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50-491: (Redirected from Occam ) Occam or Ockham may refer to: People [ edit ] William of Ockham (c. 1287–1347), English friar, philosopher and theologian Ockham's Razor , named after him Byron King-Noel, Viscount Ockham (1836–1862), British peer Peter King, 1st Baron King of Ockham (1669–1734), English lawyer, politician, Lord Chancellor of England Places [ edit ] Ockham, Surrey , England,

100-422: A donkey and a man at the same time. He was criticized for this belief by his fellow theologians and philosophers. One important contribution that he made to modern science and modern intellectual culture was efficient reasoning with the principle of parsimony in explanation and theory building that came to be known as Occam's razor . This maxim, as interpreted by Bertrand Russell , states that if one can explain

150-532: A great deal on natural philosophy , including a long commentary on Aristotle's Physics . According to the principle of ontological parsimony, he holds that we do not need to allow entities in all ten of Aristotle's categories; we thus do not need the category of quantity, as the mathematical entities are not "real". Mathematics must be applied to other categories, such as the categories of substance or qualities, thus anticipating modern scientific renaissance while violating Aristotelian prohibition of metabasis . In

200-466: A method for the manufacture of populated, printed circuit boards Ockham algebra , bounded distributive lattice with a dual endomorphism Ockham Awards , annual awards by The Skeptic magazine Ockham New Zealand Book Awards , a series of awards to works of New Zealand citizens Ockham's Razor Theatre Company , an aerial theatre company Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

250-435: A phenomenon without assuming this or that hypothetical entity, there is no ground for assuming it, i.e. that one should always opt for an explanation in terms of the fewest possible causes, factors, or variables. He turned this into a concern for ontological parsimony; the principle says that one should not multiply entities beyond necessity— Entia non sunt multiplicanda sine necessitate —although this well-known formulation of

300-411: A pioneer of nominalism , and some consider him the father of modern epistemology , because of his strongly argued position that only individuals exist, rather than supra-individual universals , essences, or forms, and that universals are the products of abstraction from individuals by the human mind and have no extra-mental existence. He denied the real existence of metaphysical universals and advocated

350-623: A possible influence on several late medieval literary figures and works, especially Geoffrey Chaucer , but also Jean Molinet , the Gawain poet, François Rabelais , John Skelton , Julian of Norwich , the York and Townely Plays, and Renaissance romances. Only in very few of these cases is it possible to demonstrate direct links to William of Ockham or his texts. Correspondences between Ockhamist and Nominalist philosophy/theology and literary texts from medieval to postmodern times have been discussed within

400-441: A reality existing in the world outside us, but an internal representation which is a product of the understanding itself and which "supposes" in the mind the things to which the mind attributes it; that is, it holds, for the time being, the place of the things which it represents. It is the term of the reflective act of the mind. Hence the universal is not a mere word, as Roscelin taught, nor a sermo , as Peter Abelard held, namely

450-535: A village believed to be the birthplace of William of Ockham Ockham Park , seventeenth century English country house in Ockham, Surrey Other [ edit ] HMS Ockham (M2714) , one of 93 ships of the Ham-class of inshore minesweepers occam (programming language) , also named after William of Ockham OCCAM as acronym [ edit ] Observatory for Cultural and Audiovisual Communication in

500-400: A world and establish a way of salvation within it apart from any necessary laws that human logic or rationality can uncover." He believed that science was a matter of discovery and saw God as the only ontological necessity. His importance is as a theologian with a strongly developed interest in logical method, and whose approach was critical rather than system building. William of Ockham was

550-589: Is also a memorial to those who gave their lives in the Great War and World War II . This small linear settlement is a hamlet to the east of the village, near Downside and Cobham. It has the village's only pub; The Black Swan . Ockham has cricket and football clubs that play at weekends at Hautboy Meadows on Ockham Lane. The cricket club has two teams in the Surrey Downs League and a Sunday friendly (matches) only side. The football club are in

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600-524: Is dated 1862 and is a Grade II listed building. It is of four storeys red stock brick with decorative brick and tile bands over each floor. Providing unusual quirkiness, it has brick-dentilled eaves over its third 3 first floor and one of its windows is considered "Lovelace style", i.e. with deeply inlaid recess as in the East Horsley walls of the memorials to the Earl of Lovelace . Ockham Common, to

