102-471: Kes is a fictional character played by Jennifer Lien on the American science fiction television show Star Trek: Voyager . The series follows the crew of the starship USS Voyager , stranded far from home and struggling to get back to Earth. Kes joins the crew in the pilot episode " Caretaker ", opening an aeroponics garden and working as the medical assistant to the artificial intelligence known as
204-481: A Star Trek series. Kes's return in "Fury" was criticized as one of the worst moments in the Star Trek franchise. DeCandido considered the story to be insulting to the character describing the script and Lien's acting as lacking any "emotional content". Michael Weyer of Comic Book Resources believed that Kes deserved a better ending and disliked how she came back as "twisted monster whose actions can come off as
306-496: A cave-in with former Borg drone Seven of Nine . The author James Swallow was inspired by how Ethan Phillips , who plays Neelix, wanted closure for his character's relationship with Kes. In "Brief Candle", Neelix talks about one of his memories with Kes; the writer Christopher L. Bennett said she was one of his favorite Voyager characters. Kes was one of the first nine characters that Star Trek: Voyager creators Rick Berman , Michael Piller , and Jeri Taylor developed for
408-581: A loss function . Variants of gradient descent are commonly used to train neural networks. Another type of local search is evolutionary computation , which aims to iteratively improve a set of candidate solutions by "mutating" and "recombining" them, selecting only the fittest to survive each generation. Distributed search processes can coordinate via swarm intelligence algorithms. Two popular swarm algorithms used in search are particle swarm optimization (inspired by bird flocking ) and ant colony optimization (inspired by ant trails ). Formal logic
510-468: A "beguiling blend of naive wonder and fierce dedication" to her character. While critical of " Elogium ", writer David A. McIntee said she convincingly portrayed Kes's fear about her physical changes. Andy Patrizio for IGN wrote that starting in Voyager ' s second season, "we really started to see the talents of Jennifer Lien as Kes". He identified her portrayal of a possessed Kes in " Warlord " as
612-475: A "degree of truth" between 0 and 1. It can therefore handle propositions that are vague and partially true. Non-monotonic logics , including logic programming with negation as failure , are designed to handle default reasoning . Other specialized versions of logic have been developed to describe many complex domains. Many problems in AI (including in reasoning, planning, learning, perception, and robotics) require
714-481: A French horror film. Lien moved to New York in 1991 after she was cast as Hannah Moore on the soap opera Another World . She attended and graduated from the Professional Children's School while working on this series. In a 1992 interview, Lien said: "A couple of years ago, I was trying to get an audition for a baseball movie, so I said that I could play baseball. We'd always played a lot while I
816-680: A compatible mate to produce an offspring who would continue caring for the Ocampa. Kes dreams of exploring the galaxy and finds a way out of the city, but is captured and tortured by the Kazon . She is rescued by her Talaxian boyfriend Neelix who is assisted by Voyager captain Kathryn Janeway and her crew. When the Kazon attack and attempt to steal the Caretaker's technology, Janeway orders
918-460: A contradiction from premises that include the negation of the problem to be solved. Inference in both Horn clause logic and first-order logic is undecidable , and therefore intractable . However, backward reasoning with Horn clauses, which underpins computation in the logic programming language Prolog , is Turing complete . Moreover, its efficiency is competitive with computation in other symbolic programming languages. Fuzzy logic assigns
1020-545: A couple; a break-up scene was filmed for the episode " Fair Trade ", but was cut due to time constraints. In Voyager ' s first two seasons, Kes is involved in a love triangle with Neelix and Tom Paris. Neelix becomes increasingly jealous over Paris's interest in Kes, although she never returns his advances. None of the actors involved liked this storyline, which was ended to avoid further damaging Neelix and Paris as characters. Aside from Neelix, Kes spent most of her scenes with
1122-487: A highlight. Reactor 's Keith DeCandido praised Lien's acting in his reviews for " Cold Fire ", "Warlord", " Before and After ", and " The Gift ". Kes's age was a topic of critical commentary. Bustle 's Marie Southard Ospina praised "Elogium" for its portrayal of a woman voluntarily not having a baby, but felt that Kes's age made the moment uncomfortable. Other commentators felt Kes was too young to be dating Neelix. According to Den of Geek ' s Juliette Harrisson,
SECTION 10
#17327721327001224-478: A life span of nine years. She was born and raised on the Ocampa home world in an underground city, which was constructed by an alien known as the Caretaker after he inadvertently destroyed the planet's atmosphere. The Ocampa have grown dependent on his care. The Caretaker realizes he is dying and abducts beings from across the galaxy, including the Starfleet crew of the starship USS Voyager . He does this to find
1326-531: A life worth living is a loving connection with our fellow human beings." The showrunners reluctantly terminated Lien's contract as a member of Voyager's main cast due to unresolved personal issues that affected her performance. In 2000, Lien returned as a guest actor in the episode " Fury ". After Voyager , Lien appeared in the film American History X as the younger sister of Edward Norton 's character. In 1998, she appeared in SLC Punk! playing Sandy,
1428-416: A machine. The Vidiians harvest Neelix's lungs in " Phage ", and Kes donates one of her own to him. In " Elogium ", emanations from space-dwelling lifeforms cause Kes to prematurely enter a fertile period. An Ocampa goes through this process only once and it is her only time to have a child. After discussions, Neelix agrees to be a father, but Kes decides against having a child. When Voyager moves away from
