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137-766: Traditional king in pre-colonial Nigeria Obong Okon Ita was an Ibibio king of Ibom Kingdom with its seat of government in Obot Okon Ita . His kingdom was located between present day Abia and Akwa Ibom states in Southeastern Nigeria . He is the father of Akakpokpo Okon and Akpan Okon who fought for supremacy for the rulership of Ibom Kingdom References [ edit ] ^ Talbot, Percy Amaury (8 October 2013). Life in Southern Nigeria: The Magic, Beliefs and Customs of

274-1037: A 1961 plebiscite. This resulted in the Ibibio and Annang being divided between Nigeria and Cameroon. However, the leadership of the Northern Region of Nigeria was able to keep the "Northwestern section" during the plebiscite that is now today's Nigerian Adamawa and Taraba States . Ibibio people are found in all Nigerian states and is one of the Nigerian ethnic group living outside of Nigeria after Yoruba and Igbo. Hence, significant number of Ibibio people reside in Europe and North America as well as other countries. In addition to their state of origin, Akwa Ibom State , significant number of Ibibio are found in: Traditionally Ibibio society consists of communities that are made up of large families with blood affinity each ruled by their constitutional and religious head, known as

411-948: A clan carved out of the main Ikono Ibom. Iman Ibom moved to Ekom Iman, now in Etinan Local Government Area and Nsit Ibom moved to Afia Nsit now in Nsit Ibom . The three regards themselves as blood brothers and children of Ibom . The three children of Ibom upon their final settlement, Etefia who is the principal actor in Ikono Ibom Uyo clan, settled in Ikot Oku Ikono and founded the Ikono Anyaan and Ikot Ekpeyak Ikono are stock and children of Ikono Ibom, they have shared and similar social, traditional and cultural Milieu. By Ekom Iman

548-500: A convenient way, but are not a new form of expression. Substances such as the atido were used for eyelid decoration long before modern eye shadow. As in many other cultures around the world, Ibibio women generally put heavy emphasis on the eye when it comes to make-up. Hair styles are another way for the Ibibio to symbolically mark certain occasions. Styles of hair in Ibibioland include both elaborate braiding with and without

685-668: A dominance of grasses over humid tropics trees. The tree Lophira alata and others may have spread out of the African forests during the AHP, and the Lactuca plants may have split into two species under the effects of the AHP and other climate changes in Africa during the Holocene. The Sahara climate did not become entirely homogeneous; its central-eastern parts were probably drier than

822-447: A dry to a "green" Sahara and back have threshold behaviour, with the change occurring once a certain level of insolation is exceeded; likewise, a gradual drop of insolation often leads to a sudden transition back to a dry Sahara. This is due to various feedback processes which are at work, and in climate models there is often more than one stable climate-vegetation state. Sea surface temperature and greenhouse gas changes synchronized

959-541: A gradual advance is supported by tephrochronological data. Likewise, in the Sahara there might have been a delay of about a millennium between the onset of the AHP and the full establishment of humid conditions, as vegetation growth and the filling of river systems took time. Lake Victoria reappeared and overflowed; Lake Albert also overflowed into the White Nile 15,000–14,500 years ago and so did Lake Tana , into

1096-538: A large number of icebergs in the North Atlantic; the discharge of large amounts of such icebergs between 11,500 and 21,000 years before present coincided with droughts in the subtropics . Before the onset of the AHP, it is thought that Lake Victoria , Lake Albert , Lake Edward , Lake Turkana and the Sudd swamps had dried out. The White Nile had become a seasonal river whose course along with that of

1233-661: A major role in Ibibio art. The predominant paternal haplogroup among the Ibibio is E1b1a1-M2 . The ancestors of the Ibibio originally came from Northeast Africa and moved around the Green Sahara . The gradual movement of the Proto Ibibio to the Cross River Region may have been associated with the expansion of Sahel agriculture in the African Neolithic period, following the desiccation of

1370-647: A more concise explanation of their origin. This was corroborated by oral testimonies by field workers who say that the core Ibibio people were of the Afaha lineage whose original home was Usak Edet in the Cameroons . The Uşak Edet ( Isanguele ) are a subgroup of the Ekoi people (the Ejagham). This was premised on the fact that among the Ibibio people, Usak Edet is popularly known as Edit Afaha (Afaha's Creek) which reflects

1507-476: A northward movement of the ITCZ and increasing moisture gradients between land and sea. Two temperature gradients, one between a cooler Atlantic during spring and an already warming African continent, the other between warmer temperatures north of 10° latitude and cooler south, may have assisted in this change. In Eastern Africa, ITCZ changes had relatively little effect on precipitation changes. The past position of

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1644-645: A number of dry/wet periods have been defined for the Central Africa region. In general, these types of climate fluctuations between wetter and drier periods are known as " pluvials " and " interpluvials ", respectively. The term "Green Sahara" is frequently used to describe the AHPs. Because the AHP did not affect all of Africa and is thus not technically accurate, some scientists have instead used and recommended "North African humid period" and "Northern African humid period". Other terms that have been applied to

1781-446: A red substance. People's palms, feet, legs, and faces are decorated with the pigment. The Ibibio use it partially for its bleaching effect. After continuous usage, it produces a smooth and light skin complexion. Modern versions of face and body decoration such as eye shadow, lipstick, and eyeliner are used by contemporary Ibibio people. Body decoration has a long history in the Ibibio and these products help their cultural expression in

1918-503: A role in vegetation changes. Isotope ratios such as the hydrogen / deuterium ratio that have been used to reconstruct past precipitation values likewise are under the influence of various physical effects, which complicates their interpretation. Most records of Holocene precipitation in eastern Africa come from low altitudes. The term "African humid period" (AHP) was coined in 2000 by Peter B. de Menocal et al. Earlier humid periods are sometimes known as "African humid periods" and

2055-602: A widespread settlement of the Sahara and the Arabian Deserts, and had a profound effect on African cultures, such as the birth of the Ancient Egyptian civilization . People in the Sahara lived as hunter-gatherers and domesticated cattle, goats and sheep. They left archaeological sites and artifacts such as one of the oldest ships in the world , and rock paintings such as those in the Cave of Swimmers and in

2192-638: Is Iyak Anyan – the Anyan Nsit deity. They all have shared a similar characteristics of social, traditional as well as cultural Milieu and formed the center of this study. The brothers settled close to each other and formed pact and ally or an affinity with each other and had children and devised a thoroughgoing mechanism for self-rule, maintenance of law and order, and effective political organization : Using some elements of culture and socio-religious organizations such as Ekpo , Ebre, Ibaan Isong, Ekong, Ikpa—udoh and many others to enforce law and order and to put

