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83-451: The Oberammergau Passion Play was first performed in 1634. According to local legend, the play is performed every ten years because of a vow made by the inhabitants of the village that if God spared them from the effects of the bubonic plague then sweeping the region, they would perform a passion play every ten years. A man traveling back to the town for Christmas allegedly brought the plague with him by accident. The man purportedly died from

166-401: A brood of similarly attired children, drawing a plow across a field. The second frieze more appropriately offers a helmeted Joab, surrounded by soldiers stabbing an unsuspecting Amasa in the ribs. Christ agonizes over his fate while his apostles doze. Judas enters with an armed band and betrays Jesus with a kiss. Act 8 Jesus before Annas . The Old Testament parallel has Micah slapped on

249-657: A factory near Marietta, Georgia , just northwest of Atlanta . Online by mid-1943, the new plant produced hundreds of Consolidated B-24 Liberators and Boeing B-29 Superfortress bombers. In mid-1944, the production of the B-24 was consolidated from several different companies (including some in Texas) to two large factories: Consolidated Vultee in San Diego and Ford Motor Company 's Willow Run factory near Detroit, Michigan , which had been specially designed to produce B-24s. For

332-564: A final judgement on Christ. Act 14 The Way of the Cross . The final segment of the Passion is introduced by a more sublime image of the Akedah , or binding of Isaac. In this tableau, the boy, like Jesus, carries wood on his back as he and Abraham climb Mt. Moriah. Another frieze, showing Moses and a bronze serpent intertwined about the cross has been deleted. When the chorus withdraws from

415-632: A lifelong fascination with aviation. Bell dropped out of high school in 1912 to join his brother in the burgeoning aircraft industry at the Glenn L. Martin Company , where by 1914 he had become shop superintendent. By 1920, Bell was vice president and general manager of Martin, then based in Cleveland . Feeling that he deserved part ownership, in late 1924, he presented Martin with an ultimatum. Mr. Martin refused, and Bell quit. Bell spent several years out of

498-535: A light at the tomb. Mary Magdalene and the other women encounter an angel and recite the same lines as Quem Quaeritis . The final tableau shows Jesus resplendent in white with his apostles, angels, the Virgin Mary, and Moses. The Passion ends with a proclamation by the chorus. The running time has varied due to the many revisions that have taken place through the years. In 2010 it had a running time of 5 hours, beginning at 2:30 pm and ending at 10:00 pm, with

581-504: A major economic impact on Oberammergau. There is a local expression "Die Passion zahlt" ("The Passion Play will pay for it") in explaining how the Oberammergau community financed construction of a new community swimming pool, community centre, and other civic improvements. Since 1930, the number of visitors has ranged from 420,000 to 530,000. Most tickets are sold as part of a package with one or two nights' accommodation. The village

664-448: A man named Kaspar Schisler returned home after working in the nearby village of Eschenlohe . Over the next 33 days, 81 villagers would die, half of Oberammergau's population. On 28 October 1633, the villagers vowed that if God spared them from the plague, they would perform a play every 10 years depicting the life and death of Jesus . Nobody died of plague in Oberammergau after that vow, and the villagers kept their word to God by performing

747-405: A meal break. It was staged a total of 102 days and ran from May 15 until October 3 that year. According to a record from 1930, the play then had running time of approximately seven hours. It started at 8:00 am and ended at 5:00 pm with a meal break. Audiences come from all over the world, often on package tours, the first instituted in 1870. Admission fees were first charged in 1790. Since 1930,

830-534: A miracle, then sends him back to Pilate, cloaked in a red mantle of royalty. Responding to the urging of the Sanhedrin, Pilate reluctantly agrees to have Jesus scourged. Roman guards beat Jesus and press a crown of thorns into his scalp. Act 13 Christ Sentenced to Death on the Cross. Two graphic pictures showing the presentation of Joseph's bloodied coat to Jacob, and Abraham about to stab Isaac on Mt. Moriah have been rejected from contemporary versions of