1530-503: A parental figure to Kes. He noted that Janeway's actor Kate Mulgrew shared this view, particularly for " Elogium "; Mulgrew said the episode's focus on Janeway helping Kes with puberty and potential pregnancy and motherhood "showed my involvement with her on a very female level, a very maternal level". Roger Kaufman, a scholar in LGBT psychology , interpreted Kes as one of Janeway's "significant intimate partnerships". According to Kaufman, it
1632-429: A path to a target goal, a process called means-ends analysis . Simple exhaustive searches are rarely sufficient for most real-world problems: the search space (the number of places to search) quickly grows to astronomical numbers . The result is a search that is too slow or never completes. " Heuristics " or "rules of thumb" can help prioritize choices that are more likely to reach a goal. Adversarial search
1734-464: A planet's destruction in " Time and Again " and showing an eidetic memory in " Eye of the Needle ". Unable to control her psychokinesis abilities, she destroys the aeroponics garden and nearly kills Tuvok by boiling his blood. The crew discover that Tanis is working with the Caretaker's mate, Suspiria, to destroy Voyager , but Kes subdues him with her powers. In " Warlord ", Tiernan, a former dictator of
1836-903: A professor of media studies , argued that the non-human Kes is nearly tokenized as a "native informant" whose role is merely to advise the human crew about the Delta Quadrant. For Viebahn, the character's mental abilities, which at times are more useful than Voyager ' s medical and scientific technologies, provide her a degree of agency which elevates her from this "subjugated" role. Voyager often depicts Kes's powers as dangerous or unpredictable. Media studies scholar Marion Gymnich wrote that in "Cold Fire", Kes changes from "generally very friendly and gentle" to "extremely destructive" after being tutored by another Ocampa. She cited her as an example of Star Trek negatively portraying telepathy. Comparing Voyager to Homer 's epic poem Odyssey , literary scholar Kwasu David Tembo likened Kes to two of
1938-485: A scene. Lien refused to discuss or accept help for her problems; Taylor said that no one on the set knew the cause for her behavior, which she described as "something emotionally upset". Actors on Voyager found Lien to be private and shy; Robert Picardo , who plays the Doctor, said that she became "really monosyllabic". Robert Beltran , who portrays Chakotay , got the impression that either Lien no longer wanted to work on
2040-611: A spoiled brat". Fans were also critical of how the episode portrayed Kes. Den of Geek ' s John Andrews had a more positive response to "Fury", calling it a "sad yet compelling character study". Academics analyzed Kes as a representation of womanhood and femininity on Star Trek . Communication studies professor Mia Consalvo described her as a "woman with stereotypically feminine traits" such as "empathy and caring". She identified Kes as one of several female characters with similar characteristics on Star Trek who are placed in healthcare rather than leadership roles, and argued that this
2142-726: A tool that can be used for reasoning (using the Bayesian inference algorithm), learning (using the expectation–maximization algorithm ), planning (using decision networks ) and perception (using dynamic Bayesian networks ). Probabilistic algorithms can also be used for filtering, prediction, smoothing, and finding explanations for streams of data, thus helping perception systems analyze processes that occur over time (e.g., hidden Markov models or Kalman filters ). The simplest AI applications can be divided into two types: classifiers (e.g., "if shiny then diamond"), on one hand, and controllers (e.g., "if diamond then pick up"), on
SECTION 20
#17327721327002244-518: A unique world. It's a very different experience in that I can talk to other people involved in the world of Star Trek , like authors and actors from other Star Trek shows. I also get to meet people from other SF shows, because they tend to have guests from other series at the conventions I attend. The fans love the conventions, love meeting the people involved in their favorite shows. That makes you want to give them everything you can. I try to tell them what's going on, share my laughter and tell them about
2346-669: A wide range of techniques, including search and mathematical optimization , formal logic , artificial neural networks , and methods based on statistics , operations research , and economics . AI also draws upon psychology , linguistics , philosophy , neuroscience , and other fields. Artificial intelligence was founded as an academic discipline in 1956, and the field went through multiple cycles of optimism, followed by periods of disappointment and loss of funding, known as AI winter . Funding and interest vastly increased after 2012 when deep learning outperformed previous AI techniques. This growth accelerated further after 2017 with
2448-490: A wide variety of techniques to accomplish the goals above. AI can solve many problems by intelligently searching through many possible solutions. There are two very different kinds of search used in AI: state space search and local search . State space search searches through a tree of possible states to try to find a goal state. For example, planning algorithms search through trees of goals and subgoals, attempting to find
2550-641: Is a body of knowledge represented in a form that can be used by a program. An ontology is the set of objects, relations, concepts, and properties used by a particular domain of knowledge. Knowledge bases need to represent things such as objects, properties, categories, and relations between objects; situations, events, states, and time; causes and effects; knowledge about knowledge (what we know about what other people know); default reasoning (things that humans assume are true until they are told differently and will remain true even when other facts are changing); and many other aspects and domains of knowledge. Among
