color from dark brown to light pink. The majority, or meat, of

252-521: A fresh-weight basis. Yams, with cassava , provide a much greater proportion of the protein intake in Africa, ranging from 5.9% in East and South Africa to about 15.9% in humid West Africa. As a relatively low-protein food, yam is not a good source of essential amino acids . Experts emphasize the need to supplement a yam-dominant diet with more protein-rich foods to support healthy growth in children. Yam

315-549: A great potential for increased production. D. hirtiflora subsp. pedicellata , lusala, busala or lwidi, is native to Tropical Africa . It is widely harvested and eaten in Southern Zambia where it grows in open forest areas. In Southern Zambia, it is an important addition to the March–September diets of almost all, and income of over half of rural households. Research on propagation of this subspecies to alleviate

378-760: A practice that complicates harvesting in some cases. In forested areas, tubers grow in areas where other tree roots are present. Harvesting the tuber then involves the additional step of freeing them from other roots. This often causes tuber damage. Aerial tubers or bulbils are harvested by manual plucking from the vine. Yields may improve and cost of yam production be lower if mechanization were to be developed and adopted. However, current crop production practices and species used pose considerable hurdles to successful mechanization of yam production, particularly for small-scale rural farmers. Extensive changes in traditional cultivation practices, such as mixed cropping, may be required. Modification of current tuber harvesting equipment

441-433: A preferred food and a culturally important food security crop in some sub-Saharan African countries. The following table shows the nutrient content of yam and major staple foods in a raw harvested form on a dry weight basis to account for their different water contents. Raw forms, however, are not edible and cannot be digested. These must be sprouted, or prepared and cooked for human consumption. In sprouted or cooked form,

504-481: A significant number of communities and individuals were left homeless because of city flooding. At the time, residents and the city blamed poor storm drains and a failure to continue flood adaptation programs. The city, on average is .5 degrees Celsius warmer than the surrounding rural areas, and these temperature differences are greater during the working weeks. A 2021 study published in Nature , highlighted that

567-464: A single large tuber per year, generally weighing 5 to 10 kilograms (11 to 22 pounds). Yams suffer from relatively few pests and diseases. There is an anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides which is widely distributed around the world's growing regions. Winch et al. , 1984 finds C. gloeosporioides afflicts a large number of Dioscorea spp. Despite the high labor requirements and production costs, consumer demand for yam

630-409: A vessel of salt water, in cold or hot fresh water or in a stream. The bitter compounds in these yams are water-soluble alkaloids which, on ingestion, produce severe and distressing symptoms. Severe cases of alkaloid intoxication may prove fatal. Aerial or potato yams ( D. bulbifera ) have antinutritional factors. In Asia, detoxification methods, involving water extraction, fermentation, and roasting of

693-592: Is also the home of one of the oldest ongoing monarchies in the world. Various festivals are held in Benin City yearly to celebrate various historic occasions and seasons. Benin City has a popular festival called the Igue festival . The festival is an annual event held in the city to usher in the new year. The festival is an integral part of the culture of the people in Benin City (formerly referred to as Benin Kingdom or

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756-498: Is an important dietary element for Nigerian and West African people. It contributes more than 200 calories per person per day for more than 150 million people in West Africa, and is an important source of income. Yam is an attractive crop in poor farms with limited resources. It is rich in starch, and can be prepared in many ways. It is available all year round, unlike other, unreliable, seasonal crops. These characteristics make yam

819-588: Is high in certain subregions of Africa, making yam cultivation quite profitable to certain farmers. Many cultivated species of Dioscorea yams are found throughout the humid tropics. The most economically important are discussed below. Non- Dioscorea tubers that were historically important in Africa include Plectranthus rotundifolius (the Hausa potato) and P. esculentus (the Livingstone potato); these two tuber crops have now been largely displaced by

882-522: Is little doubt that human sacrifices were an integral part of the Benin state religion from very early days," first-hand accounts regarding such acts often varied significantly, with some reporting them and others making no mention of them. The " Benin Bronzes ", portrait figures, busts and groups created in iron , carved ivory , and especially in brass (conventionally called "bronze"), were looted from

