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60-445: The American Occupational Therapy Association defines an occupational therapist as someone who "helps people across their lifespan participate in the things they want and/or need to do through the therapeutic use of everyday activities (occupations)". Definitions by other professional occupational therapy organizations are similar. Common interventions include: Occupational therapists are university-educated professionals and must pass

120-416: A "related service" for children with an Individual Education Plan (IEP). Every student who receives special education and related services in the public school system is required by law to have an IEP, which is a very individualized plan designed for each specific student (U.S. Department of Education, 2007). Related services are "developmental, corrective, and other supportive services as are required to assist

180-476: A child with a disability to benefit from special education," and include a variety of professions such as speech–language pathology and audiology services, interpreting services, psychological services, and physical and occupational therapy. As a related service, occupational therapists work with children with varying disabilities to address those skills needed to access the special education program and support academic achievement and social participation throughout

240-453: A client through a sequence of actions called an "occupational therapy process." There are several versions of this process. All practice frameworks include the components of evaluation (or assessment), intervention, and outcomes. This process provides a framework through which occupational therapists assist and contribute to promoting health and ensures structure and consistency among therapists. The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework (OTPF)

300-551: A client's (person's, group's, or population's) health, identity, and sense of competence and have particular meaning and value to that client. Occupations include activities of daily living (ADLs), instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs), education, work, play, leisure, social participation, rest and sleep. According to the 2019 Salary and Workforce Survey by the American Occupational Therapy Association, occupational therapists work in

360-600: A farm colony near Edinburgh and a village settlement near Papworth in England were established, both of which aimed to employ people in appropriate long-term work prior to their return to open employment. In the United States, the health profession of occupational therapy was conceived in the early 1910s as a reflection of the Progressive Era . Early professionals merged highly valued ideals, such as having

420-840: A grassroots base to higher legislation); for example, in 2010 PL 111-148 titled the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act had a habilitation clause that was passed in large part due to AOTA's political efforts. Furthermore, occupational therapy practitioners have been striving personally and professionally toward concepts of occupational justice and other human rights issues that have both local and global impacts. The World Federation of Occupational Therapist's Resource Centre has many position statements on occupational therapy's roles regarding their participation in human rights issues. In 2021, U.S. News & World Report ranked occupational therapy as #19 of their list of '100 Best Jobs'. An occupational therapist works systematically with

480-629: A growing OT intervention referred to as "Sensory Integration Treatment". This therapy, provided by experienced and knowledgeable pediatric occupational therapists, was originally developed by A. Jean Ayres, an occupational therapist. Sensory integration therapy is an evidence-based practice which enables children to better process and integrate sensory input from the child's body and from the environment, thus improving his or her emotional regulation, ability to learn, behavior, and functional participation in meaningful daily activities. Recognition of occupational therapy programs and services for children and youth

540-562: A leader in psychiatry. Phipps agreed to donate $ 1.5 million to start the Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. A man named Adolf Meyer, a prominent professor of psychiatry at Cornell University and the first ever psychobiologist , helped publish A Mind That Found Itself and was one of the best in the field of psychiatry, so Welch recruited Meyer to become the head of

600-589: A licensing exam to practice. Currently, entry level occupational therapists must have a master's degree while certified occupational therapy assistants require a two-year associate degree to practice in the United States. Individuals must pass a national board certification and apply for a state license in most states. Occupational therapists often work closely with professionals in physical therapy , speech–language pathology , audiology , nursing , nutrition , social work , psychology , medicine , and assistive technology . The earliest evidence of using occupations as

660-575: A method of therapy can be found in ancient times. In c. 100 BCE, Greek physician Asclepiades treated patients with a mental illness humanely using therapeutic baths, massage, exercise, and music. Later, the Roman Celsus prescribed music, travel, conversation and exercise to his patients. However, by medieval times the use of these interventions with people with mental illness was rare, if not nonexistent. In late 18th-century Europe, doctors such as Philippe Pinel and Johann Christian Reil reformed

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720-562: A new section of Johns Hopkins Hospital . After a visit to the hospital to check on his other investments in the Phipps Tuberculosis Dispensary, Henry Phipps decided to donate $ 1.5 million to fund psychiatry at Johns Hopkins. William Welch , dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , quickly appointed Adolf Meyer as the director of the clinic, a renowned psychiatrist at the time. Before