2652-459: Is an input, at least one hidden layer of nodes and an output. Each node applies a function and once the weight crosses its specified threshold, the data is transmitted to the next layer. A network is typically called a deep neural network if it has at least 2 hidden layers. Learning algorithms for neural networks use local search to choose the weights that will get the right output for each input during training. The most common training technique
2754-462: Is an interdisciplinary umbrella that comprises systems that recognize, interpret, process, or simulate human feeling, emotion, and mood . For example, some virtual assistants are programmed to speak conversationally or even to banter humorously; it makes them appear more sensitive to the emotional dynamics of human interaction, or to otherwise facilitate human–computer interaction . However, this tends to give naïve users an unrealistic conception of
2856-444: Is an unsolved problem. Knowledge representation and knowledge engineering allow AI programs to answer questions intelligently and make deductions about real-world facts. Formal knowledge representations are used in content-based indexing and retrieval, scene interpretation, clinical decision support, knowledge discovery (mining "interesting" and actionable inferences from large databases ), and other areas. A knowledge base
2958-422: Is anything that perceives and takes actions in the world. A rational agent has goals or preferences and takes actions to make them happen. In automated planning , the agent has a specific goal. In automated decision-making , the agent has preferences—there are some situations it would prefer to be in, and some situations it is trying to avoid. The decision-making agent assigns a number to each situation (called
3060-455: Is because the setting of the series "valorized" masculine traits over feminine ones. American culture historian Peter W. Y. Lee said that Voyager characterizes Kes as a "little girl" who struggles to maintain her innocence as the series progresses, specifically with scenes involving sex or motherhood. Lee wrote that unlike other children in Star Trek , namely Wesley Crusher , Jake Sisko , Nog , Molly O'Brien , and Alexander Rozhenko , Kes
3162-479: Is characterized as "an innocent who sees humanity through a fresh perspective" and as "delicate, beautiful, [and] young". The "Caretaker" script describes her as a "dazzling, ethereal beauty, waifish and fragile" who has a "dignity to her bearing, an alertness in her look, that suggests a being of powerful intelligence". While promoting Voyager , Lien said that Kes lacked any "cynicism or precociousness or pretentiousness or sarcasm", and believed this separated her from
Kes (Star Trek) - Misplaced Pages Continue
3264-413: Is classified based on previous experience. There are many kinds of classifiers in use. The decision tree is the simplest and most widely used symbolic machine learning algorithm. K-nearest neighbor algorithm was the most widely used analogical AI until the mid-1990s, and Kernel methods such as the support vector machine (SVM) displaced k-nearest neighbor in the 1990s. The naive Bayes classifier
3366-413: Is labelled by a solution of the problem and whose leaf nodes are labelled by premises or axioms . In the case of Horn clauses , problem-solving search can be performed by reasoning forwards from the premises or backwards from the problem. In the more general case of the clausal form of first-order logic , resolution is a single, axiom-free rule of inference, in which a problem is solved by proving
3468-464: Is more of a "blank slate". He argued that Kes becomes too mature for this "little girl" role after adopting a "more aggressive womanhood and sexuality" in " Warlord " that foreshadows her having "outgrown her home" and leaving Voyager . Voyager aired in the 1990s, a decade that editor Leimar Garcia-Siino characterized by postfeminism and its "reactionary anti-feminist and traditionally gendered views". Garcia-Siino wrote that although these events shaped
3570-400: Is reportedly the "most widely used learner" at Google, due in part to its scalability. Neural networks are also used as classifiers. An artificial neural network is based on a collection of nodes also known as artificial neurons , which loosely model the neurons in a biological brain. It is trained to recognise patterns; once trained, it can recognise those patterns in fresh data. There
3672-404: Is the process of proving a new statement ( conclusion ) from other statements that are given and assumed to be true (the premises ). Proofs can be structured as proof trees , in which nodes are labelled by sentences, and children nodes are connected to parent nodes by inference rules . Given a problem and a set of premises, problem-solving reduces to searching for a proof tree whose root node
3774-440: Is used for game-playing programs, such as chess or Go. It searches through a tree of possible moves and counter-moves, looking for a winning position. Local search uses mathematical optimization to find a solution to a problem. It begins with some form of guess and refines it incrementally. Gradient descent is a type of local search that optimizes a set of numerical parameters by incrementally adjusting them to minimize
3876-455: Is used for reasoning and knowledge representation . Formal logic comes in two main forms: propositional logic (which operates on statements that are true or false and uses logical connectives such as "and", "or", "not" and "implies") and predicate logic (which also operates on objects, predicates and relations and uses quantifiers such as " Every X is a Y " and "There are some X s that are Y s"). Deductive reasoning in logic
3978-436: Is used in AI programs that make decisions that involve other agents. Machine learning is the study of programs that can improve their performance on a given task automatically. It has been a part of AI from the beginning. There are several kinds of machine learning. Unsupervised learning analyzes a stream of data and finds patterns and makes predictions without any other guidance. Supervised learning requires labeling
