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84-514: The vessel was used by Sea Launch for equatorial Pacific Ocean launches. She works in concert with the assembly and control ship Sea Launch Commander . Her home port was at the Port of Long Beach in the United States. In her current form, Odyssey is 436 feet (133 m) long and about 220 feet (67 m) wide, with an empty draft displacement of 30,000 tonnes (29,500 long tons), and

168-542: A Zenit-3SL rocket successfully launched a demonstration satellite to a geostationary transfer orbit . The first commercial launch occurred on 9 October 1999, with the orbiting of the DirecTV 1-R satellite. On 30 January 2007, a Zenit-3SL carrying the NSS-8 satellite exploded aboard Odyssey at liftoff due to a turbopump malfunction. There were no injuries, as the ship had been evacuated for launch operations. Damage to

252-402: A 12,450 hp (9,280 kW) propulsion system. The rig's structure was designed to simultaneously withstand 100-knot (190 km/h) winds, 110-foot (34 m) waves, and a 3-knot (5.6 km/h) current. The derrick was fully enclosed with a heated drill floor permitting operations down to −35 °C (−31 °F). The rig had other advanced extreme-condition features as well. For example,

336-603: A focal point of transports of all industries on the Karelian Isthmus , Ladoga Karelia and southeastern Finland. Trams in Vyborg started in 1912. The Bolshevik revolutionary Vladimir Lenin lived in the town for a period between the February Revolution and October Revolution of 1917. In June 1917, Viipuri hosted a convention of ethnic Polish military men stationed throughout Finland, at which it

420-540: A mobile maritime launch platform for equatorial launches of commercial payloads on specialized Zenit-3SL rockets from a former mobile/floating oil drilling rig renamed Odyssey . By 2014, it had assembled and launched thirty-two rockets, with an additional three failures and one partial failure. All commercial payloads were communications satellites intended for geostationary transfer orbit with such customers as EchoStar , DirecTV , XM Satellite Radio , PanAmSat , and Thuraya . The approach Sea Launch LLC used

504-468: A period of five years. Per the results of the elections on 11 October 2009, all 20 seats were occupied by members of the United Russia party. The Council of Deputies is headed by the head of the municipality, who is elected by deputies from among its members, also for a period of five years. On 20 October 2009, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov was elected as head of the municipality. Since September 2014,

588-475: A prospect in the North Sea . The ultimate direct cause of the incident was a failure of the subsea wellhead equipment after a prolonged period of well control. During the resulting fire the radio operator, Timothy Williams, was killed. He had been ordered from the lifeboats and back to the radio room by the rig's manager, who failed to countermand the order when the rig was evacuated. Survivors were picked up by

672-581: A reference point in the history of modern architecture. There are also Russian fortifications of Annenkrone , completed by 1740, as well as the monuments to Peter the Great (1910) and Torkel Knutsson . Tourists can also visit the house where the founder of the Soviet state Vladimir Lenin prepared the Bolshevik revolution during his stay in Vyborg from 24 September to 7 October 1917. The main street in Vyborg

756-420: A submerged draft displacement of 50,600 tonnes (49,800 long tons). The vessel has accommodations for 68 crew and launch system personnel, including living, dining, medical and recreation facilities. A large environmentally-controlled hangar stores the rocket during transit, from which the rocket is rolled out and erected prior to fueling and launch. In September 2016 the platform along with other Sea Launch assets

840-549: A total of 19,986 inhabitants in the rural areas of Vyborg and in Uura, which was located outside the borders of Vyborg but was included in the census, and so the total population of the census area was 72,239. Of the total inhabitants in the census area, 67,609 spoke Finnish, 2,103 Swedish, 1,807 Russian and 439 German. In 1939, the population was slightly less than 75,000 and was Finland's second-largest (Population Register) or fourth-largest (Church and Civil Register) city, depending on

