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80-688: Constructed in the Spanish Mission architectural style with a red-clay tile roof, Ocala's first public library was a short distance from what is today the Silver Springs Nature Theme Park . Although the Carnegie library was Ocala's first permanent, physical public library, the city's library collection began in 1886. Originally a subscription library , its members paid one dollar for a two-year membership. In 1890, The Women's Library Association assumed responsibility for

160-545: A telegraph button in Washington, D.C. to open the expo by turning on the power and lights at the park. In addition, a lit balloon located 1,500 feet above the park further brightened the exposition. Guns at the nearby Fort Rosecrans and on Navy ships in San Diego Bay also were fired to signal the opening. Admission for adults was $ 0.50 ($ 15 today) and $ 0.25 ($ 8 today) for children. Based on varying sources,

240-591: A Mexican reinterpretation of the California interpretation of Spanish Colonial Revival. Many houses of this style can still be seen in the Colonia Nápoles , Condesa , Polanco and Lomas de Chapultepec areas of Mexico City. The Pasaje Polanco shopping court is an example of the style's application in commercial architecture. Influential Australian architects such as Emil Sodersten and Professor Leslie Wilkinson brought back styles from Italy and Spain in

320-597: A Navy port. This declaration would gradually result in multiple Navy installations in and around San Diego that continue today. Shortly after the end of the expo, the Army and Marines temporarily used several empty expo buildings until nearby bases were completed. The Exposition was the setting for a 1915 comedy film Fatty and Mabel at the San Diego Exposition starring Roscoe Arbuckle and Mabel Normand . The California Pacific International Exposition at

400-519: A brief three-day appearance in November 1915. At the end of 1915, total visitors reached over two million and the expo had turned a small profit of $ 56,570 ($ 1,703,799 today). Prior to the end of 1915, plans began circulating for extending the exposition for another year. Most of the board of directors, however, were not able to continue into the new year and resigned. Funding for the 1916 addition came from Los Angeles, local businessman, proceeds from

480-531: A design that turned away from the more modest, indigenous, horizontally oriented Pueblo Revival and Mission Revival, towards a more ornate and urban Spanish Baroque . Contrasting with bare walls, rich Mexican and Spanish Churrigueresque decoration would be used, with influences from the Islamic and Persian styles in Moorish Revival architecture . For American world's fairs, this was a novelty. The design

560-678: A distinct origin from the style developed in the United States. Following the Mexican Revolution , there was a wave of nationalism that emphasized national culture, including in architecture. The neocolonial style arose as a response to European eclecticism (favored during the Porfiriato ). The 1915 book La patria y la arquitectura nacional by architect Federico E. Mariscal ( es ) was influential in advocating viceregal architecture as integral to national identity. During

640-629: A handful of U.S states held exhibits: Kansas , Montana , Nevada , New Mexico , Washington , and Utah . In contrast, the San Francisco Panama-Pacific Exposition featured exhibits from 22 countries and 28 U.S. states. Various countries participated in the exposition's 1916 extension. The United States Marines, Army, and Navy were featured at the expo, with exhibits, onsite tent cities, parades, band concerts, and live mock battles. At midnight on December 31, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson ceremoniously pushed

720-507: A large parking lot, the North gate led to the 'Painted Desert' and 2,500-foot (760 m) long Isthmus street. The Santa Fe Railway -sponsored 'Painted Desert' (called "Indian Village" by guests), a 5-acre (2.0 ha), 300-person exhibit populated by seven Native American tribes including the Apache , Navajo , and Tewa . The 'Painted Desert', which design and construction was supervised by

800-519: A link to the U.S.–Mexico border. Today, only three of the original twenty-four Class 1 streetcars remain in existence. At the beginning of the exposition, 200 small wicker motorized chairs, known as electriquettes , were available for rent by visitors. Constructed by the Los Angeles Exposition Motor Chair Company, these slow-speed transports held two to three people and were used for traveling throughout

880-543: A public library collection, temporarily housed in the Hotel Ocala. The Ocala Free Public Library officially began as a circulating collection in 1914 even though the Carnegie library did not open until 1916. On September 11, 1916, at 8am, the Ocala Carnegie Library opened its doors for the first time. When the library first opened it was not fully furnished yet, but there had been multiple delays along