945-560: Is native to China . The Chinese yam plant is somewhat smaller than the African, with the vines about 3 m (10 ft) long. It is tolerant to frost and can be grown in much cooler conditions than other yams. It is also grown in Korea and Japan . It was introduced to Europe in the 19th century, when the potato crop there was falling victim to disease, and is still grown in France for

1008-838: Is necessary given yam tuber architecture and its different physical properties. In 2020, world production of yams was 75 million metric tons (74,000,000 long tons; 83,000,000 short tons), led by Nigeria with 67% of the total (table). Unlike cassava , most varieties of edible, mature, cultivated yam do not contain toxic compounds. However, there are exceptions. Bitter compounds tend to accumulate in immature tuber tissues of white and yellow yams. These may be polyphenols or tannin -like compounds. Wild forms of bitter yams ( D. dumetorum ) do contain some toxins, such as dihydrodioscorine , that taste bitter, hence are referred to as bitter yam. Bitter yams are not normally eaten except at times of desperation in poor countries and in times of local food scarcity. They are usually detoxified by soaking in

1071-428: Is preferred by most people. However, it is popular in home vegetable gardens because it produces a crop after only four months of growth and continues producing for the life of the vine, as long as two years. Also, the bulbils are easy to harvest and cook. In 1905, the air potato was introduced to Florida and has since become an invasive species in much of the state. Its rapid growth crowds out native vegetation and it

1134-481: Is said that they have also been used for criminal purposes. D. trifida , the cush-cush yam, is native to the Guyana region of South America and is the most important cultivated New World yam. Since they originated in tropical rainforest conditions, their growth cycle is less related to seasonal changes than other yams. Because of their relative ease of cultivation and their good flavor, they are considered to have

1197-491: Is second only to white yam. The tuber shape is generally cylindrical, but can vary. Tuber flesh is white and watery in texture. D. alata and D. esculenta (lesser yam) were important staple crops to the seafaring Austronesian cultures. They were carried along with the Austronesian migrations as canoe plants , from Island Southeast Asia to as far as Madagascar and Polynesia . D. polystachya , Chinese yam,

1260-450: Is very difficult to remove since it can grow back from the tubers, and new vines can grow from the bulbils even after being cut down or burned. D. esculenta , the lesser yam, was one of the first yam species cultivated. It is native to Southeast Asia and is the third-most commonly cultivated species there, although it is cultivated very little in other parts of the world. Its vines seldom reach more than 3 m (10 ft) in length and

1323-607: The Benin River and 320 kilometres (200 mi) by road east of Lagos . It shares boundaries with major towns in Southern Nigeria such as Agbor, Oghara and Ekpoma. Benin City is very rich in agriculture and it's the centre of Nigeria's rubber industry, and Palm oil production is also a significant industry. The city was the most important settlement of the Edo Kingdom of Benin , which flourished from

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1386-765: The Caribbean , Asia, and Oceania . About 95% of yam crops are grown in Africa. A yam crop begins when whole seed tubers or tuber portions are planted into mounds or ridges, at the beginning of the rainy season. The crop yield depends on how and where the sets are planted, sizes of mounds, interplant spacing, provision of stakes for the resultant plants, yam species, and tuber sizes desired at harvest. Small-scale farmers in West and Central Africa often intercrop yams with cereals and vegetables. The seed yams are perishable and bulky to transport. Farmers who do not buy new seed yams usually set aside up to 30% of their harvest for planting

1449-558: The King of Portugal sent Christian missionaries to Benin. Some residents of Benin could still speak a pidgin Portuguese in the late 19th century. Many Portuguese loan words can still be found today in the languages of the area. A Portuguese captain described the city in 1691:"Great Benin, where the king resides, is larger than Lisbon ; all the streets run straight and as far as the eye can see. The houses are large, especially that of