924-670: A year under the Baltic Sea to Lubmin , Germany. [REDACTED] Sweden 1293–1710 [REDACTED] Tsardom of Russia 1710–1721 [REDACTED] Russian Empire 1721–1812 [REDACTED] Grand Duchy of Finland 1812–1917 [REDACTED] Finland 1917–1918 [REDACTED] Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic 1918 [REDACTED]   Finland 1918–1940 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union 1940–1941 [REDACTED]   Finland 1941–1944 [REDACTED]   Soviet Union 1944–1991 [REDACTED]   Russia 1991–present According to archeological research,

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1008-745: Is 72,530 ( 2021 Census ) . Vyborg was founded as a medieval fortress in Finland under Swedish rule during the Third Swedish Crusade . After numerous wars between the Russians and Swedes, the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 defined the border of eastern Finland, and would separate the two cultures. Vyborg remained under Swedish rule until it was captured by the Russians during the Great Northern War . Under Russian rule, Vyborg

1092-683: Is a town and the administrative center of Vyborgsky District in Leningrad Oblast , Russia. It lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay , 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg , 245 km (152 miles) east of the Finnish capital Helsinki , and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland , where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland . The most recent census population of Vyborg

1176-603: Is called Prospekt Lenina ( Russian : проспект Ленина ; literally "Lenin Avenue"), formerly also known as Torkkelinkatu, and along it, there is popular Lenin Park  [ ru ] . Sprawling along the heights adjacent to the Gulf of Finland is Monrepos Park , one of the most spacious English landscape gardens in Eastern Europe. The garden was laid out on behest of its owner, Baron Ludwig Heinrich von Nicolay , at

1260-562: Is continuing to buy Zenit rockets from Ukraine , and is still promoting its launch services to the international market, even in August 2014. However, in August 2014, Sea Launch conducted a reduction of their staff and removed from operating status both the Commander and Odyssey vessels in order to reduce operating costs during a period where they have no launches scheduled until late 2015. In July 2015, industry experts stated that

1344-616: Is incorporated within Vyborgsky District as Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation . As a municipal division , Vyborgskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Vyborg Municipal District as Vyborgskoye Urban Settlement . The town lies on the Karelian Isthmus near the head of Vyborg Bay, 130 km (81 miles) northwest of St. Petersburg, 245 km (152 miles) east of

1428-552: Is its Swedish-built castle , founded in the 13th century and extensively reconstructed in 1891–1894. The Round Tower and the Rathaus Tower date from the mid-16th century and are parts of the medieval Vyborg town wall . Many of the buildings in the historic old town of Vyborg are still in poor condition today. The Viipuri Library by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto and the Hermitage-Vyborg Center are

1512-606: Is the municipal formation "City of Vyborg" of the Vyborg district of the Leningrad region; the abbreviated name is the municipal entity "City of Vyborg". Local self-government is carried out on the basis of the charter, which was adopted by the decision of the Council of Deputies of Vyborg dated 16 June 2010 No. 63. The representative body of local self-government is the Council of Deputies, consisting of 20 deputies elected in municipal elections in single-member constituencies for

1596-422: Is then transferred to a horizontal hangar on the self-propelled launch platform. Following rocket tests, both ships then sail about 4,800 km (3,000 mi) to the equator at 154° West Longitude, 0°N 154°W  /  0°N 154°W  / 0; -154 , in international" waters about 370 km (230 mi) from Kiritimati , Kiribati . The platform travels the distance in about 11 days,

1680-547: The Baikonur Cosmodrome in early 2011, while sea-based launches to be resumed in September 2011. Sea Launch emerged from bankruptcy effective October 27, 2010. Energia Overseas Limited, a Russian corporation, is majority owner of the reorganized entity, with Boeing and other American companies retaining minority shares. In 2013, Boeing sued RSC Energia, PO Yuzhnoye and KB Yuzhnoye . According to Boeing

1764-573: The Gulf Stream . The beginning of spring is generally sunny and rather low in precipitation. Summer is moderately warm. Autumn is generally cloudy and rainy. On average, daytime insolation on a horizontal surface is 2.79 kW/m². The most dominant are the south-west and south winds. Vyborg continues to be an important industrial producer of paper . Tourism is increasingly important, and the Russian film festival Window to Europe takes place in