4080-905: Is when the knowledge gained from one problem is applied to a new problem. Deep learning is a type of machine learning that runs inputs through biologically inspired artificial neural networks for all of these types of learning. Computational learning theory can assess learners by computational complexity , by sample complexity (how much data is required), or by other notions of optimization . Natural language processing (NLP) allows programs to read, write and communicate in human languages such as English . Specific problems include speech recognition , speech synthesis , machine translation , information extraction , information retrieval and question answering . Early work, based on Noam Chomsky 's generative grammar and semantic networks , had difficulty with word-sense disambiguation unless restricted to small domains called " micro-worlds " (due to
4182-490: The Toronto Star thought she did not contribute much outside of her medical training. In retrospective reviews, Kes was called the show's "most superfluous character" by The A.V. Club ' s William Hughes, and "generally a pretty crap and useless character" by Tom Pritchard of Gizmodo . Critics praised Jennifer Lien 's performance as Kes. For the pilot episode, Variety 's Kinsey Lowe described her as bringing
Kes (Star Trek) - Misplaced Pages Continue
4284-455: The age gap was frequently criticized online. Science fiction author Sylvia Spruck Wrigley interpreted Kes as undergoing puberty in "Elogium", noting that it raises questions about Neelix starting a relationship with a prepubescent girl. Harrisson and The Philadelphia Inquirer ' s Jonathan Storm wrote that the age difference could be rationalized since Kes and Neelix are aliens with different biology than humans. Some critics praised
4386-520: The bar exam , SAT test, GRE test, and many other real-world applications. Machine perception is the ability to use input from sensors (such as cameras, microphones, wireless signals, active lidar , sonar, radar, and tactile sensors ) to deduce aspects of the world. Computer vision is the ability to analyze visual input. The field includes speech recognition , image classification , facial recognition , object recognition , object tracking , and robotic perception . Affective computing
4488-416: The transformer architecture , and by the early 2020s hundreds of billions of dollars were being invested in AI (known as the " AI boom "). The widespread use of AI in the 21st century exposed several unintended consequences and harms in the present and raised concerns about its risks and long-term effects in the future, prompting discussions about regulatory policies to ensure the safety and benefits of
4590-436: The " utility ") that measures how much the agent prefers it. For each possible action, it can calculate the " expected utility ": the utility of all possible outcomes of the action, weighted by the probability that the outcome will occur. It can then choose the action with the maximum expected utility. In classical planning , the agent knows exactly what the effect of any action will be. In most real-world problems, however,
4692-564: The 1996 book for " Flashback " by Diane Carey . Nathan Archer began writing the 1995 book Ragnorak , before the pilot episode aired and said that his interpretation of Kes, based on the series bible, was radically different from her depiction in the show. In Greg Cox 's 1997 novel, The Black Shore , Kes has horrific visions after the crew takes shore leave on a seemingly idyllic planet. Cox included scenes between Kes and Chief Engineer B'Elanna Torres after reading an interview in which actor Roxann Dawson , who portrays Torres, talked about how
4794-446: The 2002 anthology Star Trek: Strange New Worlds V in which she revives Ocampa's ecosystem. She is included in three stories from the 2005 collection Distant Shores . In Kim Sheard's "Winds of Change", Kes struggles with aggression after "Warlord" and asks Torres for advice. Sheard developed the concept after being told the anthology would focus on unusual character combinations. "Closure" is about Neelix seeing Kes after being caught in
4896-405: The Doctor . She is a member of a telepathic alien species known as the Ocampa who have latent psychic abilities and a life span of only nine years. Her storylines focus on encouraging the Doctor to develop his humanity and dealing with her Talaxian boyfriend Neelix 's jealousy. She also seeks to expand upon her mental capabilities, leaving in the fourth season after her powers threaten to destroy
4998-453: The Doctor is returned to normal, Kes decides to remain on Voyager . Throughout " Before and After ", Kes lives short periods of her life in reverse order, from her death to her conception, as part of an alternative timeline . During " Scorpion ", Kes becomes telepathically connected with Species 8472 who are at war with the Borg . Kes's powers advance at an exponential rate in " The Gift " to
5100-537: The Doctor; she was instrumental to helping him develop his humanity and persuading the crew to view him as more than just a machine. The Doctor teaches Kes about medicine and Tuvok helps her to further develop her mental abilities. She is respectful toward the Doctor and Kathryn Janeway, whom she sees as parental figures. In the fourth season , Voyager ' s producers reluctantly fired Lien when her personal issues affected her reliability on set. She had become increasingly unfocused, requiring multiple takes to complete
5202-444: The Kes from "Fury" as the "manifestation of her dark side" made as a byproduct of this time travel. Jarman used Evolution to explore questions she had with Voyager , such as how Neelix felt about Kes after her departure and what the Ocampa home world looked like in the past. In Beyer's 2012 book, The Eternal Tide , Kes helps to resurrect a dead Janeway. Kes is also depicted in short stories, like Penny A. Proctor's "Restoration" from
SECTION 50