1512-1669: The University of Benin located at Ugbowo and Ekenwan, Ambrose Alli University located at Ekpoma , College of Education Ekiadolor , Igbinedion University , Benson Idahosa University , Wellspring University , Edo State Polytechnic located in Usen (formerly known as Edo State Institute of Technology and Management Usen), Edo State University, Uzairue. and Auchi Polytechnic located in Auchi, Edo State. Secondary schools in Benin include Edo College , Edo Boys High School (Adolo College), Western Boys High School, Oba Ewuare Grammar School, Greater Tomorrow Secondary School, Imaguero College, Oredo Girls Secondary School, Garrick Memorial Secondary School, Winrose Secondary School, Asoro Grammar School, Eghosa Anglican Grammar School , Edokpolor Grammar School, Covenant Christian Academy, Niger College, Presentation National High School , Gaius Obaseki International High School, Immaculate Conception College (ICC), Uselu Secondary School, Idia College, University of Benin Demonstration Secondary School (UDSS), University Preparatory Secondary School, Auntie Maria School , Benin Technical College , Word of Faith Group of Schools, Lydia Group of Schools, Nosakhare Model Education Centre, Igbinedion Educational Center, Federal Government Girls College, Benin City . Scientists have already demonstrated

1575-553: The Yoruba nation has a different conception of Oduduwa . According to Yoruba tradition, because of his power and military might, he was able to defeat the enemies invading Benin and that is why the people of Benin made him the King or Ọba of Benin. In any case, it is agreed upon by both the Yoruba and the Edo that Oduduwa sent his son Prince Oranmiyan of Ife to rule Benin City and founded

1638-405: The bulbils which grow at the base of its leaves are the more important food product. They are about the size of potatoes (hence the name "air potato"), weighing from 0.5 to 2.0 kg (1 lb 2 oz to 4 lb 7 oz). Some varieties can be eaten raw, while some require soaking or boiling for detoxification before eating. It is not grown much commercially since the flavor of other yams

1701-532: The 13th to the 19th century. It held important trade relations with Portugal during its final centuries before being captured, sacked and burnt in 1897 by a British punitive expedition . Many bronze sculptures in Benin City palace , collectively termed the Benin Bronzes , were stolen by the British . The British followed up their punitive victory by gradually colonizing the area, eventually incorporating

1764-455: The Americas and cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions. The tubers themselves, also called "yams", come in a variety of forms owing to numerous cultivars and related species. A monocot related to lilies and grasses, yams are vigorous herbaceous , perennially growing vines from a tuber . Some 870 species of yams are known,

1827-429: The Americas. Three species were independently domesticated on those continents: D. rotundata (Africa), D. alata (Asia), and D. trifida (South America). Some yams are invasive plants , often considered a noxious weed outside cultivated areas. Yams are cultivated for the consumption of their starchy tubers in many temperate and tropical regions, especially in West Africa, South America and

1890-487: The Asian food market. The tubers are harvested after about 6 months of growth. Some are eaten right after harvesting and some are used as ingredients for other dishes, including noodles, and for traditional medicines. D. bulbifera , the air potato, is found in both Africa and Asia, with slight differences between those found in each place. It is a large vine, 6 m (20 ft) or more in length. It produces tubers, but

1953-403: The Benin City palace by the expeditionary force. Some of the bronzes were auctioned off to compensate for the expenses incurred during the capture and occupation of the city. Most of these artifacts can be found today in western museums at locations around the world. In recent years, appeals have gone to various museums and governments to return such artifacts. The most prominent of these artifacts

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2016-453: The Ife people now called Oduduwa . The exiled Ekaladerhan, now Oduduwa, refused to come to Benin because of how he was treated, having found out that he was not killed. He devised to send one of his sons, Oramiyan. He refused to return from Ile-Ife but sent his son Ọranmiyan to become king in his place. Prince Ọranmiyan took up residence in the palace built for him at Uzama by the elders, now

2079-820: The Kingdom of Benin). The festival is believed to renew Oba Ewuare's magical powers and it celebration comes between Christmas and New Year celebrations. The festival includes the Oba's blessing of the land and his people. Aside the cultural festival, the city also plays host to the Benin City Film Festival. The festival creates room for the promotion of works produced by local film community. It also promote content of emerging national and international filmmakers, showcasing their works in an environment where they have access to experienced industry professionals. The "Bini" people have four market days: Ekioba, Ekenaka, Agbado, and Eken. Benin Airport serves