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960-582: A recapitulated history of Spanish colonial in North America, from Renaissance Europe sources, to Spanish colonial , to Mexican Baroque, to the vernacular styles adopted by the Franciscan missions up the California coast. The Botanical Building was designed by Winslow with help from Allen and Thomas B. Hunter in the style of a Spanish Renaissance greenhouse. This mix of influences is representative of Spanish Colonial Revival architecture , which

1040-676: A registered National Historic Landmark and restored historic house—landscape museum. Other examples are the Jackling House and Lobero Theatre also in California. Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow initiated the style as the dominant historical regional style in California; they also influenced Hawaiian architecture in the 1920s. Notable in Californian architecture were the following architects: Currently: In Florida notable architects include: Panama%E2%80%93California Exposition The Panama–California Exposition

1120-445: A simultaneous exposition. Several San Franciscans persuaded both members of Congress and President William Howard Taft to deny support for San Diego's exposition in exchange for pledged political support for Taft's campaign against Republicans. With no federal and little state government funding, San Diego's exposition would be on a smaller scale with fewer states and countries participating. The Panama–California Exposition Company

1200-713: A work room for staff. Though, even by 1920, the library only had two members of staff: the librarian Louise Gambsy and her assistant. The Carnegie Library was demolished in 1968 to make way for a larger, more modern library facility, that would be part of what is now known as the Marion County Public Library System . 29°11′14″N 82°08′05″W  /  29.1871°N 82.1348°W  / 29.1871; -82.1348 Spanish Colonial Revival architecture The Spanish Colonial Revival architecture ( Spanish : Arquitectura neocolonial española ), often known simply as Spanish Revival ,

1280-572: Is a term used to encompass a number of revivalist architectural styles based in both Spanish colonial architecture and Spanish architecture in general. These styles flourished throughout the Americas , especially in former Spanish colonies, from California to Argentina . In the United States , the earliest use of this style was in Florida and California . St. Augustine, Florida

1360-445: Is marked by the prodigious use of smooth plaster ( stucco ) wall and chimney finishes, low- pitched clay tile , shed, or flat roofs, and terracotta or cast concrete ornaments. Other characteristics typically include small porches or balconies , Roman or semi-circular arcades and fenestration , wood casement or tall, double–hung windows , canvas awnings , and decorative iron trim. Structural form: One of

1440-796: The Ponce de Leon Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1882) and the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887). These influenced the development of the Spanish Colonial Revival style. A few years later, at the Panama–California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego , highlighting the work of architect Bertram Goodhue , Spanish Colonial Revival was given further national exposure. Embraced principally in Florida and California,

1520-875: The Santa Barbara News-Press . Real estate developer Ole Hanson favored the Spanish Colonial Revival style in his founding and development of San Clemente, California in 1928. The Pasadena City Hall by John Bakewell, Jr. and Arthur Brown, Jr. , the Sonoma City Hall , and the Beverly Hills City Hall by Harry G. Koerner and William J. Gage are other notable civic examples in California. Between 1922 and 1931, architect Robert H. Spurgeon constructed 32 Spanish colonial revival houses in Riverside and many of them have been preserved. The Spanish Colonial Revival of Mexico has

1600-609: The Spreckels Organ Pavilion on July 27, 1915 The Exposition left a permanent mark in Balboa Park, which had been mostly open space before the fair. Former President Theodore Roosevelt spoke to San Diegans at the Spreckels Organ Pavilion in July 1915, urging San Diego to keep the exhibition buildings permanently. Even before the end of the first year of the expo, an organization was established to determine how

1680-587: The Western United States by Fred Harvey and his Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway Depots and Hotels. The Spanish Colonial Revival style is also influenced by the American Craftsman style and Arts and Crafts Movement . Spanish Colonial Revival architecture is characterized by a combination of detail from several eras of Spanish Baroque , Spanish Colonial , Moorish Revival and Mexican Churrigueresque architecture. The style

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1760-785: The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago , and the Mission Inn , along with the Electric Tower of the Pan-American Exposition in Buffalo in 1900 introduced the potential of Spanish Colonial Revival. They also integrated porticoes , pediments and colonnades influenced by Beaux Arts classicism as well. By the early years of the 1910s, Florida was major center for Spanish Colonial Revival style in

1840-543: The northern missions of New Spain. Subsequently, the U.S. interpretation saw popularity in Mexico and was locally termed colonial californiano . Modern-day tract home design in Southern California and Florida largely descends from the early movement. The iconic terracotta shingles and stucco walls have been standard design of new construction in these regions from the 1970s to present. The antecedents of