913-759: A similar system was incorporated into the North American X-15 spaceplane. NASA selected Bell to develop and built the LLRV Lunar Landing Research Vehicle , three of which were built in the early 1960s to train the Apollo astronauts to land on the Moon. Bell also designed the rocket engine used in the Apollo LEM Ascent Propulsion System , which was responsible for getting NASA's astronauts off

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996-606: A twelve-foot-high Jesus. Act 1 Jesus and the Money Changers . Jesus enters Jerusalem on a donkey to the shouts and exultation of the people on Palm Sunday . He drives the money changers and traders from the Second Temple then returns to Bethany . Act 2 Conspiracy of the High Council. In the past, this act began with a tableau showing the sons of the patriarch Jacob conspiring to kill Joseph in

1079-511: A well-known German tongue-twister , often sung as a round : About half the inhabitants of Oberammergau took part in the once-a-decade Passion Play in 2010. Over 2,000 villagers performed the story of the Passion of Jesus for the audiences from around the world. This was a labor-intensive community enterprise, in which only natives of the village could participate. Performances have taken place between mid-May and early October. The play has

1162-582: Is a staging of Jesus' passion , covering the short final period of his life from his visit to Jerusalem and leading to his execution by crucifixion. It is the earliest continuous survivor of the age of Christian religions vernacular drama. According to legend: an outbreak of bubonic plague devastated Bavaria during the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648). Bad Kohlgrub was so depopulated that only two married couples remained alive. The village of Oberammergau remained plague-free until 25 September 1633, when

1245-555: Is also famous for its " Lüftlmalerei ," or frescoes, of traditional Bavarian themes, fairy tales, religious scenes or architectural trompe-l'œil found on many homes and buildings. Lüftlmalerei is common in Upper Bavaria and its name may be derived from an Oberammergau house called Zum Lüftl , which was the home of facade painter Franz Seraph Zwinck (1748–1792). The village is also known for its religious art. A wooden statue of Our Lady of Good Voyage from Oberammergau stands in

1328-615: Is also known as the home of a long tradition of woodcarving; the Bavarian State Woodcarving School is located there. Among the celebrated former students is the German artist Wolfram Aichele . His processional church staff depicting Christ on a donkey can be seen in the church of St Peter and St Paul. The streets of central Oberammergau are home to dozens of woodcarver shops, with pieces ranging from religious subjects, to toys, to humorous portraits. Oberammergau

1411-477: Is also no record of a man named Kaspar Schisler. Only two couples got married in Bad Kohlgrub in 1634, instead of only two couples surviving the plague. There were 39 marriages in Bad Kohlgrub in 1635, so hundreds of villagers must have survived. The errors may have been introduced by the retelling of an oral history that was not written down until 1733. The original work has been lost, and only fragments of

1494-574: Is genuine,” even as “there remain concerns about points within the play that do not properly reflect" the range of first century Jewish opinion on Jesus's leadership. This reflects both the historic progress in Christian-Jewish relations in the past decades and also lingering tensions over the anti-Jewish implications of certain traditional Christian interpretations of the Gospels’ narratives of Jesus's conviction and execution. The changes to

1577-486: Is stoned to death by the sons of Jezebel. In the other, Job, sitting on a dunghill is railed at by his friends, servants, even his wife and children. Meanwhile, Jesus is questioned by Caiaphas about his messiah -ship and is condemned. A tortured Judas tries to get the Sanhedrin to repeal its verdict. When his efforts prove unsuccessful, he tosses the money back at them and storms off. Act 10 Despair of Judas. Judas and all who identify with him are linked with Cain in

1660-618: The Bell X-1 , the first supersonic aircraft, and for the development and production of many important civilian and military helicopters . Bell also developed the Reaction Control System for the Mercury Spacecraft, North American X-15 , and Bell Rocket Belt . The company was purchased in 1960 by Textron , and lives on as Bell Textron . As a pilot, Larry Bell saw his first plane at an air show, starting