2142-410: The Oba dynasty in Benin City. Benin imperialism was started in the last decade of the thirteen century by Oba Ewedo . The Portuguese visited Benin City around 1485. Benin grew rich during the 16th and 17th centuries due to trade within southern Nigeria, as well as through trade with Europeans , mostly in pepper and ivory. In the early 16th century, the Ọba sent an ambassador to Lisbon , and

2205-692: The Okinawan purple "yam", which is a sweet potato ), greater yam, winged yam, water yam, and (ambiguously) white yam, was first cultivated in Southeast Asia. Although not grown in the same quantities as the African yams, it has the largest distribution worldwide of any cultivated yam, being grown in Asia, the Pacific islands, Africa, and the West Indies. Even in Africa, the popularity of water yam

2268-553: The State Capital of Edo State when the state of Bendel was divided into the Delta State and Edo State in 1991. Benin City has a borderline tropical savanna climate ( Köppen Aw ) bordering upon a tropical monsoon climate ( Am ). The weather is hot and humid year-round, and generally very dull, especially between July and September. Benin City is home to some of Nigeria's institutions of higher learning, namely,

2331-552: The central district. It connects major thoroughfares, including [REDACTED] A2  – New Lagos Road and [REDACTED] A3  – Benin–Sapele Road, ensuring easy access to residential neighborhoods and commercial areas while avoiding congestion in the city center. Notable landmarks along the route include Oba Market , a historic and bustling trading hub, and the University of Benin Teaching Hospital , an essential healthcare institution serving both residents and

2394-545: The city after all but two men from a previous British delegation led by Acting Consul General James Robert Phillips were ambushed and killed. Alan Boisragon , one of the survivors of the Benin Massacre, included references of the practice of human sacrifice in the city in a firsthand account written in 1898 (one year after the Punitive Expedition). Historian James D. Graham notes that although "there

2457-637: The city center from destinations like Abeokuta , Warri , Okene , and Onitsha . The Benin City Ring Road, one of the world's largest roundabouts, serves as the nexus connecting Benin City to other parts of Nigeria. Originally an open space, it now links major roads leading into the city. All major roads leading into the city converge in front of the Oba palace and are interconnected by circular roads, including 1st, 2nd, 3rd East Circular roads, and West Circular roads. Some of these circular roads are among

2520-557: The city has not met the standards for waste management set by the Edo State Waste Management Board . After surveying 2720 inhabitants of the city, the authors found that most people in the city did not understand proper waste management practices. Moreover, the study found that survey participants did not understand how waste management was connected to other issues like greenhouse gas emissions. An additional study found that most residents did not understand

2583-436: The city with five commercial airlines flying to it, including Green Africa Airways , United Nigeria Airlines , Aero Contractors , Arik Air , and Air Peace Yam (vegetable) Yam is the common name for some plant species in the genus Dioscorea (family Dioscoreaceae ) that form edible tubers (some other species in the genus being toxic). Yams are perennial herbaceous vines native to Africa, Asia, and

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2646-536: The effects of climate change, with increases in temperature, humidity and precipitation trends between 1981 and 2015. Benin city experiences regular flooding. Studies have consistently highlighted the problem since at least 1993. Experts have recommended a number of ways to improve flood management, including better controls on land use, construction and development, improved Community-based programs designed to improve city adaptation and disaster management, and improvements in individual preparedness. In June 2020,

2709-405: The flesh is usually white and firm. Yellow yam has yellow flesh, caused by the presence of carotenoids. It looks similar to the white yam in outer appearance; its tuber skin is usually a bit firmer and less extensively grooved. The yellow yam has a longer period of vegetation and a shorter dormancy than white yam. The Kokoro variety is important in making dried yam chips. They are large plants;