2329-582: Is a climate period in Africa during the late Pleistocene and Holocene geologic epochs, when northern Africa was wetter than today. The covering of much of the Sahara desert by grasses, trees and lakes was caused by changes in the Earth's axial tilt ; changes in vegetation and dust in the Sahara which strengthened the African monsoon ; and increased greenhouse gases . During the preceding Last Glacial Maximum ,

2466-499: Is a general understanding of their opposing relationship. Feminine masks are decorated with light colors such as white. Their features are delicate to emphasize their femininity. On the other hand, masculine masks use dark colors to represent the mystic forces of the forest. These masks often have large features and are created to be intentionally ugly. They achieve this by distorting the features in unnatural manners such as having bulging eyes or misplaced mouths. Many deformities present in

2603-514: Is a place which Iman Ibom settled and planted the Ekom tree (coula edulis) from which the name of the settlement is derived, Ekom (coula edulis) planted by Iman one of the sons of Ibom. Iman had children and some of them migrated to expand the Iman Ibom clan such villages like Ikot Obioinyang, Afagha Effiate and the entire Iman Ibom clan. Upon the death of Iman Ibom, his spirit metamorphose into

2740-544: Is a town in Nigeria known for its marketplace in which crafts are sold to both tourists and middle-class Nigerians. While the Ibibio are not known for metalworking , there is a significant number of craftspeople making this type of art to be sold. Most metalwork objects produced have a practical purpose rather than a decorative one. Despite this, Ibibio coffins tend to be highly decorative. They feature ornamental painted metal motifs, colorful plastic sheets, and glass panels on

2877-517: Is also known as " aqualithic " although substantial differences between the cultures of various places have been found. The greening of the Sahara led to a demographic expansion and especially in the Eastern Sahara human occupancy coincides with the AHP. Conversely occupation decreased along the Nile valley, perhaps due to the expansion of wetlands there and frequent large-scale flooding of

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3014-407: Is an important factor in the precipitation increase. Specifically, increased precipitation increases the amount of vegetation; vegetation absorbs more sunlight and thus more energy is available for the monsoon. In addition, evapotranspiration from vegetation adds more moisture, although this effect is less pronounced than the albedo effect. Heat fluxes in the soil and evaporation are also altered by

3151-404: Is called Ukpong Ikot, or bush-soul. The shadow is not thought to be connected with the ethereal body but to be an emanation of the soul and therefore to be directly affected by any action on it. The majority of the Ibibio believe that a person's soul can be invoked into his shadow, which is made to appear in a basin of water. The shadow is then speared, his blood is seen in the water in the basin and

3288-461: Is different from Wikidata Webarchive template wayback links Ibibio people The Annang , Ekid, Oron and Ibeno share personal names, culture, and traditions with the Ibibio, and speak closely related varieties (dialects) of Ibibio which are more or less mutually intelligible . The Ekpo and societies are a significant part of the Ibibio political system . They use a variety of masks to execute social control . Body art plays

3425-408: Is open to all Ibibio males, but one must have access to wealth to move into the politically influential grades. The main purpose of Ekpo is to protect its people and act as a defense against potential attackers. They are concerned with issues and emergencies that pertain to the safety of the town as a whole. In addition, it serves as an outlet for men to productively use energy to benefit everyone. In

3562-1076: Is possible that giant lakes only formed in the southern part of the Sahara. Other lakes are known from Adrar Bous in Niger , Era Kohor and Trou au Natron in the Tibesti Mountains , I-n-Atei in the Hoggar , at Ine Sakane and in Taoudenni in Mali , the Garat Ouda and Takarkori Lakes in the Acacus Mountains , Chemchane in Mauretania , at Guern El Louläilet in the Great Western Erg and Sebkha Mellala close to Ouargla , both in Algeria , at Wadi Shati and elsewhere in

3699-525: Is supported by the frequent depiction of cattle in rock paintings . The relative importance of hunter-gatherer practices and pastoralism, and whether people were sedentary or migratory, is unclear. The Dufuna canoe , one of the oldest known ships in the world, appears to date to the Holocene humid period and implies that the waterbodies of that time were navigated by humans. The cultural units "Masara" and "Bashendi" existed in Dakhleh Oasis during

3836-586: Is the Cave of Swimmers in the Gilf Kebir mountains of Egypt; other well known sites are the Gabal El Uweinat mountains also of Egypt, Arabia and the Tassili n'Ajjer in Algeria where rock paintings from this time have been discovered. Humans also left artifacts such as Fesselsteine and ceramics in what today are inhospitable deserts. North Africa together with East Asia is one of

3973-518: Is the most profound climate change of the low latitudes during the last 100,000 years and stands out within the otherwise relatively climatically stable Holocene. It is part of the so-called Holocene climatic optimum and coincides with a global warm phase, the Holocene Thermal Maximum . Liu et al. 2017 subdivided the humid period into an "AHP I" which lasted until 8,000 years ago, and an "AHP II" from 8,000 years onward, with

4110-574: Is well versed in Greek. The masks and accoutrements of the Ekpo society make up the greatest works of art in Ibibio society. Ibibio often purposefully play with proportions in their masks to distort the face. A component that appears often in Ibibio masks is an articulated lower jaw. Ibibio people have an overarching theme of contrasting male and female masks by using dark and light colors respectively. These masks are not always performed together, but there

4247-631: The Ikpaisong . The Obong Ikpaisong ruled with the Mbong Ekpuk ('head of the families'), which together with the heads of the cults and societies constitute the Afe, Asan, or Esop Ikpaisong ('traditional council, shrine, or court'). The decisions of the Obong Ikpaisong were enforced by members of the Ekpo or Obon society who act as messengers of the spirits and the military and police of

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4384-486: The Acacus Mountains . Earlier humid periods in Africa were postulated after the discovery of these rock paintings in now-inhospitable parts of the Sahara. When the period ended, humans gradually abandoned the desert in favour of regions with more secure water supplies, such as the Nile Valley and Mesopotamia , where they gave rise to early complex societies . Herodotus in 440 BC and Strabo in 23 AD discussed

4521-661: The Air Mountains . Ephemeral lakes developed between dunes, and a "freshwater archipelago" appears to have existed in the Murzuq basin. All these lake systems left fossils such as fish, limnic sediments and fertile soils that were later used for agriculture (El Deir, Kharga Oasis ). Finally, crater lakes formed in volcanic fields such as Trou au Natron and Era Kohor in the Tibesti, and sometimes survive to this day as smaller remnant lakes such as Malha crater in