1743-452: The Garden of Eden by a winged angel who holds a sword in the form of a flame. Behind the angel stands a burst of gilded rays symbolizing the tree of forbidden fruit . The second living picture traditionally showed a number of girls and smaller children surrounding a cross at center stage. The adoration represents the time in 1633 when villagers swore their vow before a huge crucifix bearing

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1826-533: The Mountain Brigade . In October 1943, the barracks were taken over by the Messerschmitt company as a research and development site; 37 km (23 mi) of tunnels were bored into the neighboring Laber mountain for engine production facilities, and a winter sports hotel was also taken over. In all, Messerschmitt had 500 employees in the design department and about 1,300 more in the factory. At

1909-670: The P-63 Kingcobra , this warplane addressed many of the shortcomings of the P-39, though it was produced too late in the war to make any significant contribution. 2,971 P-63's were built between 1943 and 1945, many delivered to the Soviet Union. Also, by that time, the Army Air Forces already had the superior P-47 Thunderbolt and P-38 Lightning fighter-bombers . In October 1942, The Bell-built twin-jet P-59 Airacomet

1992-759: The Seaport Shrine in Boston, Massachusetts . Oberammergau lies near the Bundesstraße 23 , part of the Deutsche Alpenstrasse route. Its single-track, single platform railway station is the terminus of the Ammergau Railway . Several Aerial lifts climb the nearby mountains. The Conrad von Hötzendorf Kaserne was built just east of the village in 1935–37 as a base for the signals detachment ( Gebirgs-Nachrichten-Abteilung 54) of

2075-610: The Second Vatican Council , 1962–1965, in the Apostolic Constitution, Nostra aetate , 4, October 28, 1965 ("[T]he Jews should not be presented as rejected or accursed by God as if this followed from Sacred Scripture"). 2000 and 2010 director Christian Stückl told "The Forward" that Jesus "lived as a Jew." Therefore, in the revised play, Jesus and his disciples pray in Hebrew. After viewing the play,

2158-676: The crucifixion of Jesus. The evolution of the Passion Play was about the same as that of the Easter Play , originating in the ritual of the Latin Church, which prescribes, among other things, that the Gospel on Good Friday should be sung in parts divided among various persons. Prelude The prologue and chorus greet the audience. Two tableaux are presented. In the first, Adam and Eve , wearing sheepskins are banished from

2241-491: The 1920 performance was postponed to 1922 due to postwar economic conditions, and the 1940 performance was cancelled due to the onset of the Second World War in 1939). The 2020 was postponed to 2022 due to the outbreak of COVID-19. It involves over 2,000 actors, singers, instrumentalists and technicians, all residents of the village. The name of the village (as well as that of neighbouring Unterammergau ) appears in

2324-411: The 1930 and 1934 seasons and whilst it was considered ugly and uncomfortable it was praised for its superb acoustics and sight of the stage. Following the 1990 production both the interior and façade of the theatre were renovated and the stage mechanics modernised. It has now been transformed – new more comfortable seating has been installed along with under-floor heating; cloakrooms have been extended;

2407-506: The 1980 play. Change finally came in 1986, when generational turnover in the Community Council resulted in the 24-year-old Christian Stückl becoming director. Stückl narrowly outlasted an attempt by conservative members of the Community Council to fire him in 1989. Stückl, alongside dramaturgist Otto Huber, made considerable changes to the 1990 version to remove antisemitism from the text. The most radical changes came in 2000, when

2490-535: The Catholic Church gave the play a Missio Canonica . It is a certification that the beliefs of the Catholic Church are being taught or, in this case, being presented. 47°35′59″N 11°03′42″E  /  47.59972°N 11.06167°E  / 47.59972; 11.06167 Bell Aircraft The Bell Aircraft Corporation was an American aircraft manufacturer , a builder of several types of fighter aircraft for World War II but most famous for