1920-729: The 1915 expo, leftover funding from the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, and chambers of commerce outside of San Diego. On March 18, 1916, Secretary of the Navy Josephus Daniels pushed a button in Washington, D.C. that sounded a gong in the Plaza de Panama to commemorate "Exposition Dedication Day". The fair was rechristened the Panama–California International Exposition . By this point, international exhibitors from

2000-598: The 1935 fair. Four of them were demolished and rebuilt in their original style toward the end of the 20th century; they are now called the House of Charm, the House of Hospitality, Casa del Prado , and Casa de Balboa, and are included in the National Register of Historic Places -listed El Prado Complex . One of the main considerations for San Diego leaders concerning the Panama–California Exposition

2080-489: The Exposition popularized in the United States. Prior to the exposition, San Diego had predominately featured Victorian architecture with some elements of classical styles . The popularity of the expo led to more emphasis on mission architecture within the city. After the Exposition, Goodhue moved on to other national projects, while Winslow stayed on in southern California, continuing to produce his own variations of

2160-648: The Fine Arts Building framed the plaza, which was surrounded on three sides by exhibition halls set behind an arcade on the lower story. Those three sides, following the heavy massiveness and crude simplicity of the California mission adobe style, were without ornamentation. This contrasted with the front facade of the California State Building, 'wild' with Churrigueresque complex lines of mouldings and dense ornamentation. Next to

2240-662: The Florida land boom of the 1920s. The Coral Gables Congregational Church, donated by Merrick, and the Catholic Church of the Little Flower, were classic examples of the Spanish Renaissance style. Early in the city's planning and development, Merrick shared his vision for Coral Gables as "a most extraordinary opportunity for the building of 'Castles in Spain'. Merrick's success in executing this vision for

2320-1191: The Hotel Colon in Panama. Some of his specific stylistic sources for San Diego are the Giralda Tower at the Seville Cathedral , the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral , and the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Oaxaca . Goodhue personally designed the largest and most ornate building on the site, the California Building , with its historical iconography; he sketched two other buildings, provided Winslow and Allen with his photographs and drawings from examples in Spain and Mexico, and reviewed their developed designs. The original ensemble of buildings featured various stylistic and period references. Taken together, they constituted something like

2400-736: The Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles in the 1880s. With the construction of the Ponce de Leon Hotel (designed by Carrère and Hastings, 1882), the Alcazar Hotel (Carrère and Hastings, 1887), and the Casa Monica Hotel (later the Hotel Cordova) built by Franklin W. Smith in 1888, Spanish-influenced architecture spread to several other parts of Florida. These three hotels were influenced not only by

2480-591: The Southwestern archeologist Jesse L. Nusbaum , had the appearance of a rock structure but was actually wire frames covered in cement. The Isthmus was surrounded by concessions, amusement rides and games, a replica gem mine, an ostrich farm, and a 250-foot (76 m) replica of the Panama Canal. One of the concessions along the isthmus was a "China Town". From the start, the Cabrillo Bridge,

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2560-608: The Spanish Colonial Revival Style in the United States can be traced to the Mediterranean Revival architectural style. In St. Augustine, Florida, a former Spanish colony, a winter playground was developing for wealthy people from northern cities in the United States. Three architects from New York City John Carrère and Thomas Hastings of Carrère and Hastings and Bostonian Franklin W. Smith, designed grand, elaborately detailed hotels in

2640-472: The Spanish Colonial Revival movement enjoyed its greatest popularity between 1915 and 1931. In Mexico , the Spanish Colonial Revival in architecture was tied to the nationalist movement in the arts encouraged by the post– Mexican Revolution government. The Mexican style was primarily influenced by the Baroque architecture of central New Spain , in contrast to the U.S. style which was primarily influenced by

2720-566: The Spanish Colonial Revival style was California, especially in the coastal cities. In 1915 the San Diego Panama–California Exposition , with architects Bertram Goodhue and Carleton Winslow Sr., popularized the style in the state and nation. It is best exemplified in the California Quadrangle , built as the grand entrance to that Exposition. In the early 1920s, architect Lilian Jeannette Rice designed