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1848-714: The Pan-Scandinavian King Eric of Pomerania in 1403. It withstood a prolonged siege by Daniil Shchenya during the Russo-Swedish War of 1496–1497 . Under Swedish rule, Vyborg was closely associated with the noble family of Bååt , originally from Småland . The late-medieval commanders and fief holders of Vyborg were (almost always) descended from or married to the Bååt family. In practice, though not having this as their formal title, they functioned as Margraves , had feudal privileges, and kept all

1932-777: The World Bank (up to $ 175 million, of these up to $ 100 million in Russia and up to $ 75 million in Ukraine) and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (up to $ 65 million). Sea Launch has a reciprocal agreement with Arianespace and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries through the Launch Services Alliance , providing assurance in case either company's system is not able to launch a payload for reasons of reliability, capacity, backlog, or otherwise. This

2016-540: The "Land Launch" system is based on a modified version of the Sea Launch vehicle, the three stage Zenit-3SL mod.B rocket. Land Launch's Zenit 3SLB vehicle addresses the launch needs of Block DM (syncom, U.S.), Block Boeing witch TDRSS, commercial satellites weighing up to 3.5 metric tons (3.9 short tons ). The two stage Zenit 2 (first stage LV "Energia) is also available for lifting payloads up to 13 metric tons (14 short tons) to LEO low Earth orbits . The first launch

2100-536: The Chinese government was considering the purchase of the Sea Launch command ship and launch platform assets, but this was not confirmed by either company or Chinese government officials. In September 2015, Boeing won a court judgement against the Russian and Ukrainian partners within Sea Launch. The decision set up a court trial planned for November 2015 where Boeing would argue that it was not properly reimbursed for US$ 356 million of expenses incurred while operating

2184-744: The Finnish capital Helsinki, and 38 km (24 miles) south of Russia's border with Finland, where the Saimaa Canal enters the Gulf of Finland. Similar to many other areas along the Baltic Sea , Vyborg has a humid continental climate ( Dfb ) with large temperature differences between summer and winter. The climate is characterised by a fairly cloudy beginning of winter, but an increasing share of sunshine from February. Winter temperatures are being somewhat moderated by maritime effects compared to Russian cities further inland even on more southerly latitudes, but still cold enough compared to areas that are nearer

2268-612: The Karelo-Finnish SSR. During the Soviet era, the town was settled by people from all over the Soviet Union. The naval air bases of Pribylovo and Veshchevo were built nearby. In 1940s and the 1950s, new factories were built: shipbuilding (1948), instrumentational (1953). In 1960, a local history museum was opened. Within the framework of administrative divisions , Vyborg serves as the administrative center of Vyborgsky District . As an administrative division, it

2352-657: The NSS-8 launch failure, Hughes Network Systems switched the launch of SPACEWAY-3 from a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL to an Ariane 5 . Repairs of the launch platform were completed in September 2007. The Sea Launch platform underwent repairs in Canada, docked near CFB Esquimalt , just west of Victoria, British Columbia , and departed on July 31, 2007. Both vessels returned to their home Nimitz military port in Long Beach, California , U.S. During project development in 1998 Boeing

2436-481: The Sea Launch Zenit-3SL rocket carrying NSS-8 and 500 tons of fuel exploded on (flight) launch. Available imagery shows a fireball much larger than the launch platform at sea level. Since the launch pad platform is vacated by all engineers during the automated launch process, there were no injuries. On February 1, 2007, Sea Launch released a statement detailing its status. It is believed that

2520-490: The Sea Launch launch system. This litigation was decided in favor of Boeing on May 12, 2016. As of December 2015, Roscosmos and Energia were attempting to find a buyer for the Sea Launch assets, due to the high cost of infrastructure maintenance of approximately US$ 30 million per year. In September 2016, S7 Group, owner of S7 Airlines announced they were purchasing Sea Launch. The launch and assembly ship Sea Launch Commander arrived in Russia on March 17, 2020, and

2604-469: The Zenit-3SL rocket carrying Intelsat 27 suffered a failure after its launch from Odyssey , crashing a short distance from the launch platform. Its first stage engine appeared to shut down around 25 seconds after launch and telemetry from the rocket was lost about 15 seconds later. Telemetry indicated that excessive roll was detected 11 seconds after launch. The guidance system was programmed to shut down