2573-544: The Oberammergau Passion Play. The play had been largely based on a mid-19th century version edited by pastor Alois Daisenberger. After Nazi Germany's defeat in World War II, the passion play came under increasing pressure from American Jews because of its anti-Semitic elements. In 1950, playwright Arthur Miller and composer Leonard Bernstein led a petition to cancel the passion play. However,

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2656-424: The P-39 placed the engine in the center of the aircraft, with the propeller driven by a long shaft through which a 37mm cannon was also mounted, firing through the propeller's spinner. Due to persistent development and production problems, the original turbosupercharger was deleted from production models, instead using a single-stage, single-speed supercharger, as was standard on all other Allison-powered products, with

2739-507: The P-59 that was cancelled. The Bell XF-109 was a supersonic vertical takeoff fighter that was cancelled in 1961. Perhaps Bell Aircraft's most important contribution to the history of fixed-wing aircraft development would be the design and building of the experimental Bell X-1 rocket plane , the world's first airplane to break the sound barrier , and its follow-on, the Bell X-2 . Unlike

2822-472: The Passion Play as "peasant drama ... inspired by the consecrating power of the soil", and Hitler attended a performance. An attempt to rewrite the Passion Play script to bring it into line with Nazi ideology was rejected, however, by the more conservative element. Missio Canonica is a canonical certification necessary for preaching. In 19th-century Germany, it was extended to teaching as well. In 1922

2905-472: The Passion Play, so it was decided to hold the Play in the graveyard of the church, before the graves of the villagers who had died in the plague. The fame of the Play must have spread quickly to the surrounding towns and villages for as early as 1674 records show that seats were to be provided for the audience. Over the following years, sets and stage mechanics were added to the simple wooden stage structure. By

2988-422: The Passion. Retained, however, are tableaux which show Joseph riding a sedan chair as vizir of Egypt and another which supposedly represents the scapegoat offering of Yom Kippur . Following the tableaux, the stage is swarming with action as priests and Pharisees bring mobs from every direction. Pilate gives Jesus another hearing then offers the people a choice between Jesus and Barabbas . They demand and receive

3071-465: The Plain of Dothan; the frieze was deleted from the 1980 presentation. The act consists of discussions between the traders and Sanhedrin , who agree that Jesus must be arrested to preserve Mosaic law . Act 3 Parting at Bethany. Two tableaux presage the action. In the first, the young Tobias departs from his parents while the angel Raphael, played by another boy, waits, crook in hand, stage left. In

3154-484: The Prologue) has been displaced by Esther (Christianity). Jesus sends two disciples to secure a Paschal lamb . He enters Jerusalem for the last time and weeps over the fate of the city. Judas contemplates betraying his master and is tempted by Dathan and other merchants. Act 5 The Last Supper . The Passover Seder or Last Supper is celebrated in a scene evocative of the famous Da Vinci painting. Jesus washes

3237-548: The Sanhedrin and promises to deliver Jesus for thirty pieces of silver . After his departure, the Pharisees plan at great length the death of Jesus. Act 7 Jesus at the Mount of Olives . Two more Old Testament scenes introduce the soliloquy of Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane . The first, a non-sequitur, which we are told explains that man must earn his food by the sweat of his brow, shows Adam, in sheepskin and assisted by

3320-468: The air-to-air role, where they found it to excel as a front-line fighter against some of the best pilots and aircraft of the Luftwaffe . The Soviet-flown P-39s were the main reason that the aircraft is credited with highest number of individual kills attributed to any U.S. fighter type. A somewhat larger and more powerful version of the P-39 was produced shortly before the end of World War II . Called

3403-406: The audience got wet: umbrellas would have obscured the view of people sitting behind them. However, in 1890 a new, purpose-built theatre was built and, apart from some of the scenes on the side of the stage, it would have looked much as it does today. It was ready in time for the 1900 performance, with the six-arched hall capable of holding over 4000 spectators. The theatre was enlarged in time for