650-646: Is generally believed that these charges were levied by Oxford chancellor John Lutterell . The Franciscan Minister General , Michael of Cesena , had been summoned to Avignon, to answer charges of heresy. A theological commission had been asked to review his Commentary on the Sentences , and it was during this that William of Ockham found himself involved in a different debate. Michael of Cesena had asked William to review arguments surrounding Apostolic poverty . The Franciscans believed that Jesus and his apostles owned no property either individually or in common, and

700-408: Is the birthplace of William of Ockham , the famous medieval philosopher and the proponent of Occam's razor . Byron's daughter, Ada Lovelace , lived briefly at Ockham Park before settling at Horsley Towers , which her husband the 1st Earl of Lovelace built in the village of East Horsley . His forefather Sir Peter King bought the manor using an Act of Parliament to cement the deal from

750-713: Is valid according to Prior Analytics . William of Ockham denied papal infallibility and often went into conflict with the pope. As a result, some theologians have viewed him as a proto-Protestant . However, despite his conflicts with the papacy he did not renounce the Roman Catholic Church . Ockham also held that councils of the Church were fallible, he held that any individual could err on matters of faith, and councils being composed of multiple fallible individuals could err. He thus foreshadowed some elements of Luther's view of sola scriptura . Ockham taught

800-584: The Opera Philosophica contains the doubtful and spurious works. The political works, all but the Dialogus , have been edited in H. S. Offler , et al., eds. Guilelmi de Ockham Opera Politica , 4 vols., 1940–1997, Manchester: Manchester University Press [vols. 1–3]; Oxford: Oxford University Press [vol. 4]. Abbreviations: OT = Opera Theologica vol. 1–10; OP = Opera Philosophica vol. 1–7. William of Occam served as an inspiration for

850-530: The A3 but the lands extend to the River Wey in the west where it has a large mill-house. Ockham is between Cobham (near Leatherhead ) and East Horsley (near Guildford ). Ockham has been occupied since at least the middle bronze age (c.1500-1100 BC), evidenced by the so-called ' Ockham Hoard '. a collection of bronze-age objects discovered in 2013 during building works at the former Hautboy Inn , as well as

900-661: The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 . After reaching Liverpool in 1850, following an arduous journey starting with a flight to freedom from Macon, Georgia , African-American slaves Ellen and William Craft were given a home by a parishioner in Ockham in 1851. They attended the Ockham School, and paid for their education by working as teachers: William giving instruction in carpentry, and Ellen in sewing. In 1852 their first child, Charles Estlin Phillips Craft,

950-737: The London Clay . Part of the Wey Valley in the west of the parish and the banks of a stream which joins it from the east are particularly formed from alluvium . The tall, narrow Octagonal, inhabitable tower dates to the early 19th century when the Napoleonic Wars were raging. One of the largest formerly industrial millhouses on the Wey , comparable to the converted mills in Old Woking and that of Stoke Mill, Guildford , Ockham mill

1000-607: The Rule of Saint Francis commanded members of the order to follow this practice. This brought them into conflict with Pope John XXII . Because of the pope's attack on the Rule of Saint Francis, William of Ockham, Michael of Cesena and other leading Franciscans fled Avignon on 26 May 1328, and eventually took refuge in the court of the Holy Roman Emperor Louis IV of Bavaria , who was also engaged in dispute with

1050-478: The VC10 . Although the airfield is disused, the aviation connection remains: it is the location of OCK, a VOR navigational beacon which is the holding facility for south westerly arrivals into London Heathrow Airport . Ockham has a small church, All Saints' . It is a Grade I listed building . The foundations were laid in the 12th century, and part of the nave was built then. The chancel and north aisle date from

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1100-498: The principle of sufficient reason , rejects the distinction between essence and existence, and opposes the Thomistic doctrine of active and passive intellect. His scepticism to which his ontological parsimony request leads appears in his doctrine that human reason can prove neither the immortality of the soul; nor the existence, unity, and infinity of God. These truths, he teaches, are known to us by revelation alone. William wrote

1150-493: The separation of church and state , believing that the pope and emperor should be separate. Ockham advocated for voluntary poverty. Ockham opposed Pope John XXII on the question of the Beatific Vision. John had proposed that the souls of Christians did not instantly get to enjoy the vision of God, rather such vision would be postponed until the last judgement. William of Ockham and his works have been discussed as

1200-603: The 13th century, the south nave wall from the 14th century, and the tower and north aisle wall from the 15th century. In 1735, the King Chapel was added to the church as north wing. Intended as a chapel over the family vault of the Lords King and their descendants, the Earls of Lovelace , it features several church monuments . All Saints' Church building was restored and enlarged in 1874-75 by Thomas Graham Jackson . There