2800-480: The United States. Frederick H. Trimble 's Farmer's Bank in Vero Beach , completed in 1914, is a fully mature early example of the style. The city of St. Cloud, Florida , espoused the style both for homes and commercial structures and has a fine collection of subtle stucco buildings reminiscent of colonial Mexico. Many of these were designed by architectural partners Ida Annah Ryan and Isabel Roberts . One of

2880-532: The centuries-old buildings remaining from the period Spanish rule in St. Augustine but also by The Old City House , constructed in 1873 and still standing, an excellent example of early Spanish Colonial Revival architecture. The possibilities of the Spanish Colonial Revival Style were brought to the attention of architects attending late 19th and early 20th centuries international expositions . For example, California's Mission Revival style Pavilion in white stucco at

2960-601: The city at the time. Local architectural magazines of the period like The Chinese Architect and The Builder regularly printed detailed examples of the style for local builders to copy and implement. After being conquered and ruled for the Spanish crown, and for the most part being administered as a territory under the jurisdiction of the kingdom of New Spain (Mexico), the Philippines and Mariana islands received Iberian and Latin-American influences in its architecture. By

3040-692: The city would catch the attention of Spain's King, Alfonso XIII , who awarded Merrick the Order of Isabella the Catholic for his support of Spanish culture in Coral Gables. Several other cities in southern Florida showcased the Spanish Revival of the time, including Palm Beach. The Palm Beach Town Hall , built in 1925 by Harvey and Clarke , with renovations later made by several notable architects. The major location of design and construction in

3120-490: The colonial Mexico City government building was remodeled in the 1920s and a neocolonial companion building was built in the 1940s. The style, as developed in the United States, came full circle to its geographic point of inspiration as in the late 1930s, single-family houses were built in Mexico City 's then-new upscale neighborhoods in what is known in Mexico as colonial californiano ( Californian Colonial ). That is,

3200-597: The completion of the Panama Canal. San Diego's population in 1910 was 37,578, and it would be the least populated city to ever host an international exposition. In contrast, San Francisco had a population nearly 10 times larger and would ultimately be supported by politicians in California and Washington, D.C. for the official Panama Canal exposition, the Panama–Pacific International Exposition . Although representatives from San Francisco urged San Diego to end its planning, San Diego pressed forward for

3280-473: The country such as Gota de Leche, Paco Market, and thousands more, especially in the churches and cathedrals throughout the country. Spanish Colonial Revival architecture shares some elements with the earlier Mission Revival style derived from the architecture of the California missions , and Pueblo Revival style from the traditional Puebloan peoples in New Mexico . Both precedents were popularized in

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3360-410: The domed-and-towered California State Building and the low-lying Fine Arts Building were intended to be permanent additions to the park; the latter two are now part of the National Register of Historic Places -listed California Quadrangle . The Botanical Building would protect heat-loving plants, while the Spreckels Organ Pavilion would assist open-air concerts in its auditorium. The Botanical Building

3440-533: The early 20th century convinced that Mediterranean styles would be well-suited for the Australian climate and lifestyle. Mediterranean style became popular in places like Sydney suburbs Manly and Bondi in the 1920s and 1930s. One variant, known as Spanish Mission or Hollywood Spanish, became popular as Australians saw films of and read in magazines about the glamorous mansions in that style that Hollywood movie stars had. Spanish mission houses began to appear in

3520-429: The expo included Vice President Thomas R. Marshall , Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan , Secretary of the Navy and future President Franklin D. Roosevelt , former presidents William Howard Taft and Theodore Roosevelt , inventor Thomas Edison , and automobile businessman Henry Ford . The attempt to "put San Diego on the map" with national attention was successful. Even Pennsylvania's Liberty Bell made

3600-468: The fabric of a dream—not to endure but to produce a merely temporary effect. It should provide, after the fashion that stage scenery provides—illusion rather than reality." The "temporary buildings" were formally and informally set on either side of the wide, tree-lined central avenue. El Prado extended along the axis of the bridge and was lined with trees and streetlights , with the front of most buildings lined with covered arcades or portales . The Prado

3680-404: The frontispiece, at one corner of the dome, rose the 200 feet (61 m) tower of the California Building, which was echoed in the less prominent turrets of the Southern California counties and the Science and Education buildings. The style of the frontispiece was repeated around the fair. The architecture of the "temporary buildings" was recognized, as Goodhue described, as "being essentially of