780-464: A physician and Isabel Gladwin Newton Barton (1891-1975) the secretary and author. Their wide ranging interests, including moral treatment, pragmatism, habit training, mental hygiene movement, curative occupations and the arts and craft movement, laid the foundations for occupational therapy.   The founders' vision was the 'advancement of occupation as a therapeutic measure; for the study of

840-401: A program investigating the nervous disturbances in dogs by combining a physiological method with a psychiatric problem. By the time Meyer retired, the old procedures such as frontal lobotomy and insulin shocks became outdated and new techniques began to emerge. Under each new director, the clinic maintained the overall philosophy of a behavioral approach to psychiatry while also incorporating

900-519: A strong work ethic and the importance of crafting with one's own hands with scientific and medical principles. American social worker Eleanor Clarke Slagle (1870-1942) is considered to be the "mother" of occupational therapy. Slagle proposed habit training as a primary occupational therapy model of treatment. Based on the philosophy that engagement in meaningful routines shape a person's wellbeing, habit training focused on creating structure and balance between work, rest and leisure. Although habit training

960-543: A total training time of 18 months in 1930 to place the requirements for professional entry on par with those of other professions. By the early 1930s, AOTA had established educational guidelines and accreditation procedures. Margaret Barr Fulton became the first US qualified occupational therapist to work in the United Kingdom in 1925. She qualified at the Philadelphia School in the United States and

1020-424: A variety of settings, including schools, clinics, homes, hospitals, and the community. Evaluation assesses the child's ability to engage in daily, meaningful occupations, the underlying skills (or performance components) which may be physical, cognitive, or emotional in nature, and the fit between the client's skills and the environments and contexts in which the client functions. OT intervention and involves evaluating

1080-474: A wide-variety of practice settings including: hospitals (28.6%), schools (18.8%), long-term care facilities/skilled nursing facilities (14.5%), free-standing outpatient (13.3%), home health (7.3%), academia (6.9%), early intervention (4.4%), mental health (2.2%), community (2.4%), and other (1.6%). According to the AOTA, the most common primary work setting for occupational therapists is in hospitals. Also according to

1140-399: A young person's occupational performance in areas of feeding , playing , socializing which aligns with their neurodiversity, daily living skills, or attending school . In planning treatment, occupational therapists work in collaboration with the children and teens themselves, parents, caregivers, and teachers in order to develop functional goals within a variety of occupations meaningful to

1200-560: Is increasing worldwide. Occupational therapy for both children and adults is now recognized by the United Nations as a human right which is linked to the social determinants of health. As of 2018, there are over 500,000 occupational therapists working worldwide (many of whom work with children) and 778 academic institutions providing occupational therapy instruction. According to the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA) Occupational Therapy Practice Framework , 3rd Edition,

1260-599: Is the actions taken by the therapist to implement a plan and strategy to treat the patient. The Canadian Model of Client Centered Enablement (CMCE) embraces occupational enablement as the core competency of occupational therapy and the Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) as the core process of occupational enablement in Canada. The Canadian Practice Process Framework (CPPF) has eight action points and three contextual element which are: set

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1320-413: Is the core competency of occupational therapy in the United States. The OTPF is divided into two sections: domain and process. The domain includes environment, client factors, such as the individual's motivation, health status, and status of performing occupational tasks. The domain looks at the contextual picture to help the occupational therapist understand how to diagnose and treat the patient. The process

1380-469: The "exactness of meaning which is possessed by scientific terms". Other titles such as "work-cure", "ergo therapy" (ergo being the Greek root for "work"), and "creative occupations" were discussed as substitutes, but ultimately, none possessed the broad meaning that the practice of occupational therapy demanded in order to capture the many forms of treatment that existed from the beginning. NSPOT formally adopted

1440-692: The American Occupational Therapy Association advocated for steady employment, decent wages, and fair working conditions. Via these methods, occupational therapy sought and obtained medical legitimacy in the 1920s. The emergence of occupational therapy challenged the views of mainstream scientific medicine. Instead of focusing purely on the medical model , occupational therapists argued that a complex combination of social, economic, and biological reasons cause dysfunction. Principles and techniques were borrowed from many disciplines—including but not limited to physical therapy , nursing , psychiatry , rehabilitation , self-help , orthopedics , and social work —to enrich