1250-476: The 19th and 20th centuries. His contributions to semantics , especially to the maturing theory of supposition , are still studied by logicians. William of Ockham was probably the first logician to treat empty terms in Aristotelian syllogistic effectively; he devised an empty term semantics that exactly fit the syllogistic. Specifically, an argument is valid according to William's semantics if and only if it

1300-517: The Church authorities. In 1324, his commentary was condemned as unorthodox and he was ordered to Avignon , France, to defend himself before the papal court. An alternative understanding, recently proposed by George Knysh, suggests that he was initially appointed in Avignon as a professor of philosophy in the Franciscan school, and that his disciplinary difficulties did not begin until 1327. It

1350-484: The Franciscans avoided both private and common ownership by using commodities, including food and clothes, without any rights, with mere usus facti , the ownership still belonging to the donor of the item or to the pope. Their opponents such as Pope John XXII wrote that use without any ownership cannot be justified: "It is impossible that an external deed could be just if the person has no right to do it." Thus

1400-580: The Guildford & Woking Alliance. Ockham was also the headquarters for the Tyrrell Formula One racing team, until its sale to British American Racing in 1997 and subsequent move to Brackley , Northamptonshire . The average level of accommodation in the region composed of detached houses was 28%, the average that was apartments was 22.6%. The proportion of households in the civil parish who owned their home outright compares to

1450-680: The Mediterranean , established in 1996 by UNESCO in Milan Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine , an office of the National Cancer Institute Oxford Centre for Collaborative Applied Mathematics , a research centre at the University of Oxford See also [ edit ] Oakham (disambiguation) Occam learning , model of algorithmic learning Occam process ,

1500-399: The areas of predestination, penance, his understanding of universals, his formal distinction ex parte rei (that is, "as applied to created things"), and his view of parsimony which became known as Occam's razor . William of Ockham espoused fideism , stating that "only faith gives us access to theological truths. The ways of God are not open to reason, for God has freely chosen to create

1550-536: The creation of William of Baskerville , the main character of Umberto Eco 's novel The Name of the Rose , and is the main character of La Abadía del Crimen ( The Abbey of Crime ), a video game based upon said novel. Ockham, Surrey Ockham ( / ˈ ɒ k əm / OK -əm ) is a rural and semi-rural village in the borough of Guildford in Surrey , England. The village starts immediately east of

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1600-425: The disputes on the heresy of Franciscans led William of Ockham and others to formulate some fundamentals of economic theory and the theory of ownership. In logic , William of Ockham wrote down in words the formulae that would later be called De Morgan's laws , and he pondered ternary logic , that is, a logical system with three truth values ; a concept that would be taken up again in the mathematical logic of

1650-654: The existence of a, relatively uncommon, bell barrow on Cockcrow Hill. Ockham appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as Bocheham . Held by Richard Fitz Gilbert , its domesday assets were: 1½ hides , 1 church, 2 fisheries worth 10 d , 3 ploughs , 2 acres (0.81 ha) of meadow , woodland worth 60 hogs . It rendered £10 per year to its overlords . Through the Middle Ages in the many records nationally (such as Assize Rolls and feet of fines ), Ockham features no high nobles among its owners. However it

1700-593: The leader of the small band of Franciscan dissidents living in exile with Louis IV. William of Ockham died (prior to the outbreak of the plague) on 9 April 1347. In scholasticism , William of Ockham advocated reform in both method and content, the aim of which was simplification. William incorporated much of the work of some previous theologians, especially Duns Scotus . From Duns Scotus, William of Ockham derived his view of divine omnipotence, his view of grace and justification, much of his epistemology and ethical convictions. However, he also reacted to and against Scotus in

1750-573: The long-standing lords of the manor the Weston family of Albury, Send in Surrey, and of Sussex, who had acquired the manor from distant cousins who since their late Tudor period forebear, Francis Weston , owned it along with Sutton Place, Surrey in the extreme south of the parish of Woking . An act of charity in the village assisted one family in the ' Underground Railroad ' in the US that resulted from

1800-494: The north-east of the village, is the site of the disused Wisley Airfield , which has a paved 2 km (1.2 mi) runway (RWY 10/28). As late as 1972, this airfield was in service as a satellite fit-out and flight test centre for Vickers and latterly the British Aircraft Corporation , linked to their main factory and airfield at nearby Brooklands , Weybridge, capable of taking aircraft as large as