4658-584: The Blue Nile . The White Nile flooded part of its valley and reconnected to the main Nile. In Egypt widespread flooding by the "Wild Nile" took place; this "Wild Nile" period led to the largest recorded floods on this river, sedimentation in floodplains, and probably also impacted human populations along the river. Even earlier, 17,000–16,800 years ago, meltwater from glaciers in Ethiopia – which were retreating at that time – may have begun to increase

4795-562: The Bodélé Depression and perhaps as much as 8% of the present-day Sahara desert. It influenced the climate itself; for example rainfall would have been reduced at the centre of the lake and increased at its margins. Lake Chad was possibly fed from the north by rivers draining the Hoggar (Taffassasset drainage) and Tibesti Mountains, from the Ennedi Mountains in the east through the "Eastern palaeorivers" and from

4932-616: The Congo Air Boundary or increased convergence along this boundary may have contributed; the Congo Air Boundary would have been shifted east by the stronger westerly winds directed by lower atmospheric pressure over Northern Africa, allowing additional moisture from the Atlantic to reach East Africa. The parts of East Africa that were isolated from Atlantic moisture did not become significantly wetter during

5069-801: The Grand Erg Occidental . Wetlands also expanded during the AHP, but both their expansion and subsequent retreat were slower than that of lakes. The Niger River , which had been dammed by dunes during the LGM, formed a lake in the Timbuktu region that eventually overflowed and drained at some point during the AHP. In some parts of the Sahara ephemeral lakes formed such as at Abu Ballas , Bir Kiseiba , Bir Sahara , Bir Tarfawi and Nabta Playa in Egypt, which may relate to later Egyptian religions, or swamp -lakes such as at Adrar Bous close to

5206-588: The Holocene AHP or correlative climate phases are "Holocene humid period", which also covers an analogous episode in Arabia and Asia; "early to mid-Holocene humid episode"; "Holocene Pluvial"; "Holocene Wet Phase"; " Kibangien A " in Central Africa; "Makalian" for the Neolithic period of northern Sudan; "Nabtian Pluvial", "Nabtian Wet Phase" or "Nabtian period" for the 14,000–6,000 humid period over

5343-684: The Mayo Kebbi and the Benue River , eventually reaching the Gulf of Guinea . Older dune systems were submerged by Lake Chad. Among the large lakes which may have formed in the Sahara are Lake Megafezzan in Libya and Lake Ptolemy in Sudan. Quade et al. 2018 raised some doubts about the size and existence of some of these lakes such as Lake Ptolemy, Lake Megafezzan, Lake Ahnet-Mouydir ; it

5480-517: The Meidob volcanic field . Potentially, the increased availability of water during the AHP may have facilitated the onset of phreatomagmatic eruptions such as maar formation in the Bayuda volcanic field , although the chronology of volcanic eruptions there is not well known enough to substantiate a link to the AHP. Increased precipitation resulted in the formation or reactivation of river systems in

5617-509: The Nile crocodile and the fish Clarias gariepinus and Tilapia zillii . It is possible that the name Tassili n'Ajjer , which means "plateau of the rivers" in Berber , is a reference to past river flows. On the other hand, intense flows of these rivers may have made their shores dangerous to humans and thus created additional impetus for human movement. Now-dry river valleys from the AHP in

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5754-732: The North Atlantic and the Mediterranean Sea towards the Mediterranean coasts of Africa. There were complex interactions with the atmospheric circulation of the extratropics and between moisture coming from the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean , and an increased overlap between the areas wetted by the monsoon and those wetted by extratropical cyclones . Climate models indicate that changes from

5891-658: The Northern Hemisphere while decreasing it in the Southern Hemisphere . According to climate modelling , orbital changes by themselves cannot increase precipitation over Africa enough to explain the formation of the large desert lakes such as 330,000 square kilometres (130,000 sq mi) Lake Megachad , the climate proxies for precipitation, or the northward expansion of vegetation unless ocean and land surface changes are factored in. Decreasing albedo resulting from vegetation changes

6028-463: The Ténéré desert a cemetery has been found, which has been used to reconstruct the lifestyle of these former inhabitants of the Sahara, and at Lake Ptolemy in Nubia humans settled close to the lake shore, using its resources and perhaps even engaging in leisure activities. At that time, many humans appear to have depended on water-bound resources, seeing as many of the tools left by the early humans are associated with fishery ; hence this culture

6165-416: The last glacial maximum , the latter is equivalent to the "Kanemian"; "Kanemian dry period" refers to a dry period between 20,000 and 13,000 years before present in the Lake Chad area. The African humid period took place in the late Pleistocene and early-middle Holocene , and saw increased precipitation in Northern and Western Africa due to a northward migration of the tropical rainbelt. The AHP

6302-970: The rain shadows of mountains and could have supported arid climate vegetation, explaining the presence of its pollen in sediment cores . In addition, north–south gradations in vegetation patterns have been reconstructed from charcoal and pollen data. Fossils record changes in the animal fauna of the Sahara. This fauna included antelopes , baboons , cane rats , catfish , clams , cormorants , crocodiles, elephants, frogs, gazelles , giraffes , hartebeest , hares , hippos , molluscs , Nile perches , pelicans , rhinoceroses , snake-eagles , snakes, tilapia , toads , turtles and many more animals, and in Egypt there were African buffaloes , spotted hyenas , warthogs , wildebeest and zebra . Additional birds include brown-necked raven , coot , common moorhen , crested grebe , glossy ibis , long-legged buzzard , rock dove , spur-winged goose and tufted duck . Large herds of animals lived in

6439-421: The 1940s would be killed by members of the Ekpo. It is known as a secret society despite the fact that the purpose and activities are widely known by the village. This is due to the fact that everyone must abide by certain laws during Ekpo season. The most important secrets are a series of code words and dance steps taught to initiates and used by members. Knowing these secrets allows members to travel freely during

6576-435: The AHP although at one site in Somalia the seasonality of precipitation may or may not have decreased. Various contributing factors may have led to the increased humidity in East Africa, not all of which were necessarily operating simultaneously during the AHP. That the "African humid period" reached this part of Africa has been doubted. Finally, increased greenhouse gas concentrations may have been involved in directing

6713-433: The AHP has been described as a mosaic between various vegetation types of semi-desert and humid origin rather than a simple northward displacement of plant species, and some brown or yellow vegetation communities persisted. There was no southward displacement of Mediterranean plants during the Holocene and on the Tibesti Mountains cold temperatures may have restricted the expansion of tropical plants. Pollen data often show

6850-437: The AHP has been used as an experiment in the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project . Most recently, the effects of the Sahara greening on other continents has drawn scientific attention. The concept of a Sahara significantly different than today, and the rich record it left, has driven the imagination of the public and scientists alike. While the precipitation changes since the last glacial cycle are well established,