1500-579: The Lifestyle Redesign Program and the REAL Diabetes Program. Occupational therapy interventions for health and wellness vary in each setting: American Occupational Therapy Association The American Occupational Therapy Association ( AOTA ) is the national professional association established in 1917 to represent the interests and concerns of occupational therapy practitioners and students and improve

1560-546: The Occupational Therapy Practice Framework, as it is stated that "the profession's core beliefs are in the positive relationship between occupation and health and its view of people as occupational beings". The ICF is built into the 2nd edition of the practice framework. Activities and participation examples from the ICF overlap Areas of Occupation, Performance Skills, and Performance Patterns in

1620-445: The assistance of NSPOT to recruit and train over 1,200 "reconstruction aides" to help with the rehabilitation of those wounded in the war. Denton's 1918 article "The Principles of Occupational Therapy" appeared in the journal Public Health , and laid the foundation for the textbook he published in 1919 entitled Reconstruction Therapy . Denton struggled with "the cumbersomeness of the term occupational therapy", as he thought it lacked

1680-454: The barriers in achieving overall health, well-being and participation. Occupational therapy practitioners can intervene at primary, secondary and tertiary levels of intervention to promote health and wellness. It can be addressed in all practice settings to prevent disease and injuries, and adapt healthy lifestyle practices for those with chronic diseases. Two of the occupational therapy programs that have emerged targeting health and wellness are

1740-496: The building of fever hospitals. Patients with tuberculosis were recommended to have a regime of prolonged bed rest followed by a gradual increase in exercise. This was a time in which the rising incidence of disability related to industrial accidents , tuberculosis , and mental illness brought about an increasing social awareness of the issues involved. The Arts and Crafts movement that took place between 1860 and 1910 also impacted occupational therapy. The movement emerged against

1800-564: The clinic's mission and expectation to serve the urban and impoverished population surrounding it. Forty-nine percent of its patients were local, a process facilitated by the clinic's outpatient dispensary . Invited by Meyer to join the clinic, William Horsely Gantt came over from Ivan Petrovich Pavlov's laboratory in Leningrad and became the founder and the director of the Pavlovian Laboratory from 1930 to 1964. Gantt initiated

1860-683: The connotations of the ICF categories to occupational therapy terms. The ICF is not an assessment and specialized occupational therapy terminology should not be replaced with ICF terminology. The ICF is an overarching framework for current therapy practices. According to the American Occupational Therapy Association's (AOTA) Occupational Therapy Practice Framework: Domain and Process, 4th Edition (OTPF-4), occupations are defined as "everyday activities that people do as individuals, and families, and with communities to occupy time and bring meaning and purpose to life. Occupations include things people need to, want to and are expected to do". Occupations are central to

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1920-402: The domain of occupational therapy is described as "Achieving health, well-being, and participation in life through engagement in occupation". Occupational therapy practitioners have a distinct value in their ability to utilize daily occupations to achieve optimal health and well-being. By examining an individual's roles, routines, environment, and occupations, occupational therapists can identify

1980-466: The effect of occupation upon the human being; and for the scientific dispensation of this knowledge'. AOTA designated April as Occupational Therapy Month. The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic is a psychiatric school and clinic in Baltimore, Maryland . Proposed in 1908 as the first of its kind in the United States, the clinic opened on April 16, 1913 as

2040-426: The ensuing skyrocketing demand for occupational therapists to treat those injured in the war, the field of occupational therapy underwent dramatic growth and change. Occupational therapists needed to be skilled not only in the use of constructive activities such as crafts, but also increasingly in the use of activities of daily living. The body that is now Occupational Therapy Australia began in 1944. Another textbook

2100-400: The family's goals for the child. It's possible for an OT to serve as the family's service coordinator and facilitate the team process for creating an IFSP for each eligible child. Objectives that an occupational therapist addresses with children and youth may take a variety of forms. Examples are as follows: In the United States, pediatric occupational therapists work in the school setting as

2160-614: The forefront of psychological studies and treatments, but Dr. William Welch of the Johns Hopkins Hospital looked to change that by educating the public through a national campaign against mental ill health. On a routine visit to check on his investments in the Tuberculosis Clinic, philanthropist Henry Phipps asked Dr. William Welch if there were any other departments that needed assistance. A book called A Mind That Found Itself by Clifford Whittingham Beers inspired Welch to request an investment so Johns Hopkins could become