3760-415: The government of President Venustiano Carranza (serving 1917 to 1920), tax exemptions were offered to those that built houses in a colonial style. In the early 1920s there was a surge of houses built with Plateresque elements; such as grotesques , pinnacles and mixtilinear arches ( es ). Secretary of Education José Vasconcelos (who shaped the cultural philosophy of the post-Revolution government)

3840-455: The hours had been changed to weekdays only, 9am to 11am and 4pm to 8pm. This notice reappeared in the Ocala Evening Star multiple times, moving into November as well. The Ocala Carnegie Library's first floor was devoted to the stacks, with lots of windows to let in natural light, two alcoves with hat and coat racks, and a fireplace. The basement of the building had an assembly hall (with provided speaker's platform), bathrooms, several closets, and

3920-402: The library's librarian, Louise Gamsby. She was appointed librarian in 1916 and served in that capacity until her retirement in 1951; after retirement, Gamsby continued to serve as a library consultant for many years. On opening day the library's hours were posted as weekdays only, from 8am to 10am and 4pm to 8pm. However, Louise Gamsby posted notices in the Ocala Evening Star in October 1916 that

4000-497: The majority of the exhibition. Electriquette replicas returned for the centennial celebration in 2015. Additional elements of the exposition included an aviary, rose gardens, and animal pens. Throughout the exposition grounds there were over two million plants of 1,200 different types. Peacocks and pheasants freely wandered through the fairgrounds, and pigeons were frequently fed by guests. The exposition did not initially feature any buildings representing foreign countries, though

4080-404: The most accomplished architects of the style was George Washington Smith who practiced during the 1920s in Santa Barbara, California . His own residences El Hogar (1916, a.k.a. Casa Dracaena ) and Casa del Greco (1920) brought him commissions from local society in Montecito and Santa Barbara. An example landmark house he designed is the Steedman estate Casa del Herrero in Montecito , now

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4160-416: The most significant examples of the emerging popularity of Spanish Colonial Revival in the United States at the time was is the architecture of Coral Gables, Florida . A planned city established in the 1920s, the city's architecture is almost entirely Mediterranean Revival style , mandated in the original plan. The city was developed by George E. Merrick , a real estate developer from Pennsylvania , during

4240-428: The ongoing construction before the exposition's official opening were charged admission of $ 0.25 ($ 8 today). The layout of the 640-acre (260 ha) expo was contained by three entrances on the west, north, and east. The East Gateway was approached by drive and San Diego Electric Railway trolley cars winding up from the city through the southern portion of the park. From the west, the Cabrillo Bridge 's entrance

4320-436: The opening day's attendance was between 31,836 and 42,486. By the end of the first month, daily attendance decreased, with an average number of attendees at 4,783 a day, which decreased to 4,360 by February. However, the expo made ($ 1,204,737 today) profit in its first three months. By May, the average daily attendance had increased to 5,800 and in July the total attendance had reached a million visitors. Notable visitors to

4400-488: The organ spelled "WORLD PEACE–1917". The total attendance for the second year was just under 1.7 million people. Over the two years a slight profit was earned over the total cost of organizing and hosting the expo. "It is so beautiful that I wish to make an earnest plea ... I hope that not only will you keep these buildings running for another year but you will keep these buildings of rare, phenomenal taste and beauty permanently." — Theodore Roosevelt , speaking at

4480-416: The park buildings. They convinced the City Council to require new buildings to be built in Spanish Colonial Revival Style and worked with various government agencies to have the remaining buildings declared National Historic Landmarks in 1977. In the late 1990s, the most deteriorated buildings and burned buildings were rebuilt, preserving the original style. The City of San Diego held a major observation for

4560-443: The park was home to bobcats, rattlesnakes, coyotes, and other wildlife. Numerous proposals, some altruistic, some profit-driven, were brought forward for the development and use of the land during this time. During construction of the exposition facilities in 1910, a contest was held that renamed the park after Vasco Núñez de Balboa , the first European to cross Central America and see the Pacific Ocean. Goodhue and Winslow advocated

4640-413: The prior year were repurposed for new exhibits. In November 1916, Gilbert Davidson asked the Park Board for an additional three-month extension into 1917, but the expo was concluded on January 1, 1917. Events on the final day included a military parade in the Plaza de Panama, a mock military battle, and an opera ceremony at the organ pavilion. At midnight, the lights were turned off and pyrotechnics above