6987-435: The AHP. In Egypt, some rivers active during the AHP are now gravel ridges. In the Air , Hoggar and Tibesti Mountains, the so-called "Middle Terrace " was emplaced at this time. The rivers of the Sahara, lakes and their watersheds may have acted as pathways for the spread of humans and animals; the rivers were often connected to each other by alluvial fans . Proposed examples of animals that spread through rivers are

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7124-401: The AHP. In the Acacus Mountains, several cultural horizons known as Early and Late Acacus and Early, Middle, Late and Final Pastoral have been identified while in Niger the Kiffian culture has been related to the beginning of the AHP. Ancient civilizations thrived, with farming and animal husbandry taking place in Neolithic settlements. Possibly, the domestication of plants in Africa

7261-426: The Aro-Igbo-Ibibio war of 1550 A.D, the Ibibio's moved southward and found a virgin and empty land, their present place. The Ibibio first settled in Ikono from where they migrated or dispersed to further places becoming the aboriginal people of the present Ibibio lands. It is at this juncture that Ikono Ibom moved to Ikot Oku Ikono village now in the Uyo Local Government Area, which is referred to as Ikono Ibom Uyo,

7398-413: The British creation of Eastern Nigeria. The Ibibio people became a part of the Eastern Nigeria of Nigeria under British colonial rule. During the Nigerian Civil War , the Eastern region was split into three states. The then-Southeastern State of Nigeria was where the Ibibio were located, it was created from the original twelve states of Nigeria after Nigerian independence. The "Southeastern State"

7535-410: The Eastern Mediterranean and Levant ; " Neolithic pluvial "; "Neolithic Subpluvial"; "Neolithic wet phase"; " Nouakchottien " of the Western Sahara 6,500 – 4,000 years before present; "Subpluvial II" and " Tchadien " in the Central Sahara 14,000 – 7,500 years before present. The terms "Big Dry", " Léopoldvillien " and Ogolien  [ fr ] have been applied to the dry period in

7672-460: The Ekpo society. This process is commonly used among women. It is often done after the birth of a child. The stains that are left afterwards can stay on the skin for up to three months. Professionals are typically the ones who paint others, and the process may take from five to eight hours to complete. Iduot is another form of body painting which symbolizes fertility. The pigment is taken from crushed camwood and then added to water which produces

7809-401: The Fezzan in Libya , at Bilma, Dibella, Fachi and Gobero in the Ténéré , Seeterrassental in Niger and at "Eight Ridges", El Atrun, Lake Gureinat, Merga, "Ridge", Sidigh, at Wadi Mansurab, Selima and Oyo in Sudan. The lakes of Ounianga merged into two large lakes and overflowed, either above surface or underground. Mosaics of small lakes developed in some regions, such as

7946-521: The God of the Heaven (Abasi Enyong) and the God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) through various invisible or spiritual entities (me Ndem) of the various Ibibio Division such as Atakpo Ndem Uruan Inyang, Etefia Ikono, Awa Itam, etc. The Priests of these Deities (me Ndem) were the Temple Chief Priests/Priestesses of the various Ibibio Divisions. A particular Ibibio Division could consist of many interrelated autonomous communities or kingdoms ruled by an autonomous Priest-King called Obong-Ikpaisong, assisted by heads of

8083-426: The ITCZ in Arabia is also contentious. The African humid period that took place in East Africa appears to have been caused by different mechanisms. Among the proposed mechanisms are decreased seasonality of precipitation due to increased dry season precipitation, shortening of the dry season, increased precipitation and increased inflow of moisture from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. The Atlantic moisture inflow

8220-741: The Ibibio Tribe . ISBN   9781136968822 . External links [ edit ] http://www.aro-okigbo.com/history_of_the_aros.htm https://web.archive.org/web/20081121232256/http://www.aronetwork.org/others/arohistory.html http://www.aronewsonline.com/origincivilization.html Archived 2019-12-29 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Obong_Okon_Ita&oldid=1238154545 " Categories : Kings in Africa Ibibio Aros Nigerian traditional rulers Former monarchies of Africa Calabar 17th century in Africa Former countries in Africa Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description

8357-401: The Iman Ibom clan deity “The Itina Iman deity” and oyot is the clan deity – totem hence it is a taboo to kill or eat such mythical beast and Ebre is the totem of Ikono Ibom clan, they forbid the killing or maiming of this mythical animal. Nsit Ibom moved to Afia Nsit where there was water and settled there, and his children spread to Mbak Nsit and other places of that clan. The Nsit Ibom totem

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8494-603: The Jebel Marra and Tibesti Mountains between 15,000 and 14,000 years ago and the youngest stage of glaciation in the High Atlas mountains took place at the same time as the Younger Dryas and early African humid period. Around 14,500 years ago, lakes started to appear in the arid areas. The humid period began about 15,000 –14,500 years ago. The onset of the humid period took place almost simultaneously over all of Northern and Tropical Africa, with impacts as far as Santo Antão on Cape Verde . In Arabia, wet conditions apparently took about two millennia to advance northward,

8631-412: The Mbia Idiong told him what the things were and he had offered them as sacrifices to Mother Earth, the Ibibio believed the situation would be reversed; otherwise, he would remain childless. The Ibibio were introduced to Christianity through the work of early missionaries in the nineteenth century. Samuel Bill started his work at Ibeno. He established the Qua Iboe Church which later spread places in

8768-434: The Mediterranean coast and the Nile Valley. The aridity during the Last Glacial Maximum appears to have been the consequence of the colder climate and larger polar ice sheets , which squeezed the monsoon belt to the equator and weakened the West African Monsoon. The atmospheric water cycle and the Walker and Hadley circulations were weaker as well. Exceptional dry phases are linked to Heinrich events when there are

8905-420: The Nile delta. Humans were hunting large animals with weapons that have been found in archaeological sites and wild cereals occurring in the Sahara during the AHP such as brachiaria , sorghum and urochloa were an additional source of food. Humans also domesticated cattle , goats and sheep . Cattle domestication may have occurred especially in the more environmentally variable Eastern Sahara, where

9042-483: The Office concern. In reference to the Obong-Ikpaisong, the word 'Obong' means 'King'. In reference to the Village Head, the word means 'Chief'. In reference to the Head of the Families (Obong Ekpuk), the word means 'Head' In reference to God, the word means 'Lord'. In reference to the Head of the various societies - e.g. 'Obong Obon', the word means 'Head or Leader'. Scattered throughout each village were sacred lands, akai (forest). They were called akai because no one