2220-726: The founding of the Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore, Maryland, patients with severe mental disorders often went to Bellevue Hospital in New York City and to the Blockley Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . Because there were only a few locations treating mental disorders, medical students did not have many opportunities to study psychiatry in the United States. Germany was at

2280-463: The framework. The ICF also includes contextual factors (environmental and personal factors) that relate to the framework's context. In addition, body functions and structures classified within the ICF help describe the client factors described in the Occupational Therapy Practice Framework. Further exploration of the relationship between occupational therapy and the components of the ICIDH-2 (revision of

2340-628: The history of the profession in that country. Up until this time, the profession had been concerned primarily with the treatment of people with mental illness. U.S. involvement in the war led to an escalating number of injured and disabled soldiers, which presented a daunting challenge to those in command. The US National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy (NSPOT) was founded in October 1917 by Slagle, Kidner and others including American doctor William Rush Denton . The military enlisted

2400-455: The mental asylum system. Their institutions used rigorous work and leisure activities. This became part of what was known as moral treatment . Although it was thriving in Europe, interest in the reform movement fluctuated in the United States throughout the 19th century. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the establishment of public health measures to control infectious diseases included

2460-478: The monotony and lost autonomy of factory work in the developed world. Arts and crafts were used to promote learning through doing, provided a creative outlet, and served as a way to avoid boredom during long hospital stays. From the late 1870's, Scottish tuberculosis doctor Robert William Philip prescribed graded activity from complete rest through to gentle exercise and eventually to activities such as digging, sawing, carpentry and window cleaning. During this period

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2520-421: The name "occupational therapy" for the field in 1921. There was a struggle to keep people in the profession during the post-war years. Emphasis shifted from the altruistic war-time mentality to the financial, professional, and personal satisfaction that comes with being a therapist. To make the profession more appealing, practice was standardized, as was the curriculum. Entry and exit criteria were established, and

2580-412: The new department. Meyer became the head of the department in 1909 and oversaw the development of both the department and the building that would house the clinic for the next few decades. After several years of construction, the clinic finally opened on April 16, 1913. In between the years 1914–1917, the 1,897 patients admitted reflected a wide range of cultural and economic diversity. This resulted from

2640-625: The original International Classification of Impairments, Disabilities, and Handicaps (ICIDH), which later became the ICF) was conducted by McLaughlin Gray. It is noted in the literature that occupational therapists should use specific occupational therapy vocabulary along with the ICF in order to ensure correct communication about specific concepts. The ICF might lack certain categories to describe what occupational therapists need to communicate to clients and colleagues. It also may not be possible to exactly match

2700-451: The profession through research, education, or clinical practice." The profession also began to assess the potential for the use of trained assistants in the attempt to address the ongoing shortage of qualified therapists, and educational standards for occupational therapy assistants were implemented in 1960. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of ongoing change and growth for the profession as it struggled to incorporate new knowledge and cope with

2760-401: The profession's scope. The 1920s and 1930s were a time of establishing standards of education and laying the foundation of the profession and its organization. Eleanor Clarke Slagle proposed a 12-month course of training in 1922, and these standards were adopted in 1923. In 1928, William Denton published another textbook, Prescribing Occupational Therapy . Educational standards were expanded to

2820-598: The quality of occupational therapy services. AOTA membership is approximately 63,000 occupational therapists , occupational therapy assistants, and students. The National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy was the founding name of the AOTA. Occupational therapy was launched as a new profession at the first meeting of the National Society for the Promotion of Occupational Therapy at Consolation House, Clifton Springs , New York in March 1917. The Society

2880-423: The recent and rapid growth of the profession in the previous decades. New developments in the areas of neurobehavioral research led to new conceptualizations and new treatment approaches, possibly the most groundbreaking being the sensory integrative approach developed by A. Jean Ayres. The profession has continued to grow and expand its scope and settings of practice. Occupational science , the study of occupation,

2940-583: The school day (AOTA, n.d.-b). In doing so, occupational therapists help children fulfill their role as students and prepare them to transition to post-secondary education, career and community integration (AOTA, n.d.-b). Occupational therapists have specific knowledge to increase participation in school routines throughout the day, including: Other settings, such as homes, hospitals, and the community are important environments where occupational therapists work with children and teens to promote their independence in meaningful, daily activities. Outpatient clinics offer