#17327721327005304-475: The Vidiians to take her younger self back to the Ocampa home world. The younger Kes makes a hologram to remind her future self about her love for the crew. This message encourages the older Kes to return to Ocampa. In 1995, Pocket Books began publishing Star Trek: Voyager novels set during the show's run and after its series finale . Kes appears in the 1995 novelization of "Caretaker" by L. A. Graf and
5406-421: The agent can seek information to improve its preferences. Information value theory can be used to weigh the value of exploratory or experimental actions. The space of possible future actions and situations is typically intractably large, so the agents must take actions and evaluate situations while being uncertain of what the outcome will be. A Markov decision process has a transition model that describes
5508-510: The agent may not be certain about the situation they are in (it is "unknown" or "unobservable") and it may not know for certain what will happen after each possible action (it is not "deterministic"). It must choose an action by making a probabilistic guess and then reassess the situation to see if the action worked. In some problems, the agent's preferences may be uncertain, especially if there are other agents or humans involved. These can be learned (e.g., with inverse reinforcement learning ), or
5610-529: The agent to operate with incomplete or uncertain information. AI researchers have devised a number of tools to solve these problems using methods from probability theory and economics. Precise mathematical tools have been developed that analyze how an agent can make choices and plan, using decision theory , decision analysis , and information value theory . These tools include models such as Markov decision processes , dynamic decision networks , game theory and mechanism design . Bayesian networks are
5712-609: The alien Kes on the television series Star Trek: Voyager . Lien was born on August 24, 1974, in Illinois, the youngest of three children, and joined the Illinois Theatre Center at the age of 13. In a 1992 interview, she said: "My childhood was wild because I was very uncomfortable living where I lived (the South Side of Chicago). It was very industrial—if you didn't fit in, you got your ass kicked. I
5814-538: The aliens, the Doctor determines Kes had a false alarm and would be able to conceive in the future. Neelix grows more paranoid regarding Voyager ' s helmsman Tom Paris and his interest in Kes, such as in " Twisted "; the two resolve this tension in " Parturition " during an away mission. When Voyager discovers an Ocampa colony in " Cold Fire ", its leader Tanis teaches Kes psychokinesis . Prior to this, Security Chief Tuvok had been training Kes. She uses her abilities in earlier episodes, including having visions of
5916-418: The character Valerie Fox in the pilot episode of The Critic . Richard Lutz wrote, "The medical personnel in Star Trek best embody the humane values embedded in this franchise; the most notable of which is Kes, thanks in large part to Jennifer Lien whose remarkable performance brought to life a beautiful child-like being (Ocampa) whose short lifespan and humanity reminds us that the most important element in
6018-455: The character get a proper farewell. Lien last appears as a full-time cast member in " The Gift ". It was intended to be the fifth episode of the fourth season, but was moved to the second after a decision was made to remove Lien earlier than planned. She had a final appearance in the season six episode, " Fury ". Berman asked her to come back before a story was completed. Lien discussed the script with Fuller and Michael Taylor to ensure that Kes
6120-559: The characters rarely interacted. Marooned , published in the same year, focuses on Kes being kidnapped by a space pirate ; the author Christie Golden said that she wanted to explore how Kes would appear to an alien with a lifespan of thousands of years. Kes appears in stories published after Voyager ended. She goes back in time to help create an Ocampa and Nacene hybrid in the String Theory trilogy (2005–2006) by Jeffrey Lang, Kirsten Beyer , and Heather Jarman. The book describes
6222-648: The common sense knowledge problem ). Margaret Masterman believed that it was meaning and not grammar that was the key to understanding languages, and that thesauri and not dictionaries should be the basis of computational language structure. Modern deep learning techniques for NLP include word embedding (representing words, typically as vectors encoding their meaning), transformers (a deep learning architecture using an attention mechanism), and others. In 2019, generative pre-trained transformer (or "GPT") language models began to generate coherent text, and by 2023, these models were able to get human-level scores on
SECTION 60
#17327721327006324-636: The crew of the USS Voyager starship. Inspired by the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode " The Child ", Berman, Piller, and Taylor wanted to feature a rapidly-aging character to encourage viewers to reflect on time. Early in production, they nicknamed Kes the Mayfly to reference her short life span. She was set to age a year at the midpoint of each season to emphasize this rapid age progression. In initial descriptions, Kes
6426-405: The decision to remove Kes during Voyager ' s fourth season, preferring the addition of Seven of Nine . The Akron Beacon Journal 's R.D. Heldenfels described it as a "reasonable trade", viewing Kes as "wan and increasingly dull". Pritchard thought Seven of Nine was more complex compared to Kes. Other reviewers disliked this change, as they enjoyed the character. Patrizio was critical of
6528-472: The destruction of his vessel. Stranded in the Delta Quadrant , she agrees to have Kes and Neelix remain on Voyager . Aboard Voyager , Kes starts an aeroponics garden to provide produce to the crew. While working as a medical assistant for the Doctor , an artificial intelligence projected as a hologram , she encourages him to develop his social skills and the crew to recognize him as more than