9179-599: The Sahara and consisted of an open grass savannah with shrubs and trees, with a moist savanna vegetation getting established in the mountains. In general, the vegetation expanded northward to 27 – 30° northern latitude in West Africa with a Sahel boundary at about 23° north, as the Sahara was populated by plants that today often occur about 400–600 kilometres (250–370 mi) farther south. The northward movement of vegetation took some time and some plant species moved faster than others. Plants that perform C3 carbon fixation became more common. The fire regime of

9316-443: The Sahara contained extensive dune fields and was mostly uninhabited. It was much larger than today, and its lakes and rivers such as Lake Victoria and the White Nile were either dry or at low levels. The humid period began about 14,600–14,500 years ago at the end of Heinrich event 1 , simultaneously to the Bølling–Allerød warming . Rivers and lakes such as Lake Chad formed or expanded, glaciers grew on Mount Kilimanjaro and

9453-409: The Sahara in c. 3500 BCE . The Ibibio people are reputed to be one of the earliest inhabitants of southern Nigeria . It is estimated that they arrived at their present home around 1000 B.C. In spite of the historical account, it is not clear when the Ibibio arrived at the state. According to some scholars, they might have come from the central Benue valley, particularly, the Jukun influence in

9590-431: The Sahara retreated. Two major dry fluctuations occurred; during the Younger Dryas and the short 8.2 kiloyear event . The African humid period ended 6,000–5,000 years ago during the Piora Oscillation cold period. While some evidence points to an end 5,500 years ago, in the Sahel , Arabia and East Africa, the end of the period appears to have taken place in several steps, such as the 4.2-kiloyear event . The AHP led to

9727-420: The Sahara. Some animals expanded over the whole desert, while others were limited to places with deep water. Earlier humid periods in the Sahara may have allowed species to cross the now-desert. A reduction in open grasslands at the beginning of the AHP may explain the decline of the populations of some mammals during and a population bottleneck in cheetahs at the start of the humid period, while leading to

9864-709: The Sahara. The large Tamanrasset River flowed from the Atlas Mountains and Hoggar westward towards the Atlantic and entered it in the Bay of Arguin in Mauritania . It once formed the 12th largest watershed in the world and left a submarine canyon and riverine sediments. Together with other rivers it formed estuaries and mangroves in the Bay of Arguin. Other rivers in the same area also formed submarine canyons, and sediment patterns in marine sediment cores and

10001-783: The Senegal River expanded its riverbed, breached dunes and re-entered the Atlantic Ocean. During the African humid period, lakes, rivers, wetlands and vegetation including grass and trees covered the Sahara and Sahel creating a "Green Sahara" with a land cover that has no modern analogues. Evidence includes pollen data, archaeological sites, evidence of faunal activity such as diatoms , mammals , ostracods , reptiles and snails , buried river valleys , organic-rich mats , mudstones , evaporites as well as travertines and tufas deposited in subaqueous environments. The vegetation cover then extended over almost all of

10138-616: The Sky called Abasi Ibom enyon . They also worshiped Ibini Ukpabi (Ibritam). As a result of clashes with the Igbo people who were moving southward, culminating in the Ibibio War which took place about 1630 and 1720 A.D., they left Ibom Kingdom and moved to the present day Ibibioland. Some village settlement had already been established in their current location alongside the Ibom. Following

10275-721: The Supreme Being (Abasi Ibom) by the Constitutional and Religious King/Head of a particular Ibibio Community who was known from the ancient times as the Obong-Ikpaisong (the word 'Obong Ikpaisong' directly interpreted means King of the Principalities of the Earth' or 'King of the Earth and the Principalities' or Traditional Ruler ). The second dimension of Ibibio Religion centered on the worship, consultation, invocation, sacrifice, appeasement, etc. of

10412-439: The animals which abounded in the forests. The explanation is simple. If non-members were allowed to enter any secret society akai they might in due course discover the secrets of their time-honoured society, and wicked people might even desecrate the graves of their ancestors hence the ban. Like many Ibibio words, Ukpong ('soul') has four meanings. First, ethereal body, secondly, soul, thirdly, spirit, and fourthly, over-soul;

10549-477: The beginning of the AHP across Africa. The African humid period has been explained by increased insolation during Northern Hemisphere summer. Due to precession , the season at which Earth passes closest to the Sun on its elliptical orbit – the perihelion – changes, with maximum summer insolation occurring when this happens during Northern Hemisphere summer. Between 11,000 and 10,000 years ago, Earth passed through

10686-459: The capital of Akwa Ibom. Published by the 200-year-old, American based International Bible Society (Biblica), the publishers of the NIV Version. The Ibibio Bible was translated by Ibibio professors, including Professors Margaret Mary Okon, Bassey Okon, Eno-Abasi Urua, Inimbom Akpan, Udo Etuk, as well as Dr. Paulinus Noah, Dr. Effiong Ekpenyong and Rev. Fr. Dr. Donatus Udoette, a theologian who

10823-422: The community. The chief will send masked individuals to confront a rule-breaker if the need arises. Ekpo members Ekpo Masquerades are always masked when performing their policing duties. Although their identities are almost always known, fear of retribution from the ancestors prevents most people from accusing those members who overstep their social boundaries, effectively committing police brutality. Membership

10960-475: The concept of a Green Sahara in the 1930s. Later in the 20th century, conclusive evidence of a past greener Sahara, the existence of lakes and higher Nile flow levels was increasingly reported and it was recognized that the Holocene featured a humid period in the Sahara. The idea that changes in Earth's orbit around the Sun influence the strength of the monsoons was already advanced in 1921, and while

11097-747: The continent. A similar wet episode took place in the tropical Americas, China, Asia, India , the Makran region, the Middle East and the Arabian Peninsula and appears to relate to the same orbital forcing as the AHP. An early Holocene monsoonal episode extended as far as the Mojave Desert in North America. In contrast, a drier episode is recorded from much of South America where Lake Titicaca , Lake Junin ,

11234-405: The dead are transported there. The land of the dead, like that of the living, is believed to be divided into various countries, towns, villages and lineages where different communities of people live as on earth. At death every man goes to the particular part inhabited by his people. The Ibibio believe in obot , that is, the individual creation of persons by God. If someone is wild, they say he

11371-714: The desert such as highlands like the Red Sea Hills were reached by the westerlies or weather systems associated with the subtropical jet stream —and thus received precipitation—is contentious. It is only clearly supported for the Maghreb in northwestern Africa and parts of northeastern Africa, though river flow / terrace formation and lake development in the Tibesti and Jebel Marra mountains and residual Nile flow may be explained in this way. The highlands of Africa appear to have been less affected by drought during

11508-590: The discharge of the Amazon River and water availability in the Atacama were lower. The discharge of the Congo , Niger , Nile , Ntem , Rufiji , and Sanaga rivers increased. Runoff from Algeria , equatorial Africa, northeastern Africa and the western Sahara was also larger. Changes in the morphology of the river systems and their alluvial plains occurred in response to the increased discharge, and