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2688-512: The annexation was not recognized by any foreign state, even Finland's ally, Germany . By 1942, the population had risen to 16,000. About 70% of the evacuees from Finnish Karelia returned after the reconquest to rebuild their looted homes but were again evacuated after the Red Army 's Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive , timed to coincide with the Battle of Normandy . By the time of the Soviet offensive,

2772-578: The area of what is now Vyborg used to be a trading center on the Vuoksi River 's western branch, which has since dried up. The region was inhabited by the Karelians , a Balto-Finnic tribe which gradually came under the domination of Novgorod and Sweden . It has been claimed that Vyborg appeared in the 11th–12th centuries as a mixed Karelian-Russian settlement, although there is no archeological proof of any East Slavic settlement of that time in

2856-551: The area, and it is not mentioned in any of the earliest historical documents, such as the Novgorod First Chronicle or the Primary Chronicle . Wider settlement in the area of Vyborg is generally regarded to date from 13th century onwards when Hanseatic traders began traveling to Novgorod . Vyborg Castle was founded during the Third Swedish Crusade in 1293 by marsk Torkel Knutsson on

2940-516: The assets of Sea Launch. Launch services were to potentially be provided by S7 Sea Launch, a US subsidiary. However, after moving the two former Sea Launch ships from California to Vladivostok , the S7 Group chairman stated that the program was indefinitely suspended. As of 2020, a replacement for the Zenit launch vehicle, with its Ukrainian first stage, was expected to be years away. Sea Launch

3024-518: The bottom of the Baltic Sea to Lubmin in Germany. It started operating in September 2011, enabling Russia to export gas directly to Western Europe. The feeding pipeline in Russia ( Gryazovets–Vyborg gas pipeline ) is operated by Gazprom and is a part of the integrated gas transport network of Russia connecting existing grid in Gryazovets with the coastal compressor station at Vyborg. Before

3108-632: The census data. Vyborg had sizable minorities of Swedes , Germans , Russians , Romani , Tatars and Jews . During that time, Alvar Aalto built the Vyborg Library , an icon of functionalist architecture . During the Winter War between the Soviet Union and Finland in 1939–1940, over 70,000 people were evacuated from Vyborg to other parts of Finland. The Winter War was concluded by the Moscow Peace Treaty , which stipulated

3192-554: The command ship in about eight days. With the platform ballasted to its launch depth of 22 m (72 ft), the hangar is opened, the rocket is mechanically moved to a vertical position, and the launch platform crew evacuates to the command ship which moves about five kilometres (3.1 mi) away. Then, with the launch platform unmanned, the rocket is fueled and launched. The final ten seconds before launch are called out simultaneously in English and Russian . On January 30, 2007,

3276-610: The companies refused to pay more than $ 350 million following the joint venture's bankruptcy filing in 2009. In mid-2014, following the 2014 Russian military invasion in Ukraine and the subsequent unrest in the eastern part of the country , there were a number of Russian media reports that indicated Sea Launch may be planning to inactivate the Odyssey launch platform. The company formally denied those reports in June 2014, indicating it

3360-559: The company was acquired by Russian interests. (1995 to 2010) (2010 to 2018) The project was helped by Hughes Space and Communications , which in 1995 signed the first contract for 10 launches and 10 options, valued at $ 1 billion, and Space Systems/Loral , which then signed a five-launch contract. Total cost of the project has been reported at $ 583 million in 1996. Chase Manhattan arranged about $ 400 million in loans in 1996. Loans were later guaranteed against political instability in Russia and Ukraine through 2012 by

3444-594: The crown's incomes from the fief to use for the defense of the realm's eastern border. Vyborg remained in Swedish hands until its capture in 1710 after the Siege of Vyborg by Tsar Peter the Great in the Great Northern War . In the course of Peter's second administrative reform , Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Province of St. Petersburg Governorate . The 1721 Treaty of Nystad , which concluded