6630-446: The dominant partner keeping Neelix out of trouble. Kes and Neelix are shown sleeping in separate bedrooms, and their sex lives are left vague. Taylor said this was done to avoid potentially offending viewers, particularly families with young children and those against cohabitation . Taylor and Berman also worried that Kes was too young to show in a sexual relationship. In retrospect, writers and producers felt Kes and Neelix never worked as
6732-440: The intelligence of existing computer agents. Moderate successes related to affective computing include textual sentiment analysis and, more recently, multimodal sentiment analysis , wherein AI classifies the affects displayed by a videotaped subject. A machine with artificial general intelligence should be able to solve a wide variety of problems with breadth and versatility similar to human intelligence . AI research uses
6834-537: The late 1980s and 1990s, methods were developed for dealing with uncertain or incomplete information, employing concepts from probability and economics . Many of these algorithms are insufficient for solving large reasoning problems because they experience a "combinatorial explosion": They become exponentially slower as the problems grow. Even humans rarely use the step-by-step deduction that early AI research could model. They solve most of their problems using fast, intuitive judgments. Accurate and efficient reasoning
6936-457: The most difficult problems in knowledge representation are the breadth of commonsense knowledge (the set of atomic facts that the average person knows is enormous); and the sub-symbolic form of most commonsense knowledge (much of what people know is not represented as "facts" or "statements" that they could express verbally). There is also the difficulty of knowledge acquisition , the problem of obtaining knowledge for AI applications. An "agent"
7038-467: The most popular from the show on a Usenet newsgroup listing. The Virginian-Pilot ' s Larry Bonko felt that she "gave the series heart". Other critics had negative reviews for Kes, finding her to be boring and without a clear direction. Rob Owen , writing for the Albany Times Union , felt she was "reduced to a subservient Nurse Chapel role" early in the series. Henry Mietkiewicz of
7140-405: The other hand. Classifiers are functions that use pattern matching to determine the closest match. They can be fine-tuned based on chosen examples using supervised learning . Each pattern (also called an " observation ") is labeled with a certain predefined class. All the observations combined with their class labels are known as a data set . When a new observation is received, that observation
7242-480: The part of the valedictorian on the track "The Buffoon And The Valedictorian", as well as one of the daughters on the track "Oh, mom..." In 1994, Lien was cast as Kes on Star Trek: Voyager . Her character was an Ocampa, a species in the Star Trek universe that lives for only eight to nine years, who joins the starship's crew after it is stranded 70,000 light-years from Earth. In the same year, Lien voiced
7344-404: The people from AW . They liked me, asked me to come to New York, so here I am! Lien's first television appearance was in a bubble gum commercial playing twins. Her first appearance on a television series was as a music academy student in a 1990 episode of Brewster Place , starring Oprah Winfrey . The same year she provided her voice for the dubbed English language version of Baby Blood ,
7446-498: The pilot episode (" Caretaker ") with further exploration of her power planned for later episodes. Early in Voyager ' s development, it was undetermined if Kes would be female, male, or androgynous . "Caretaker" director Winrich Kolbe wanted an actress who "could be fragile but with a steely will underneath". Jennifer Lien was an "early selection" for the role; Taylor said that she had "this wonderful elfin quality" and projected vulnerability and strength in her audition. Lien
7548-509: The planet Illari, possesses Kes and uses her abilities to stage a coup on the new leader. Under his influence, Kes breaks up with Neelix. Although Voyager frees Kes from Tieran's control and kills him, the experience traumatizes her. In " Darkling ", Kes is attracted to Zahir, a member of an alien species of explorers, and considers temporarily joining his journey. The Doctor injures Zahir and kidnaps Kes after developing an evil alter ego while grafting new personalities into his program. After
7650-403: The poem's characters— Calypso and Circe —as her powers both endanger the ship and aid in its homeward journey. Tembo wrote that Kes and Circe both have the "attractive and equally dangerous aspects of Aeaea and Ocampan power are under the absolute control of a female authority". Jennifer Lien Jennifer Anne Lien (born August 24, 1974) is an American former actress known for playing
7752-525: The point that she can no longer stay aboard Voyager as they threaten to destroy the ship. Leaving on a shuttlecraft , she hurls Voyager and its crew safely beyond Borg space, roughly 10,000 light-years closer to Earth, before turning into living energy. In " Fury ", Kes is unable to control her evolving mental abilities and fears that she would not be accepted by other Ocampa. She blames these changes on Janeway for allowing her to join Voyager . Breaking into Voyager , she travels back in time to negotiate with
7854-411: The probability that a particular action will change the state in a particular way and a reward function that supplies the utility of each state and the cost of each action. A policy associates a decision with each possible state. The policy could be calculated (e.g., by iteration ), be heuristic , or it can be learned. Game theory describes the rational behavior of multiple interacting agents and
7956-481: The prosthetic simple to facilitate working on 30 Ocampa characters for the pilot episode. Lien said the ear prosthetics impaired her hearing, and she developed an allergic response to them as the series progressed. Starting with the episode " Before and After ", Lien no longer wore the prosthetics and used her longer hair to cover her ears and hide this change; around this point, her costumes also transitioned to tighter jumpsuits . In Voyager ' s series bible , Kes