4720-456: The process of building the library and making it open-ready, and so in order to avoid further delays the library opened while only partially furnished. Likewise, there wasn't an opening ceremony for the building either, according to the local newspaper, the Ocala Evening Star. The Ocala Carnegie Library instituted the latest card indexing system of its time, with at least 17,000 cards already created by its opening day, and more expected to be made by

4800-419: The recently closed San Francisco exhibition had arrived in San Diego, and the expo had exhibits from Brazil, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Russia, and Switzerland. Some of these exhibitors were unable to return to Europe due to World War I which had been raging since 1914. Additional exhibits included an ice rink, an alligator farm, and performance shows. Some of the original buildings from

4880-450: The same site in 1935 was so popular that some buildings were rebuilt to be made more permanent. Many buildings (original or reconstructed) remain in use today, and are used by several museums and theaters in Balboa Park. In the early 1960s destruction of a few of the buildings and replacement by modern, architecturally clashing buildings created an uproar in San Diego. In 1967, citizens formed A Committee of One Hundred to protect and preserve

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4960-464: The style at the Bishop's School in La Jolla and the 1926 Carthay Circle Theatre in Los Angeles. Winslow was also instrumental in persuading the city of Santa Barbara to adopt Spanish Colonial Revival as the officially mandated civic style after its 1925 earthquake . The temporary installations, decoration, and landscapes of Balboa Park were created with some large spaces and numerous paths, small spaces, and courtyard Spanish gardens . The location

5040-538: The style in the development of the town of Rancho Santa Fe in San Diego County. The city of Santa Barbara adopted the style to give it a unified Spanish character after widespread destruction in the 1925 Santa Barbara earthquake . The County Courthouse designed by William Mooser III and the Arlington Theatre designed by Edwards and Plunkett are prime examples. George Washington Smith designed many residences in Santa Barbara including Casa del Herrero and Jackling House , along with businesses Lobero Theatre and

5120-421: The temporary buildings could be developed for museum use. The exposition also led to the eventual establishment of the San Diego Zoo in the park, which grew out of abandoned exotic animal exhibitions from the Isthmus portion of the expo. Buildings from the exposition still standing include: During the expo, Franklin D. Roosevelt, then Assistant Secretary of the Navy, told reporters that San Diego would become

5200-486: The time the United States occupied the Philippines, the Mission-style and Spanish Colonial Revival architecture also arrived, with inspirations from California. American architects further developed this style in the Philippines, modernizing the buildings with American amenities. The best example of the Spanish Colonial Revival architecture and California mission style is the famed Manila Hotel designed by William E. Parsons and built in 1909. Other examples exist throughout

5280-445: The wealthier suburbs, the most famous being Boomerang , at Elizabeth Bay . The Plaza Theatre in Sydney is a celebrated cinema in the style. In the 1930s, numerous houses in Spanish Revival style were built in Shanghai , particularly in the former French Concession . Although Shanghai was not culturally linked to the Spanish-speaking world, these buildings were probably inspired by Hollywood movies, which were highly influential in

5360-400: The west gateway was part of the Fine Arts Building, the east gateway was designed to be the formal entrance for the California State Building. The East or State Gateway carried the California state coat-of-arms over the arch. The spandrels over the arch were filled with glazed colored tile commemorating the 1769 arrival of Spain and the 1846 State Constitutional Convention at Monterey. Near

5440-566: Was a world exposition held in San Diego, California , between January 1, 1915, and January 1, 1917. The exposition celebrated the opening of the Panama Canal , and was meant to tout San Diego as the first United States port of call for ships traveling north after passing westward through the canal. The fair was held in San Diego's large urban Balboa Park . The park held a second Panama-California exposition in 1935. In 1909, San Diego's Chamber of Commerce president and local businessman Gilbert Aubrey Davidson proposed an exposition to commemorate

5520-518: Was also moved from a small hillock to a larger and more open area, most of which was intended to be reclaimed by the park as gardens. The groundbreaking ceremony for the site of the expo was held on July 19, 1911. To make room for the exposition planned layout, several city buildings, machine shops, and a gunpowder magazine were moved offsite. The first building to begin construction was the Administration Building, which started in November 1911 and completed in March 1912. Visitors interested in watching