11645-459: The eastern Sahara have been used as analogues for former river systems on Mars . Conditions and resources were ripe for first hunter-gatherers , fishermen and, later, pastoralists ; the exact chronology – when humans returned in the Sahara after the onset of the AHP – is disputed. They may have come either from the north ( Maghreb or Cyrenaica ) where the Capsian culture was located,

11782-422: The equator, and rainforests had retreated in favour of afromontane and savannah landscapes as temperatures, rainfall, and humidity decreased. There is little and often equivocal evidence of human activity in the Sahara or Arabia at that time, reflecting its drier nature; in the Acacus Mountains the last human presence was recorded 70,000–61,000 years ago and by the LGM humans had largely retreated to

11919-650: The existence of a greener Sahara, although their reports were at first questioned owing to their anecdotal nature. In 1850 the researcher Heinrich Barth discussed the possibility of past climate change leading to increased wetness in the Sahara after discovering petroglyphs in the Murzuq Desert , as did Ahmed Hassanein following his 1923 exploration of the Libyan Desert when he saw depictions of savanna animals at Gabal El Uweinat . Further discoveries of petroglyphs led desert explorer László Almásy to coin

12056-504: The expansion of the population of other animals such as Hubert's multimammate mouse and Natal multimammate mouse . A number of lakes formed or expanded in the Sahara and the Hoggar and Tibesti Mountains . The largest of them was Lake Chad which increased to at least ten times its present-day size to form Lake Megachad. This enlarged Lake Chad reached dimensions of 1,000 by 600 kilometres (620 mi × 370 mi) in north–south and east–west direction respectively, covering

12193-506: The fact that Ibibio people originated from Usak Edet. After the first bulk of the people arrived in what later became Nigeria, they settled first at Ibom. It is believed that the Ibibio were the aboriginal people of Ibom settlement, founded by their forefathers, Ibom , after whom they named the village, Ibom . Now in Arochukwu, where they settled for a very long time and worshiped the God of

12330-510: The fertilizing effects of increased carbon dioxide concentrations in the atmosphere. Other sources of albedo changes: Warmer extratropics during summer may have drawn the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) northward by about five or seven degrees latitude , resulting in precipitation changes. Sea surface temperatures off North Africa warmed under orbital effects and through weaker trade winds , leading to

12467-531: The flow of water and sediment in the Nile. In the East African Rift water levels in lakes began to rise by about 15,500/15,000 -12,000 years ago; Lake Kivu began overflowing into Lake Tanganyika by about 10,500 years ago. About the same time that the AHP started, the cold glacial climate in Europe associated with Heinrich event 1 ended with climate changing as far as Australasia . A warming and retreat of sea ice around Antarctica coincides with

12604-409: The forehead, wrists, and ankles as a way to mark mediation. When worn by a diviner , it may mark a connection with himself and the gods as well as his people. Members of a ritual may wear it to symbolize peace, humility, as well as acceptance. Odung is a type of body painting that is used for events such as marriage, childbirth, coming-of-age, and death. It may also be used to show a man's status in

12741-473: The former being wetter than the latter. The African humid period was not the first such phase; evidence for about 230 older such "green Sahara"/wet periods exist going back perhaps to the first appearance of the Sahara 7–8 million years ago, for example during Marine Isotope Stage 5 a and c. Earlier humid periods appear to have been more intense than the AHP of the Holocene, including the exceptionally intense Eemian humid period. This humid period provided

12878-541: The goal is to emphasize rather than obscure the wearer's face or other parts of the body. The symbol of the dot plays a key role in the understanding of beauty. Okon Umetuk in his article "Body Art in Ibibio Culture", states that; A 'dot' is regarded as the only perfect mark to indicate and summarize beauty in Ibibio culture. Evidence of this is found in the abundance of dots that appear on the faces and bodies of decorated individuals. An 'X' symbol may be applied to

13015-476: The lack of lakes (cattle having high requirements of drinking water ) may however have limited the occurrence of cattle. Animal husbandry picked up in earnest around 7,000 years ago when domestic animals came to the Sahara, and a population boom may be linked to this change in cultural practice; cattle and goats spread southwestwards from northeasternmost Africa from 8,000 years before present. Dairying has been demonstrated in some locations and cattle-husbandry

13152-470: The last always lives in the house of Abasi Ibom and it is quite separate from the individuality which between incarnations stays in the country of the dead. Though over-soul and spirit are combined, much of the Spirit is contained in that portion of the ego which is incarnated. According to Talbot, it is the soul proper that spends part of its time as a were-animal or in a bush-beast in the forest or water and

13289-529: The last glacial maximum. The end of the glacial drought occurred between 17,000 and 11,000 years ago, with an earlier beginning noted in the Acacus and Saharan mountains 26,500–22,500 and (possibly) 18,500 years ago, respectively. In southern and central Africa earlier starts 17,000 and 17,500 years ago, respectively, may be linked to Antarctic warming, while Lake Malawi appears to have been low until about 10,000 years ago. High lake levels occurred in

13426-412: The magnitude and timing of the changes are unclear. Depending on how and where measurements and reconstructions are made, different beginning dates, ending dates, durations and precipitation levels have been determined for the African humid period. The amounts of precipitation reconstructed from paleoclimate records and simulated by climate modelling are often inconsistent with each other; in general,

13563-469: The main Nile may have been dammed by dunes. The Nile Delta was partially dry, with sandy plains extending between ephemeral channels and exposed seafloor, and it became a source of sand for ergs farther east. Other lakes across Africa, such as Lake Chad and Lake Tanganyika , also had shrunk during this time, and both the Niger River and Senegal River were stunted. Whether some parts of

13700-466: The man dies. The Ibibio believe that after death the same kind of existence is led as during life on earth; for example, farmers, blacksmiths, hunters, and fishermen will continue with their former occupations while social intercourse and amusements will also proceed as before. The scenery, houses, crops and animals of the next world have the same appearance as in this world but only those beasts, plants and foodstuffs which have been sacrificed in honour of

13837-508: The mask is secured to the wearer's head with a rope, and a horizontal piece of wood may be inserted into the mask in order to bite into. In addition to the raffia on the mask itself, performers also wear a knee-length raffia skirt. The lower legs, arms, and hands are painted with charcoal. New raffia is added to the mask each season, and is displayed in the off-season in a family or village shrine. The Ibibio are known for their woodcarvings , raffia -weavings, and pottery making. Ikot Ekpene