Odyssey (launch platform) - Misplaced Pages Continue

3528-563: The detriment of the corporation’s core activities in 2010-2013. Lopota does not admit guilt, and the Russian Prosecutor General's Office has already twice rejected charges against him. In November 2023, the Investigative Committee again brought charges, this time reducing the amount from 9 billion rubles to 4.2 billion rubles. Using existing Zenit infrastructure at the military Baikonur Cosmodrome ,

3612-513: The early eighties oil "boom". During construction the vessel was called Ocean Ranger II , and was renamed Ocean Odyssey after Ocean Ranger capsized with all hands lost during a storm off Newfoundland on 15 February 1982. When built, Ocean Odyssey was classed +A1 +AMS by the American Bureau of Shipping for unrestricted worldwide ocean service. She was a 390-foot (120 m) long, 226-foot (69 m) wide, twin-hull design with

3696-535: The engine, but only after the rocket was safely away from the launch platform. It is believed that a failure in a hydraulic pump that provides power for gimbaling the RD-171 engine was ultimately the cause. The launch platform suffered no damage. Sea Launch Sea Launch was a multinational— Norway , Russia , Ukraine , United States — spacecraft launch company founded in 1995 that provided orbital launch services from 1999 to 2014. The company used

3780-406: The failure was caused by a foreign object being ingested by the engine turbopump, causing the rocket to crash immediately. On February 3, 2007, photographs of the damage were posted on internet forums. The launch platform damage is mostly superficial, though blast deflectors underneath the launch platform were knocked loose and were lost when they fell into the sea. In March 2007, shortly after

3864-620: The first and second stages); by Energia in Kaliningrad, USSR Moscow , Russia ( Block DM-SL for third stage); and by Boeing in Seattle , United States (payload fairing and interstage structure). Sea Launch rockets were assembled in Long Beach , California . The typical assembly was done on board the Assembly and Command Ship (the payload is first tested, fueled and encapsulated in the nearby Payload Processing Facility). The rocket

3948-418: The floating spaceport Sea Launch to operation. He said that before its handover to the company S7 all space launch control equipment was dismantled. Sea Launch was founded by four companies from four countries, which shared the original ownership of offshore Cayman Islands -registered Sea Launch. Ship "Sea Launch" registered Monrovia after reorganising from Chapter 11 bankruptcy in 2010, a majority share of

4032-510: The head of the administration, who is appointed under a contract concluded based on the results of a competition for a period of five years. From 2 August 2011, the head of the administration was Alexander Aleksandrovich Buyanov. On 24 September 2014, the post of head of the Municipal Municipality "City of Vyborg" was taken by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. His candidacy was supported unanimously. Vyborg's most prominent landmark

4116-523: The launch platform was mostly superficial, though a 600,000 lb (270,000 kg) flame deflector was knocked loose from underneath the platform and lost, along with damage to the hangar doors and antennae. The vessel was repaired at a shipyard in Vancouver, British Columbia. Odyssey returned to service on 15 January 2008, with the successful launch of the Thuraya 3 satellite. On 1 February 2013,

4200-520: The launch system itself, in other words, the equipment needed for bringing the rocket to and placing it at the launch pad and automatically fueling the tanks, all this is done through Russian technologies," Borisov said. In June 2020, the CEO of Russia’s space corporation Roscosmos, Dmitry Rogozin, said in his column in Forbes magazine that Russian specialists would have to exert considerable efforts to restore

4284-438: The length of the platform and added a pair of support columns and additional propulsion systems. The upper deck — the location of the former drill floor — was rebuilt to accommodate the launch pad and launch vehicle service hangar. In May 1997, Ocean Odyssey arrived at Kværner Vyborg Shipyard for the installation of the launch vehicle equipment itself. By 1999, the vessel was ready for service, and on 27 March 1999,

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4368-440: The newly created Grand Duchy of Finland in 1811 (1812 NS). Over the course of the 19th century, the town developed as the centre of administration and trade for eastern Finland. The inauguration of the Saimaa Canal in 1856 benefited the local economy, as it opened the vast waterways of Eastern Finland to the sea. Vyborg was never a major industrial center and lacked large production facilities, but its location made it serve as