1850-429: The object from the existence predicate. Interpreters are, as yet, undecided about the roles of these two types of cognitive activities. William of Ockham is also increasingly being recognized as an important contributor to the development of Western constitutional ideas, especially those of government with limited responsibility. He was one of the first medieval authors to advocate a form of church/state separation, and

1900-585: The papacy, and became William's patron. After studying the works of John XXII and previous papal statements, William agreed with the Minister General. In return for protection and patronage William wrote treatises that argued for Emperor Louis to have supreme control over church and state in the Holy Roman Empire. "On June 6, 1328, William was officially excommunicated for leaving Avignon without permission", and William argued that John XXII

1950-609: The pope and churchmen have no right or grounds at all for secular rule like having property, citing 2 Timothy 2:4. That belongs solely to earthly rulers, who may also accuse the pope of crimes, if need be. After the Fall he believed God had given humanity, including non-Christians, two powers: private ownership and the right to set their rulers, who should serve the interest of the people, not some special interests. Thus he preceded Thomas Hobbes in formulating social contract theory along with earlier scholars. William of Ockham said that

2000-399: The principle is not to be found in any of William's extant writings. He formulates it as: "For nothing ought to be posited without a reason given, unless it is self-evident (literally, known through itself) or known by experience or proved by the authority of Sacred Scripture." For William of Ockham, the only truly necessary entity is God; everything else is contingent. He thus does not accept

2050-426: The reduction of ontology . William of Ockham is sometimes considered an advocate of conceptualism rather than nominalism, for whereas nominalists held that universals were merely names, i.e. words rather than extant realities, conceptualists held that they were mental concepts , i.e. the names were names of concepts, which do exist, although only in the mind. Therefore, the universal concept has for its object, not

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2100-441: The scholarly paradigm of literary nominalism . Erasmus, in his Praise of Folly , criticized him together with Duns Scotus as fuelling unnecessary controversies inside the Church. The standard edition of the philosophical and theological works is: William of Ockham: Opera philosophica et theologica , Gedeon Gál, et al., eds. 17 vols. St. Bonaventure , New York: The Franciscan Institute, 1967–1988. The seventh volume of

2150-411: The theory of knowledge, William rejected the scholastic theory of species, as unnecessary and not supported by experience, in favour of a theory of abstraction. This was an important development in late medieval epistemology . He also distinguished between intuitive and abstract cognition; intuitive cognition depends on the existence or non-existence of the object, whereas abstractive cognition "abstracts"

2200-499: The title Ockham . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ockham&oldid=1172534134 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Ship disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages William of Ockham William of Ockham

2250-407: The word as used in the sentence, but the mental substitute for real things, and the term of the reflective process. For this reason William has sometimes also been called a " Terminist ", to distinguish him from a nominalist or a conceptualist. William of Ockham was a theological voluntarist who believed that if God had wanted to, he could have become incarnate as a donkey or an ox, or even as both

2300-430: Was a heretic for attacking the doctrine of Apostolic poverty and the Rule of Saint Francis, which had been endorsed by previous popes. William of Ockham's philosophy was never officially condemned as heretical. He spent much of the remainder of his life writing about political issues, including the relative authority and rights of the spiritual and temporal powers. After Michael of Cesena 's death in 1342, William became

2350-409: Was a student formally admitted to the ranks of teachers by the university authorities). During the Middle Ages , theologian Peter Lombard 's Sentences (1150) had become a standard work of theology, and many ambitious theological scholars wrote commentaries on it. William of Ockham was among these scholarly commentators. However, William's commentary was not well received by his colleagues, or by

2400-676: Was born in Ockham, Surrey , in 1287. He received his elementary education in the London House of the Greyfriars . It is believed that he then studied theology at the University of Oxford from 1309 to 1321, but while he completed all the requirements for a master's degree in theology, he was never made a regent master . Because of this he acquired the honorific title Venerabilis Inceptor , or "Venerable Beginner" (an inceptor

2450-494: Was born in Ockham. One year later, they left Ockham and returned to London. In 1871, after returning to Georgia, they started the Woodville Co-Operative Farm School, modelled after the Ockham School. The soil of Ockham Common varies between fertile light clay and humus topsoil to highly acidic, sandy heath . In the north is the high, uneroded Bagshot Sand . The southern part of the parish is on

2500-464: Was important for the early development of the notion of property rights. His political ideas are regarded as "natural" or "secular", holding for a secular absolutism. The views on monarchical accountability espoused in his Dialogus (written between 1332 and 1347) greatly influenced the Conciliar movement . William argued for complete separation of spiritual rule and earthly rule. He thought that

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