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3486-462: The aviation industry, but in 1928 was hired by Reuben H. Fleet at Consolidated Aircraft , in Buffalo, New York , where he was guaranteed an interest in the company. Before long, Bell became general manager and business was booming, but he still wanted to run his own company. Although he could raise local capital, he knew he would not be able to compete with either Consolidated or Curtiss-Wright ,

3569-450: The brothers selling Joseph into slavery in Egypt , and Moses raising up the nehushtan ( bronze serpent ) in the wilderness. Each scene precedes that section of the play that is considered to be prefigured by the scene. The three tableaux mentioned are presented to the audience as prefiguring Christianity superseding Judaism, Judas selling information on the location of Jesus, and

3652-430: The cheek by Zedekiah, priest of Baal, for daring to predict King Ahab would die in battle. In like manner, Jesus is taken before a waiting, eager Annas and is struck on the face for his insolence. Soldiers also deride Christ as he is led through the streets by a rope. Act 9 Condemned by the High Council. Two more tableaux emphasize the humiliation of Christ. In one, the aged Naboth is condemned by false witnesses and

3735-606: The company was in financial difficulty. Textron purchased the Bell Aerospace division on 5 July 1960. Bell Aerospace was composed of three divisions of Bell Aircraft, including the helicopter division. Bell Aerospace Textron continued to play a significant role in NASA's mission to land men on the Moon in the 1960s. Bell designed and built the Reaction Control system for Project Mercury 's Redstone command module and

3818-472: The criminals are broken. A soldier pierces the side of Christ with a lance and blood gushes forth. Jesus' followers slowly and reverently take down the body and lay it before his mother in a replica of the Pieta . The Sanhedrin insists that guards be posted before the tomb which is to hold Christ's body. Act 16 Resurrection and Apotheosis . For the first time, action precedes a tableau. Roman guards see

3901-587: The end of the Second World War , the Messerschmitt design department was visited by both U.S. and British scientific missions, as well as by teams from Bell (who stayed for five weeks) and de Havilland . Among the German staff interviewed by the Fedden Mission were Woldemar Voigt , Messerschmitt's chief designer, Hans Hornung , and Joseph Helmschrott . After the war, the Americans occupied

3984-582: The exception of the P-38. The P-39 performed poorly at high altitudes compared to newer, late-war designs. Most Allied forces thought the Airacobra effective only for ground attack roles, as demonstrated by a few U.S. Army Air Forces units that flew P-39s, such as the so-called Cactus Air Force on Guadalcanal in 1942–43. However, the Soviet Air Force used their Lend-Lease P-39s primarily in

4067-473: The feet of his disciples and institutes the mass with wine and thick, brown, leavened bread. Two tableaux show Moses with rays or horns protruding from his head, bringing manna and grapes to the people in the wilderness. Act 6 The Betrayer. In a tableau, Joseph, a boy nude to the waist, is sold by his brothers to the Midianites for twenty pieces of silver. In accompanying action, Judas appears before

4150-620: The first engine until March 1942. Also, General Henry "Hap" Arnold had forbidden use of wind tunnels to test and optimize the design, but later relented somewhat, only allowing the group to use the low-speed tunnel at Wright Field , Ohio . Bell engineers could only guess at the performance characteristics. Originally intended initially as a production aircraft, the P-59 nevertheless became an important experimental testbed for jet technology, providing invaluable data for development of later jet airplanes. During World War II, Bell also built heavy bombers under license from other aircraft companies at

4233-558: The foyer made accessible for wheelchair users; exhibition areas added; safety and toilet facilities improved. In 2010 a retractable glass roof was installed over the stage, which before then had been open to precipitation. Today the theatre can seat an audience of over 4700. Previous versions of the play were considered antisemitic in character, blaming the Jews for the "murder" of Christ. Adolf Hitler indicated, according to Abe Foxman , approval of these allegedly anti-Semitic elements in