2772-452: The fragile tubers; however, wood tools need frequent replacement. Yam harvesting is labor-intensive and physically demanding. Tuber harvesting involves standing, bending, squatting , and sometimes sitting on the ground depending on the size of mound, size of tuber, or depth of tuber penetration. Care must be taken to avoid damage to the tuber, because damaged tubers do not store well and spoil rapidly. Some farmers use staking and mixed cropping,

2835-614: The grated tuber, are used for bitter cultivars of this yam. The bitter compounds in yams also known locally as air potato include diosbulbin and possibly saponins , such as diosgenin . In Indonesia, an extract of air potato is used in the preparation of arrow poison. Raw yam has only moderate nutrient density , with appreciable content (10% or more of the Daily Value , DV) limited to potassium , vitamin B6 , manganese , thiamin , dietary fiber , and vitamin C (table). But raw yam has

2898-645: The health impacts of bad waste management. Attractions in the city includes the National Museum, the Oba Palace , Igun Street (Famous for bronze casting and other metal works). Other attractions include various festivals and the Benin Moats (measuring about 20 to 40 ft), the King's Square (known as Ring Road) and the city's traditional markets. The Binis are known for bronze sculpture, their casting skills, and their arts and craft. Benin City

2961-417: The highest potassium levels amongst the 10 major staple foods of the world ( see nutritional chart ). Yam supplies 118 calories per 100 grams. Yam generally has a lower glycemic index , about 54% of glucose per 150 gram serving, compared to potato products. The protein content and quality of roots and tubers is lower than other food staples, with the content of yam and potato being around 2% on

3024-423: The introduction of cassava . D. rotundata , the white yam, and D. cayenensis , the yellow yam, are native to Africa. They are the most important cultivated yams. In the past, they were considered as two separate species, but most taxonomists now regard them as the same species. Over 200 varieties between them are cultivated. White yam tuber is roughly cylindrical in shape, the skin is smooth and brown, and

3087-470: The king, which is richly decorated and has fine columns. The city is wealthy and industrious. It is so well governed that theft is unknown and the people live in such security that they have no doors to their houses". On 17 February 1897, Benin City fell to the British. In the " Punitive Expedition ", a 1,200-strong British force, under the command of Admiral Sir Harry Rawson , captured, sacked, and burnt

3150-406: The last Ogiso . Prince Ekaladerhan was framed by his father's wife and sentenced to death. The men sent to kill him, however, released him at Ughoton . The exiled prince made his way to where he changed his name to Izoduwa, meaning "I have found prosperity". It was during this period of confusion in Benin that the elders, led by Chief Oliha, mounted a search for the banished Prince Ekaladerhan – whom

3213-443: The next year. Yam crops face pressure from a range of insect pests and fungal and viral diseases, as well as nematodes . Their growth and dormant phases correspond respectively to the wet season and the dry season. For maximum yield, the yams require a humid tropical environment, with an annual rainfall over 1,500 millimetres (59 in) distributed uniformly throughout the growing season. White, yellow, and water yams typically produce

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3276-498: The original people and founders of the Ẹdo Empire and the Edo people , were ruled by the kings known as the Ogiso (meaning King of the sky) dynasty who called the land Igodomigodo . Igodo, the first Ogiso , wielded much influence and gained popularity as a good ruler. He died after a long reign and was succeeded by Ere , his eldest son. A battle for power soon erupted between the wife of the last Ogiso and prince Ekaladerhan, son of

3339-662: The region into Colonial Nigeria . The indigenous people of Benin City are the Edo people (the Benin People), and they speak the Edo language or Bini Language. The people of the city have one of the richest dress cultures on the African continent and are renowned for their beads (the beads stand for royalty and usually stand out during the traditional marriage of the Benin people), body marks, bangles, anklets, raffia work. They are also known for subsistence farming of yam , plantain and cassava . According to tradition,

3402-459: The restoration of the Benin monarchy in 1914, but true political power still lay with the colonial administration of Nigeria. Following Nigeria's independence from British rule in 1960, Benin City became the capital of Mid-Western Region when the region was split from Western Region in June 1963. In 1976, when the region was renamed Bendel State , it remained the capital of the region. it became