8058-479: The season six episode " Fury ", which some media outlets called one of the worst moments in the Star Trek franchise. Academics have analyzed Kes's representation of femininity, her relationship with Captain Kathryn Janeway , and her mental abilities. Introduced in Star Trek: Voyager ' s pilot episode " Caretaker ", Kes is an Ocampa—a telepathic alien species with latent psychic abilities and
8160-527: The ship. She reappears in a season six episode and features in Star Trek: Voyager novels and short stories . Voyager ' s creators Rick Berman , Michael Piller , and Jeri Taylor designed Kes to be a rapidly-aging character who would provide audiences with a different perspective on time. Although Kes is portrayed as fragile and innocent, she is also shown as having hidden strength and maturity. Voyager ' s producers reluctantly fired Lien after her personal issues affected her reliability on set. At
8262-483: The show or that the shooting schedule was affecting her. The cast and crew did not publicly disclose the reason for Lien's firing. At the time, it was believed Lien was removed to make room for Jeri Ryan as Seven of Nine, but these casting choices were unrelated. Paramount reported that Lien wanted to act in other projects, and Taylor said Kes "did not work out as well as we wanted". In 2004, writer Kenneth Biller talked about his disappointment about Kes's removal: I
8364-471: The technology . The general problem of simulating (or creating) intelligence has been broken into subproblems. These consist of particular traits or capabilities that researchers expect an intelligent system to display. The traits described below have received the most attention and cover the scope of AI research. Early researchers developed algorithms that imitated step-by-step reasoning that humans use when they solve puzzles or make logical deductions . By
8466-408: The time, this was not openly discussed and her departure was attributed to other reasons; these ranged from Lien voluntarily leaving to pursue other roles to her being removed to make room for Jeri Ryan 's introduction as Seven of Nine . Kes was a fan favorite character while Voyager was airing, although critics reacted more negatively, finding the character boring and without a clear purpose. Lien
8568-451: The training data with the expected answers, and comes in two main varieties: classification (where the program must learn to predict what category the input belongs in) and regression (where the program must deduce a numeric function based on numeric input). In reinforcement learning , the agent is rewarded for good responses and punished for bad ones. The agent learns to choose responses that are classified as "good". Transfer learning
8670-487: The typical roles for young women. Taylor defined the character through her curiosity as demonstrated by how she challenges the Ocampa's beliefs and explores her mental abilities. Author Paul Ruditis wrote that Kes has a "fragile power" and balances a "child-like wonder" with a "maturity of someone well into adulthood". Kes and Neelix were created as an alien couple who would learn about humanity together. They are portrayed as an unlikely pair in age and appearance, with Kes as
8772-420: The use of particular tools. The traditional goals of AI research include reasoning , knowledge representation , planning , learning , natural language processing , perception, and support for robotics . General intelligence —the ability to complete any task performable by a human on an at least equal level—is among the field's long-term goals. To reach these goals, AI researchers have adapted and integrated
8874-547: The wild girlfriend of Matthew Lillard 's character. She also voiced Agent "L" for the first three seasons of Men in Black: The Animated Series (1997–1999) and the first seven episodes of the 2000 season. Lien has attended science fiction conventions in relation to her role as Kes when she was working on Voyager and after her film career ended. In a 1995 interview, she said about these conventions: The conventions are something within themselves,
8976-426: The wonderful experience I've been having on Voyager . The feedback is just so positive. The fans seem to really like the show, and that's good. If they have any negative feedback, they give it to me, too, which is fine. They're usually pretty respectful, and they come up with things that are very interesting—positive and negative – and I get sucked into it. Lien is married to writer and filmmaker Phil Hwang; their son
9078-399: The writers developing new ideas for Seven of Nine after struggling with Kes for three seasons. He preferred Lien's acting and Kes as a character over Ryan as Seven of Nine. Writers Duncan Barrett and Michele Barrett cited Lien's removal as an example of Star Trek having "a serious historical problem with the treatment of its female performers", explaining that a male lead was never taken off
9180-487: The writing for Kes, the character was still portrayed with authority through her hydroponics garden and her medical and psychic training and is shown as reaching self-actualization . Scholars had varying interpretations of Kes's relationship with Janeway. Cultural studies lecturer Debra Bonita Shaw argued that although Janeway accepts characters like Kes into her crew, she treats them as subordinates who must aid in Voyager ' s return home. Lee considered Janeway more of
9282-430: Was "handled with great care". Her primary request was for the character to be dramatically different than how she left. In a 2010 interview, Lien said she preferred "The Gift" as her final episode; she disliked her performance in "Fury", explaining that she had not acted for an extended period and struggled with playing such a different version of Kes. While Voyager was airing, Kes was a fan favorite character, ranking as