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4316-493: The great pillared hall of Darius was deleted from later twentieth-century productions. Pilate's interrogation, coupled with news of his wife's dream, convinces the governor that Jesus should be prosecuted by Herod Antipas for lese majesty. Act 12 Christ Before Herod. The scene stands without the original living picture which showed a blinded Samson mocked by the Philistines . Herod treats Christ with scorn, demanding

4399-419: The kaserne, renaming it Hawkins Barracks and making it the primary facility of U.S. Army School Europe; over the next three decades schools in specialties ranging from military police to nuclear weapons handling were located there. The base reverted to German Army control and its original name in 1974. NATO School , formerly NATO Weapons Systems School, the alliance's principal training and education facility on

4482-412: The middle of the 18th century, it was obvious that the graveyard was also too small and a new venue was found on a field close by; however, the stage had to be specially built every year of the Play. The first permanent stage seems to have been built in 1815 to a design by the then-local parish priest. In 1830 he was asked to help build a new, larger stage on the site of the present theatre. When it rained

4565-463: The number of visitors has ranged from 420,000 to 530,000. Most tickets are sold as part of a package with one or two nights' accommodation. The play is performed every ten years. From 1634 to 1674, it was performed in years ending in 4. Since 1680, it has been performed in years ending in the digit zero. There have been several cancellations and off-cycle performances. Oberammergau's original parish church proved to be far too small for performances of

4648-667: The only part of Bell Aircraft still producing aircraft when Bell was purchased by the Textron Corporation . That part of Textron is now known today as Bell Helicopter . After a series of successful helicopter designs, the UH-1 Iroquois became the most famous helicopter of the War in Vietnam , and Bell Helicopter still designs and manufactures helicopters today. Lawrence Bell died in 1956, and for several years afterwards

4731-442: The opening tableau. The battered body of Abel appears at center stage. To the right is Cain, clad in a leopard skin and holding a club in one hand. His other hand is at his brow, attempting to conceal the brand of God. In this short act Judas offers a speech of remorse then hangs himself. Act 11 Christ before Pilate . Originally there was a frieze that heralded Christ's first appearance before Pilate. The tableau of Daniel in

4814-416: The operational level, has been located at Hawkins Barracks/Hötzendorf Kaserne since 1953. Oberammergau Passion Play The Oberammergau Passion Play ( German : Oberammergauer Passionsspiele ) is a passion play that has been performed every 10 years from 1634 to 1674 and each decadal year since 1680 (with a few exceptions) by the inhabitants of the village of Oberammergau , Bavaria , Germany. It

4897-547: The oral history survive as quotations in other works. The legend is told in the play The Plague of 1633 ( German : Die Pestnot Anno 1633 ), which used to be performed the year before the Passion Play. It was retold as recently as the 1999 vow ceremony, which marked the beginning of rehearsals for the 2000 play. The town of Oberammergau now claims that Kaspar Schisler came home for a church festival in 1632 instead of 1633. The production involves over 2,000 people: actors, musicians, stage technicians, and others, all residents of

4980-604: The passion play for the first time in 1634. The legend is a distorted account of the actual plague. There was an outbreak of plague in Oberammergau, but it took place from September 1632 to March 1633, when there were a total of 84 deaths from all causes. Deaths followed an epidemic curve instead of ending suddenly. There was one death in September 1632, rising to 20 deaths in March 1633, and ending with one death in July 1633. There

5063-414: The plague and it began spreading throughout Oberammergau. After the vow was made, according to tradition, not another inhabitant of the town died from the plague. All of the town members that were still suffering from the plague are said to have recovered. The play is now performed in years ending with a zero, as well as in 1934 which was the 300th anniversary and 1984 which was the 350th anniversary (though

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5146-642: The play of anti-semitism when it recounts material in Christianity's sacred texts and noted that the ADL's national director Abe Foxman had said that if the play is "about a Crucifixion in which the Jews kill Christ, you can never clean it up enough" to avoid an anti-semitic message. For the 2022 play, the American Jewish Committee convened an Academic Advisory Group led by their Director of Interreligious and Relations, composed of experts in