13974-415: The masks come from naturally occurring human diseases and illnesses. One that is often depicted is gangosa , a part of yaws . Signs of baldness and walking sticks also show up often in order to portray symbols of karma and old age. Men's costumes incorporate natural materials from the wilderness such as raffia , and seed pod rattles. Women's costumes use materials such as light colored cloth to represent

14111-727: The masses of the population under control. The Ibibio people are found predominantly in Akwa Ibom State and are related to the Annang community, the Ibibio community and the Eket , although other groups usually understand the Ibibio language . Because of the larger population of the Ibibio people, they hold political control over Akwa Ibom State, but the government is shared with the Annangs, Eket and Oron. The political system follows

14248-456: The mid-19th century, slaves were also slaughtered by the hundreds upon the death of important chiefs, with the belief that they would serve the deceased chief in the afterlife. Ibibio religion (Inam) was of two dimensions, which centered on the pouring of libation , sacrifice, worship, consultation, communication and invocation of the God of Heaven (Abasi Enyong), God of the Earth (Abasi Isong) and

14385-448: The middle belt of Nigeria. Later, other churches were also introduced e.g. The Apostolic church. Independent churches such as Deeper Life Bible Church , came into the area in the second part of the twentieth century. Today Ibibio people are predominantly Christian. History was made on the 27th day of August 2020 that the first-ever Ibibio Bible translation was presented at Ibom Hall in Uyo,

14522-467: The monsoon is unclear. During summer, solar heating is stronger over the North African land than over the ocean, forming a low pressure area that draws moist air and precipitation in from the Atlantic Ocean. This effect was strengthened by the increased summer insolation, leading to a stronger monsoon that also reached farther north. The effects of these circulation changes reached as far as

14659-409: The months of June through December, the Ekpo society plays a large role in the community's life. Many activities such as farming, shopping, and obtaining food and water are prohibited on days in which the masks are out and being performed. Crimes also carry heavier consequences during this time period. While the punishments are lighter today, a person caught stealing during the days of the Ekpo season in

14796-485: The northward expansion of the monsoon. There is not universal agreement on the effects of dust on precipitation in the Sahel, however, in part because the effects of dust on precipitation may be dependent on its size. In addition to raw precipitation changes, changes in precipitation seasonality such as the length of dry seasons need to be considered when assessing the effects of climate change on vegetation, as well as

14933-604: The occurrence of submarine landslides in the area have been related to the activity of these rivers. Rivers such as the Irharhar in Algeria , Libya and Tunisia and the Sahabi and Kufra rivers in Libya were active during this time although there is some doubt that they had perennial flow; they appear to have been more important in earlier humid periods. Small watersheds, wadis and rivers discharging into endorheic basins such as Wadi Tanezzuft also carried water during

15070-570: The old Calabar at some historical time period. Another pointer is the widespread use of the manila , a popular currency used by the Jukuns. Coupled with this, is the Jukun southern drive to the coast which appears to have been recently compared with the formation of Akwa Ibom settlements in their present location. The most accepted version of Ibibio history described that the Cameroon will offer

15207-483: The onset of the AHP in tropical southeastern Africa; there, orbital changes would be expected to lead to climate variations opposite to those in the Northern Hemisphere. The pattern of humidity changes in south-eastern Africa are complex. The African humid period extended over most of Africa: The Sahara and eastern, southeastern and equatorial Africa. In general, forests and woodlands expanded through

15344-725: The onset of the African humid period as well as to increased humidity in Arabia. Later, in the Blytt–Sernander sequence the humid period coincides with the Atlantic period . During the Last Glacial Maximum , the Sahara and Sahel had been extremely dry with even less precipitation than today as reflected by the extent of dune sheets and water levels in closed lakes . The Sahara was much larger, extending 500–800 kilometres (310–500 mi) farther south to about 12° northern latitude. Dunes were active much closer to

15481-769: The order of living in the village. The masks of the Ekpo societies were used to elicit fear and execute social control . The most common type of mask is one made for the face with waist-length raffia attached. The effect of the masks and their intimidating quality is part of what gives them their power, in addition to the long history of the Ekpo. To put on an Ekpo mask is to surrender earthly identity and assume an ancestral one. Masks used may be ones owned by deceased ancestors, ones made to look like ancestors, or ones made to resemble to village heroes. Many are carved from lightweight wood called ukot (palm wine tree). This makes them easier to wear and move around in. For additional support,

15618-527: The original description was partly inaccurate, later widespread evidence for such orbital controls on climate was found. At first it was believed that humid periods in Africa correlate with glacial stages (" pluvial hypothesis ") before radiocarbon dating became widespread. The development and existence of the African humid period has been investigated with archaeology , climate modelling and paleoproxies , with archaeological sites , dunes and deposits left by lakes, aeolian deposits and leaf wax in

15755-576: The pathways for early humans to cross Arabia and Northern Africa and which, together with later moist periods, has been linked to expansions of the Aterian populations and the speciation of insect species. Such humid periods are usually associated with interglacials , while glacial stages correlate to dry periods; they occur during precession minima, unless large ice sheets or insufficient greenhouse gas concentrations suppress their onset. The Bølling–Allerød warming appears to be synchronous with

15892-437: The perihelion at the time of summer solstice , increasing the amount of solar radiation by about 8%, resulting in the African monsoon becoming both stronger and reaching farther north. Between 15,000 and 5,000 years ago, summer insolation was at least 4% higher than today. The obliquity also decreased during the Holocene but the effect of obliquity changes on the climate is focused on the high latitudes and its influence on

16029-462: The sea and wetlands playing an important role. Pollen , lake deposits and former levels of lakes have been used to study the ecosystems of the African humid period, and charcoal and leaf impressions have been used to identify vegetation changes. Questions in AHP research are its beginning, cause, intensity, end, land feedbacks and fluctuations during the AHP. The time 6,000 years ago has received particular attention, especially since that period of

16166-650: The season, and being caught traveling without knowing the secret terms and dance will result in being arrested. Prior to the gradual abolition of slavery in Nigeria by British colonial authorities beginning in the mid-1880s, Ibibio society ranked people, in descending order, as freeborn ( amanisong ), strangers or later immigrants ( ududung ), and slaves ( ifn ). Slaves were purchased in slave markets or captured through intergroup wars. Often people gave themselves or their children up as slaves when they could no longer provide for themselves or their families. Slaves were used as offerings in regular ritual human sacrifice, and through

16303-475: The sides. Many people who carve Ekpo masks live in Ikot Ekpene. Both temporary and permanent body modifications are used. Rhythm and nature are both considerable motifs at play in the designs. Hairdressing, body painting, and body modification are the main focus of body art performed by the Ibibio. Intentional fattening of young women is another culturally important aspect of the Ibibio. In painting,