5600-404: Was an active promoter of neocolonial architecture. Traditional materials such as tezontle , cantera and Talavera tiles were incorporated into neocolonial buildings. The colonial-era National Palace was significantly altered between 1926 and 1929: the addition of a third floor and changes to the facade. The modifications were done in a manner corresponding to the original style. Similarly,

5680-410: Was an intentional contrast to most previous Eastern U.S. and European expositions, which had been done in neoclassical and Beaux-Arts styles, with large formal buildings around large symmetric spaces; San Francisco's Panama–Pacific International Exposition was largely Beaux-Arts style. Goodhue had already experimented with Spanish Baroque in Havana, at the 1905 La Santisima Trinidad pro-cathedral, and

5760-514: Was completed for $ 53,400 ($ 1,624,353 today). The Cabrillo Bridge was built to span the canyon, and its long horizontal stretch ending in a great upright pile of fantasy buildings would be the crux of the whole composition. The focus of the fair was the Plaza de California ( California Quadrangle ), an arcaded enclosure often containing Spanish dancers and singers, where both the approach bridge and El Prado terminate. The California State Building and

5840-538: Was formed in September 1909 and its board of directors was soon led by president Ulysses S. Grant Jr. and vice president John D. Spreckels . After Grant resigned in November 1911, real estate developer "Colonel" D. C. Collier , was made president of the exposition. He was responsible for selecting both the location in the city park and the Pueblo Revival and Mission Revival architectural styles. Collier

5920-435: Was founded on September 8, 1565, by Spanish admiral Pedro Menéndez de Avilés, Florida's first governor. The city had served as the capital of Florida for over 250 years when Spain ceded Florida to the United States in 1819. By the late 1880s, St. Augustine was being developed by Henry M. Flagler as a winter resort for wealthy northern families. He built two grand hotels in the Mediterranean Revival and Spanish Revival styles:

6000-497: Was intended to become the central path of a great and formally designed public garden. The fair's pathways, pools, and watercourses were supposed to remain while the cleared building sites would become garden. Goodhue emphasized that "only by thus razing all of the Temporary Buildings will San Diego enter upon the heritage that is rightfully hers". However, many of the "temporary" buildings were retained and reused for

6080-476: Was marked with blooming giant century plants and led straight to the dramatic West Gate (or City Gate), with the city's coat-of-arms at its crown. The archway was flanked by engaged Doric orders supporting an entablature, with figures symbolizing the Atlantic and Pacific oceans joining waters together, in commemoration of the opening of the Panama Canal. These figures were the work of Furio Piccirilli . While

6160-539: Was replaced by Carleton Winslow of Goodhue's office. The original landscape architects, the Olmsted Brothers , likewise left the project, and were replaced by fair official Frank P. Allen Jr. The exposition was held in Balboa Park , which spanned 1,400 acres (570 ha). For the first few decades of its existence, "City Park" remained mostly open space; lacking trees and covered in native wildflowers,

6240-869: Was replaced by Davidson, who was also joined by several new vice presidents. By March 1910, $ 1 million ($ 32,700,000 today) was raised for the expo by the Panama–California Exposition Company through selling subscriptions . A bond measure later that year provided an additional $ 1 million solely for improving permanent fixtures in the park. Funding for the California State Building was provided through appropriation bills totaling $ 450,000 ($ 14,715,000 today) signed by Governor Hiram Johnson in 1911 and 1913. Fair officials first sought architect John Galen Howard as their supervisory architect. With Howard unavailable, on January 27, 1911, they chose New York architect Bertram Goodhue and appointed Irving Gill to assist him. By September 1911 Gill had resigned and

6320-516: Was tasked with steering the exposition in "the proper direction," ensuring that every decision made reflected his vision of what the exposition could accomplish. Collier once stated "The purpose of the Panama–California Exposition is to illustrate the progress and possibility of the human race, not for the exposition only, but for a permanent contribution to the world's progress." The exposition's leadership changed again in early March 1914, when Collier encountered personal financial issues and resigned. He

6400-557: Was transportation. At the request of John D. Spreckels and his San Diego Electric Railway Company, the park's layout design incorporated an electric railway that ran near the east gate of the park. To service the large number of people that were to attend the exposition, streetcars were built that could handle the traffic of the event as well as the growing population of San Diego. The routes ultimately spanned from Ocean Beach , through Downtown , Mission Hills , Coronado , North Park , Golden Hill , and Kensington , even briefly serving as

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