9384-493: Was a little bit regretful when Kes left the show, because I thought she was an interesting character to write for—from a science fiction standpoint—because she had certain... she had telepathic abilities, she had this very compressed lifespan, she had things about her character that often lent themselves to interesting storytelling [....] We lost something in losing the Kes character. UPN executives wanted Kes cut from Voyager off-screen without explanation, but Taylor insisted that
9486-545: Was always writing plays or watching movies or reading books, and when I was in seventh grade, I joined the drama club and found that I could fit right in, I could relax, I could do anything I wanted. I began to think I could make a difference, I could make people happy. I felt like I made the world just a little better for a while. Then, on the advice of an eighth grade teacher, I went to acting class, and then got an agent. I did industrial films and some theatre. Soon, casting directors started hiring me and then I got an interview with
9588-1404: Was arrested and charged with a variety of offenses; several of these charges were later dropped. The court eventually ordered her to undergo mental health treatment. Artificial intelligence Artificial intelligence ( AI ), in its broadest sense, is intelligence exhibited by machines , particularly computer systems . It is a field of research in computer science that develops and studies methods and software that enable machines to perceive their environment and use learning and intelligence to take actions that maximize their chances of achieving defined goals. Such machines may be called AIs. Some high-profile applications of AI include advanced web search engines (e.g., Google Search ); recommendation systems (used by YouTube , Amazon , and Netflix ); interacting via human speech (e.g., Google Assistant , Siri , and Alexa ); autonomous vehicles (e.g., Waymo ); generative and creative tools (e.g., ChatGPT , and AI art ); and superhuman play and analysis in strategy games (e.g., chess and Go ). However, many AI applications are not perceived as AI: "A lot of cutting edge AI has filtered into general applications, often without being called AI because once something becomes useful enough and common enough it's not labeled AI anymore ." The various subfields of AI research are centered around particular goals and
9690-606: Was born on September 5, 2002. Upon his birth, Lien retired from acting and voice-over work but was credited as executive producer on her husband's 2008 film Geek Mythology . In August 2010, Lien said she intended to work as a nutritionist after completing her studies. In a 2000 interview, Lien said that she liked every kind of music, and that she played the trombone, which she started in high school. She said she supported charities helping people with AIDS and had worked with Camp 40, of which she said: "I want to be doing what I can for people who need it." Between 2015 and 2018, Lien
9792-460: Was characterized as a potential scout and expert on gangs , but was later changed to be a medical intern, while Neelix assumed a similar role as a guide. When Berman, Piller, and Taylor wrote Kes with psychic powers, production assistant Zayra Cabot hired a paranormal -focused consulting firm , Joan Pearce Research Associates. Joan Pearce created a list of psi abilities , which was used to decide that Kes would be shown with limited telepathy in
9894-410: Was for a pastel-colored costume inspired by a sprite ; producers rejected it, instead suggesting a costume similar to Peter Pan 's. The final look was partially modeled on Joan of Arc . Kes's wardrobe primarily consisted of tunics , and Lien wore a short blonde wig. Lien tested combinations of wigs and prosthetics, which cinematographer Marvin V. Rush filmed for Berman's final approval. Westmore kept
9996-524: Was growing up, like in the backyard. But when I showed up at the audition, I was faced with these Goliath-like, testosterone women who could really play. I did survive the two days of training and auditions, but I basically pulled every muscle in my body!". In 1993, Lien was cast as Roanne in Phenom , a sitcom starring Judith Light . She also participated in the recording of Adam Sandler 's comedy album They're All Gonna Laugh at You! in which she played
10098-466: Was just my own person, and I adopted this really tough skin because I had to if I wanted to survive. A lot of my friends were into drugs, and I saw a lot of them die." In a 1993 interview, she said: When I was a little kid in Chicago, I always used to pretend I was somebody else. I wrote little plays, I was a tomboy , I hung out with the guys a lot. I never had much interest in hanging out with girls. I
10200-402: Was praised for her performance, which was highlighted in reviews of individual episodes. Kes's age was the subject of critical discussion, questioning if she was too young to be dating Neelix. Lien's removal from Voyager received mixed reviews from critics; some preferred the addition of Seven of Nine while others were disappointed by this casting change. Reviewers and fans disliked her return in
10302-723: Was shown in their protection of each other, like Janeway saving her in " Sacred Ground " and " Fury ", and Kes sending Voyager ' s crew past Borg space in " The Gift ". Kaufman wrote that Kes's decision to leave Voyager used similar language to a lesbian coming out ; he paralleled her desire to explore her powers without endangering Voyager with a lesbian not wanting to cause trouble for her family of origin . Scholars focused on how Kes's powers contributed to her character development. Lee wrote that Voyager focuses Kes's character arc on her mental abilities rather than her physical development; he explained that "Kes's girl power rested in her brains, not her bared skin". Aviva Dove Viebahn,
10404-474: Was unfamiliar with the Star Trek franchise, and at the age of nineteen, she was the youngest actor on the show. Jennifer Gatti had also been considered for the role, and would later guest star in the episode " Non Sequitur ". For the pilot, Robert Blackman designed Kes's wardrobe and Michael Westmore created her prosthetic ears. Blackman had difficulty dressing Lien as Voyager ' s producers were unclear on her character's direction. His initial design
#699300