16440-499: The simulation of the Green Sahara is considered a problem for earth system models. There is more evidence of the late phase of the AHP than its beginning. Erosion of lake sediments and carbon reservoir effects make it difficult to date when they dried up. Vegetation changes by themselves do not necessarily indicate precipitation changes, as changes in seasonality, plant species composition and changes in land use also play

16577-751: The south ( Sub-Saharan Africa ), or the east ( Nile Valley ). The human population in the Sahara rapidly increased during the AHP, interrupted by a brief decline between 7,600 and 6,700 years ago. Traces of human activity have been found in the Acacus Mountains where caves and rock shelters were used as basecamps for humans, such as the Uan Afuda cave and the Uan Tabu and Takarkori rock shelters. The first occupation in Takarkori took place between 10,000 and 9,000 years ago; about five millennia of human cultural evolution are recorded there. At Gobero in

16714-605: The south by the Chari - Logone and Komadugu Rivers . The Chari River was the main tributary while the rivers draining the Tibesti formed alluvial fans /the Angamma river delta at their entry into northern Lake Chad. Skeletons of elephants, hippos and hominins have been found in the Angamma delta, which is the dominant shoreline feature of northern Lake Chad. The lake overflowed into the Niger River during highstand through

16851-505: The start of the African humid period, although the Antarctic Cold Reversal also falls into this time and may relate to a drought interval recorded in the Gulf of Guinea . The African humid period was caused by a stronger West African Monsoon directed by changes in solar irradiance and in albedo feedbacks. These led to increased moisture import from both the equatorial Atlantic into West Africa, as well as from

16988-486: The subtropics. Obliquity and precession are responsible for two of the foremost Milankovich cycles and are responsible not only for the onset and cessation of ice ages but also for monsoon strength variations. Southern Hemisphere monsoons are expected to have the opposite response of Northern Hemisphere monsoons to precession, as the insolation changes are reversed; this observation is borne out by data from South America. The precession change increased seasonality in

17125-497: The traditional method of consensus . Even though elections are held, practically, the political leaders are pre-discussed in a manner that is benefiting to all. The Ibibio people are located in eastern part of South-South Nigeria. Prior to the existence of Nigeria as a nation, the Ibibio people were self-governed. Ibibio people and their brothers (the Annang, Oron and Eket) were part of the enclave called Bight of Biafra before

17262-522: The use of thread. Some styles are symbolic of stories or events that have occurred in the wearer's life. If a married woman has unkempt hair, this indicates that someone she is close to, typically her husband, a child, or another relative, has died. Other styles may be indicative of age, marital status, or social standing. There also exists hairstyles without any meaning that are simply worn for fashion purposes. African humid period#End The African humid period (AHP; also known by other names )

17399-658: The various large families (Mbong Ekpuk) which make up the Community. These have been the ancient political and religious system of Ibibio people from time immemorial. Tradition, interpreted in Ibibio Language, is 'Ikpaisong'. Tradition (Ikpaisong) in Ibibio Custom embodies the Religious and Political System. The word 'Obong' in Ibibio language means 'Ruler, King, Lord, Chief, Head' and is applied depending on

17536-504: The vegetation changed; in the desert the expansion of vegetation facilitated fire activity, while in the savanna the increased prevalence of woody vegetation reduced fire activity. Forests and plants from the humid tropics were concentrated around lakes, rivers and the Atlantic Ocean coast of Senegal ; waterbodies were also settled by aquatic and partially aquatic plants and the Senegalese coast by mangroves . The landscape during

17673-466: The vegetation. Reduced dust generation from a wetter Sahara, where major dust-generating regions were submerged by lakes, influences the climate by reducing the amount of light absorbed by dust. Decreased dust emissions also modify cloud properties, making them less reflective and more efficient at inducing precipitation. In climate models, reduced amounts of dust in the troposphere together with vegetation changes can often but not always explain

17810-540: The western and central sectors and the Libyan sand sea was still a desert although pure desert areas retreated or became arid / semiarid . An arid belt may have existed north of 22° latitude and towards the Nile Delta, or the vegetation and the African monsoon might have reached 28–31° northern latitude; in general conditions between 21° and 28° northern latitude are poorly known. Dry areas may have persisted in

17947-495: The worsening situation. If the instructions were strictly followed, the position could be reversed, they believed. For instance, if a person had no issue a diviner might tell him that he had killed innocent children in his previous incarnation, and that the parents of the deceased and the general public had cursed him, saying that he would not have any issue and would continue to kill innocent children throughout his incarnations unless he gave certain things as sacrificial offerings. When

18084-459: Was created that way; if he is kind, again that is how he was created by God to be; if he is poor or rich, that was his lot, and so on; effectively, there was nothing anyone could do to alter his lot, for he was moulded that way. The Ibibio also believe in the same way in destiny, essien emana or uwa . For instance, if a person died accidentally, this was how he had died in his previous incarnation and therefore he had to die that way. If he

18221-405: Was delayed by the increased food availability during the AHP, it only took place around 2,500 BC . Humans created rock art such as petroglyphs and rock paintings in the Sahara, perhaps the largest density of such creations in the world. Scenes include animals and everyday life such as swimming which supports the presence of past wetter climates. One well-known such petroglyph location

18358-506: Was in part triggered by a stronger West African and Indian monsoon, perhaps explaining why the effects of the AHP extended into the Southern Hemisphere. The behaviour of the easterly trade winds is unclear; increased moisture transport by easterly trade winds may have aided in the development of the AHP but alternatively a stronger Indian Monsoon that draws easterly winds away from East Africa may have occurred. Changes in

18495-449: Was later renamed Cross River State . On 23 September 1987, by Military Decree No.24, Akwa Ibom State was carved out of the then Cross Rivers State as a separate state. Cross Rivers State remains as a neighboring and mothering state of Akwa Ibom State. Southwestern Cameroon was a part of the present Cross River State and Akwa Ibom State of Nigeria. During the then Eastern Region of Nigeria, parts were partitioned united with Cameroon in

18632-467: Was permitted to clear them for cultivation. All burial grounds, shrines for the village deities and spots for secret societies such as Ekpo Onyoho, Ekoong, Idiong, Ekong, were sacred. Everything in these places were equally sacred. Non-members of the secret societies were not permitted to enter the spots set aside for such secret societies, even for the collection of firewood, sticks, fruits (like mkpook), vegetables (like afang and odusa) or snails, or to hunt

18769-482: Was rich, he was so in his previous incarnation and must be so now; if he was brilliant, that was how he was destined to be, etc. He could, however, reverse the situation if he consulted the Mbia Idiong, who alone could tell him what to do. The diviners could help him pin-point what it was he had done in his previous incarnation which was affecting his present life. They could then prescribe to him what to do to remedy

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