5229-471: The play since World War II have included the manner in which the play presents the charge of deicide , collective guilt, supersessionism and typology, as well as the following: The special jubilee season of the Oberammergau Passion Play in 1934, marking the 300th anniversary of the original vow to stage the play every ten years thereafter, was the first and only performance after the Nazi regime's rise to power

5312-437: The play, Christian-Jewish relations, New Testament studies, and German-Jewish relations. This group was created to recommend, through ongoing dialogue, paths by which the play's leadership can further advance a decades-long process to rid the play of any lingering anti-Jewish tropes. AJC has described the collaborative process with the Oberammergau community as productive: “The Oberammergau leadership desire for ongoing improvement

5395-538: The previous year. Among other things, the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda ordered the official poster for the jubilee season amended to include the message "Deutschland ruft dich!" ("Germany is calling you!"), and the Kraft durch Freude scheme's discount-travel programme offered special cut-rate packages for the Passion Play, including train fare, tickets and accommodations. Official propaganda described

5478-495: The property of the Lockheed Corporation , which has used it for producing C-130 Hercules , C-141 Starlifter , and C-5 Galaxy transport planes . Although Bell designed several more fighter plane designs during and after WW II, none of these ever entered mass-production. The XP-77 was a small fighter using non- strategic materials ; it was not successful. The XP-83 was a jet escort fighter similar in layout to

5561-588: The rest of the war, Bell's Marietta plant , under the management of Carl Cover and James V. Carmichael concentrated on producing B-29s, producing 668 of them by the time contract expired in the fall of 1945. Bell ranked 25th among United States corporations in the value of wartime production contracts. As the postwar defense industry downsized, Bell consolidated its operations at the Wheatfield plant, near Buffalo. The aircraft factory in Marietta later became

5644-547: The reviewer was sympathetic to its artistry and felt less offended by its message than by "Wagner's antisemitic caricatures and religious mysticism". Nonetheless, the review quoted a report from the Council of Centers on Jewish-Christian Relations, which reviewed the 2010 script and objected that the play still makes use of "elements that are historically dubious" from the Gospels. The review stated that "It seems unfair" to accuse

5727-474: The second, the loving bridesmaid from the Song of Solomon laments the loss of her groom. In the play, Christ is anointed by Mary Magdalene , then takes leave of his mother and friends. Judas is angered by the waste of the spikenard oil. Act 4 The Last Journey to Jerusalem. A controversial tableau (now deleted) showed Queen Vashti dishonored at the court of King Ahasuerus . The old queen (Judaism, explains

5810-406: The stage Christ bears his cross to Golgotha . As he passes through the streets he encounters his mother, Veronica, and Simon of Cyrene . The women of Jerusalem weep for him. Act 15 Jesus on Calvary . For the first time the chorus appears in black traditional mourning garb. There is no tableau. He is mocked by members of the Sanhedrin and the soldiers and utters his last words. The legs of

5893-459: The story was reinterpreted as an inter-Jewish conflict, with some Jews supporting and others opposing the crucifixion of Jesus. Muslims, whose religion was not founded until six centuries after the events of the Passion occurred, were allowed to perform in the Passion Play for the first time in 2000. A 2010 review in the Jewish newspaper The Forward stated: "It is undeniably true that the play

5976-475: The time, with gyro stabilized weapons sighting and a thermionic fire control system. Including the prototype, just 13 Airacudas were produced, and these saw only limited service with the USAAC before being scrapped in 1942. Bell enjoyed much success the following year with the development of the single engine P-39 Airacobra, which 9,588 were built. Putting their previous experience with Allison engines to good use,

6059-405: The townspeople defiantly restaged the 1934 play. In the 1960s, Heinrich Böll , Günter Grass , Paul Celan , and other prominent intellectuals called for a boycott due to the play's antisemitism. In the 1970s, Oberammergau invited representatives from Jewish organizations to revise the play, and revisions were approved by a Christian theological advisor. However, only minor revisions were made in