3000-469: The soldiers were sufficiently recovered they would work in a curative workshop and eventually progress to an industrial workshop before being placed in an appropriate work setting. He used occupations (daily activities) as a medium for manual training and helping injured individuals to return to productive duties such as work. The entry of the United States into World War I in April 1917 was a crucial event in

3060-593: The stage, evaluate, agree on objective plan, implement plan, monitor/modify, and evaluate outcome. A central element of this process model is the focus on identifying both client and therapists strengths and resources prior to developing the outcomes and action plan. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) is the World Health Organisation 's framework to measure health and ability by illustrating how these components impact one's function. This relates very closely to

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3120-668: The survey, 46% of occupational therapists work in urban areas, 39% work in suburban areas and the remaining 15% work in rural areas. The Canadian Institute for Health Information (CIHI) found that as of 2020 nearly half (46.1%) of occupational therapists worked in hospitals, 43.2% worked in community health, 3.6% work in long-term care (LTC) and 7.1% work in "other", including government, industry, manufacturing, and commercial settings. The CIHI also found that 68% of occupational therapists in Canada work in urban settings and only 3.7% work in rural settings. Occupational therapists work with infants, toddlers, children, youth, and their families in

3180-407: The young client. Early intervention addresses daily functioning of a child between the ages of birth to three years old. OTs who practice in early intervention support a family's ability to care for their child with special needs and promote his or her function and participation in the most natural environment. Each child is required to have an Individualized Family Service Plan (IFSP) that focuses on

3240-662: Was appointed to the Aberdeen Royal Hospital for mental patients where she worked until her retirement in 1963. US-style OT was introduced into England by Dr Elizabeth Casson who had visited similar establishments in America. (Casson had also earlier worked under the transformative English social reformer Octavia Hill .) In 1929 she established her own residential clinic in Bristol, Dorset House, for "women with mental disorders", and worked as its medical director. It

3300-586: Was appointed vocational secretary of the Canadian Military Hospitals Commission in January 1916. He was given the duty of preparing soldiers returning from World War I to return to their former vocational duties or retrain soldiers no longer able to perform their previous duties. He developed a program that engaged soldiers recovering from wartime injuries or tuberculosis in occupations even while they were still bedridden. Once

3360-431: Was founded by a small group of people from diverse backgrounds. There was George Edward Barton (1871-1923) an architect, William Rush Dunton (1865-1966) a psychiatrist, Eleanor Clarke Slagle (1870-1942) a social worker and occupational therapist, Thomas B Kidner (1866-1932) a vocational educator, Susan Cox Johnson (1875-1932) an arts and crafts teacher, Susan E. Tracy (1864-1928) a nurse, Herbert James Hall (1870-1923)

3420-472: Was founded in 1989 by Elizabeth Yerxa at the University of Southern California as an academic discipline to provide foundational research on occupation to support and advance the practice of occupation-based occupational therapy, as well as offer a basic science to study topics surrounding "occupation". In addition, occupational therapy practitioner's roles have expanded to include political advocacy (from

3480-625: Was here in 1930 that she founded the first school of occupational therapy in the UK. The Scottish Association of Occupational Therapists was founded in 1932. The profession was served in the rest of the UK by the Association of Occupational Therapists from 1936. (The two later merged to form what is today the Royal College of Occupational Therapists in 1974.) With the US entry into World War II and

3540-629: Was initially developed to treat individuals with mental health conditions, its basic tenets are apparent in modern treatment models that are utilized across a wide scope of client populations. In 1912, she became director of a department of occupational therapy at The Henry Phipps Psychiatric Clinic in Baltimore. In 1915, Slagle opened the first occupational therapy training program, the Henry B. Favill School of Occupations, at Hull House in Chicago. British-Canadian teacher and architect Thomas B. Kidner

3600-506: Was published in the United States for occupational therapy in 1947, edited by Helen S. Willard and Clare S. Spackman . The profession continued to grow and redefine itself in the 1950s. In 1954, AOTA created the Eleanor Clarke Slagle Lectureship Award in its namesake's honor. Each year, this award recognizes a member of AOTA "who has creatively contributed to the development of the body of knowledge of

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