3465-608: The surrounding regions. Additionally, the Ring Road Market thrives as a commercial center, benefiting from the road's strategic location. Benin City Benin City is the capital and largest city of Edo State, southern Nigeria . It is the fourth-largest city in Nigeria according to the 2006 census, after Lagos , Kano , and Ibadan . It is situated approximately 40 kilometres (25 mi) north of

3528-698: The threat from wild harvest has been successful. D. japonica – known as East Asian mountain yam, yamaimo, or Japanese mountain yam – is a type of yam (Dioscorea) native to Japan (including Ryukyu and Bonin Islands), Korea, China, Taiwan, and Assam. D. japonica is used for food. Jinenjo, also called the wild yam, is a related variety of Japanese yam that is used as an ingredient in soba noodles. Yams in West Africa are typically harvested by hand, using sticks, spades, or diggers. Wood-based tools are preferred to metallic tools as they are less likely to damage

3591-564: The tubers are fairly small in most varieties. The tubers are eaten baked, boiled, or fried much like potatoes. Because of the small size of the tubers, mechanical cultivation is possible, which along with its easy preparation and good flavor, could help the lesser yam to become more popular in the future. D. dumetorum , the bitter yam, is popular as a vegetable in parts of West Africa, in part because their cultivation requires less labor than other yams. The wild forms are very toxic and are sometimes used to poison animals when mixed with bait. It

3654-834: The vegetable is composed of a much softer substance ranging in color from white or yellow to purple or pink in mature yams. The name "yam" appears to derive from Portuguese inhame or Canarian Spanish ñame , which derived from Fula , one of the West African languages during trade. However, in Portuguese, this name commonly refers to the taro plant ( Colocasia esculenta ) from the genus Colocasia , as opposed to Dioscorea . The main derivations borrow from verbs meaning "to eat". True yams have various common names across multiple world regions. In some places, other (unrelated) root vegetables are sometimes referred to as "yams", including: Yams are native to Africa, Asia, and

3717-409: The vines can be as long as 10 to 12 m (33 to 39 ft). The tubers most often weigh about 2.5 to 5 kg (6 to 11 lb) each, but can weigh as much as 25 kg (55 lb). After 7 to 12 months' growth, the tubers are harvested. In Africa, most are pounded into a paste to make the traditional dish of "pounded yam", known as Iyan . D. alata , called purple yam (not to be confused with

3780-583: The world's longest. The Ring Road is a commercial hub and central traffic intersection for major arteries such as Akpakpava, Airport road, Sapele road, and Forestry, extending into adjoining districts. In the pre-1897 era , the Ring Road Island was part of the Royal Palace and, at one point, hosted a British fort and barracks. Benin City Ring Road encircles the city center, providing a convenient bypass for travelers seeking to navigate around

3843-418: The Ọba of Benin, was also the father of Ajaka, Alaafin of Ọyọ . Ọọni of Ifẹ. Ọba Ẹwẹka later changed the name of the city of Ile-Binu, the capital of the Benin kingdom, to "Ubinu." This name would be reinterpreted by the Portuguese as "Benin" in their own language. Around 1470, Ẹwuare changed the name of the state to Ẹdo. This was about the time the people of Ọkpẹkpẹ migrated from Benin City. Alternatively,

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3906-410: Was afterward known by this name. He caused his son born to him by Ẹrinmwide to be made King in his place and returned to Benin land. After some years in Ife, he left for Benin, where he also left a son behind upon leaving, and his son Ajaka ultimately became the first Oba of Benin of the present line, while Ọranmiyan himself was reigning as Ọọni of Ifẹ. Therefore, Ọranmiyan of Ife, the father of Ẹwẹka I,

3969-761: Was the famous Queen Idia mask used as a mascot during the Second Festival of Arts Culture (FESTAC '77) held in Nigeria in 1977 now known as "Festac Mask". The capture of Benin paved the way for British colonization and the merging of later regional British incorporation of African kingdoms into the Niger Coast Protectorate , the Protectorate of Southern Nigeria and finally, into the Colony and Protectorate of Nigeria . The British permitted

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