6142-613: The two major aircraft builders also based in Buffalo. Fortunately, in 1935 Fleet decided to move Consolidated Aircraft to San Diego , and Bell stayed behind to establish his own company, the Bell Aircraft Company, on 10 July 1935, headquartered in the former Consolidated plant at 2050 Elmwood Avenue in North Delaware area of Buffalo. Bell was the third major aircraft builder to occupy the site. The factory complex

6225-537: The usual designations for American aircraft, the X-1 models were successive (mostly identical) units of the X-1 program: the X-1, X-1A, X-1B, X-1C, X-1D, and X-1E. Bell went on to design and produce several different experimental aircraft during the 1950s. These helped the U.S. Air Force and the National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics (NACA) explore the boundaries of aircraft design, and paved

6308-547: The village. The play comprises spoken dramatic text, musical and choral accompaniment and tableaux vivants , which are scenes from the Old Testament depicted for the audience by motionless actors accompanied by verbal description. These scenes are the basis for the typology, the interrelationship between the Old and New Testaments , of the play. They include a scene of King Ahasuerus rejecting Vashti in favor of Esther ,

6391-528: The way for the founding of NASA and the exploration of outer space . The X-2 Starbuster achieved Mach 3 (2,100 mph) and a height of 126,000 ft in 1955, blazing a technological trail for the development of spacecraft. Bell played a crucial role in the development of rocket propulsion after WWII, spearheaded by the likes of some of the most brilliant minds in rocket science like Walter Dornberger (ex-commander of Nazi Germany Peenemünde Army Research Center ) and Wendell Moore. Bell developed and fielded

6474-571: The world's first nuclear-tipped Air-to-Surface cruise missile, the GAM-63 RASCAL in 1957. Wendell Moore developed the Bell rocket belt , utilizing peroxide monopropellant rocket engines. While the rocket belt failed to be commercially developed, the rocket technology proved invaluable in future Bell programs. Bell's crowning achievement in the realm of rocketry was the Agena rocket engine. The Agena

6557-537: Was a 12,000 lbf bi-propellant rocket that is considered to this day to be one of the most reliable rockets ever built. 360 units were produced starting in the late 1950s and it was responsible for inserting into orbit most of the satellites launched by the United States in the 1960s. Helicopter development began at Bell Aircraft in 1941 with the Bell Model 30 first flying in 1943. Bell Helicopter became

6640-481: Was originally built in 1916 for the Curtiss Aeroplane & Motor Company , and during World War I had been considered the largest airplane factory in the world. Bell's first military contract followed in 1937 with the development of the ill-fated YFM-1 Airacuda , an unconventional bomber-destroyer powered by two Allison -powered pusher propellers . The YFM-1 incorporated groundbreaking technology for

6723-569: Was the first American jet aircraft to fly. Unfortunately, performance was below expectations, roughly on par with contemporaneous propeller-driven aircraft, an outcome generally attributed to the extremely short development timeframe required by the USAAF, as well as the intense secrecy imposed on the project. Design had begun in September 1941, during which time the Bell team was guided mostly by theory, as General Electric would not finish and begin testing

6806-474: Was virulently antisemitic through most of its history, and that it gained an extra dose of notoriety after Hitler endorsed the 1934 production." The review noted that the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) stated that the play "continues to transmit negative stereotypes of Jews" and that even the Catholic Church demanded changes to the play, to bring it more in line with church policies expressed by

6889-400: Was written by Othmar Weis, J A Daisenberger, Otto Huber, Christian Stuckl, Rochus Dedler , Eugen Papst , Marcus Zwink, Ingrid H Shafer, and the inhabitants of Oberammergau, with music by Dedler. Since its first production it has been performed on open-air stages in the village. The text of the play is a composite of four distinct manuscripts dating from the 15th and 16th centuries. The play

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