4452-417: The platform. Funding was not confirmed at the time of the release. Borisov indicated that before the floating spaceport left its port Long Beach, California, the United States in accordance with its laws removed all equipment from the command ship and the floating platform. "It’s mostly equipment responsible for positioning, based on GPS technologies. We will be able to replace it with GLONASS solutions. As for

4536-580: The position of head of the Vyborg District Municipal District of the Leningrad Oblast has been occupied by Alexander Petrovich Lysov. Also in September 2014, Gennady Alekseyevich Orlov assumed the position of head of the administration of the municipal formation "Vyborg District" of the Leningrad Oblast. The executive and administrative body of local self-government is the administration. It is formed and headed by

4620-446: The provider of the Sea Launch service, Sea Launch Co. LLC, filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. Sea Launch asserted that it would "continue to maintain all normal business operations after the filing for reorganization." On August 6, 2010, Energia, which already owned 25% of Sea Launch, announced it planned to acquire a controlling interest of 85% in the company. As a result, the company planned to begin land-based launches from

4704-415: The rig's columns were strengthened to withstand some ice impact and the marine riser had a feature similar to a cow-catcher to keep floating ice off the marine riser that connected the rig to the well on the ocean bottom. On 22 September 1988, Ocean Odyssey suffered a blowout while operated by ODECO (now Diamond Offshore Drilling ) on hire to ARCO (now a subsidiary of BP), drilling the 22/30b-3 well on

4788-441: The rig's emergency standby vessel Notts Forest (38 rescued) and the nearby anchor handling tug British Fulmar (28 rescued). Four Sea King helicopters from HMS  Illustrious and a Sea King from RAF Boulmer assisted rescue operations and transferred survivors from Notts Forest and British Fulmar to the drilling rig Sedneth 701 . A Royal Air Force Hawker Siddeley Nimrod provided coordination on scene. The incident

4872-517: The rocket can travel to the equator for launch, which increases payload capacity. Sea Launch mothballed its ships and put operations on long-term hiatus in 2014, following the Russian invasion of Ukraine . By 2015, discussions on disposition of company assets were underway, and the Sea Launch partners were in a court-administered dispute about unpaid expenses that Boeing claims it incurred. In September 2016, S7 Group, owner of S7 Airlines , purchased

4956-524: The same time United States Customs Service attempted to block Sea Launch from bringing Zenit-3SL rockets (classified as missiles) into California for assembly without a munitions import licence. The matter was settled in the company's favour. Also in 1998, 16 member states of the South Pacific Forum issued a communiqué asking the United States to suspend the project indefinitely until and unless their environmental concerns are remedied. It

5040-675: The second stage of the rocket. A second rocket failed to launch on January 30, 2007, when Zenit-3SL exploded on the launch pad with the Boeing 702 NSS-8 satellite on board, seconds after engine ignition. All Sea Launch missions to date have used the custom-designed three-stage Zenit-3SL launch vehicle, capable of placing up to 6,000 kg (13,000 lb) of payload into geosynchronous transfer orbit. Sea Launch rocket components are manufactured by SDO Yuzhnoye / PO Yuzhmash in Dnepropetriwsk, USSR Dnipro , Ukraine ( Zenit rocket for

5124-581: The site of an older Karelian fort which was burned. The castle, which was the first centre for the spread of Christianity in Karelia, was fought over for decades between Sweden and the Republic of Novgorod . As a result of the Treaty of Nöteborg in 1323 between the Novgorod Republic and Sweden, Vyborg was finally recognized as a part of Sweden. The town's trade privileges were chartered by

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5208-633: The subsequent Moscow Armistice on 19 September 1944, Finland returned to the borders set by the Moscow Peace Treaty and ceded more land than the treaty originally demanded. In the Paris Peace Treaties (1947), Finland relinquished all claims to Vyborg. After the Second World War, Leningrad Oblast wanted to incorporate the area of Vyborg, but it took until November 1944 for the area to be finally transferred from

5292-480: The town each year. An HVDC back-to-back facility for the exchange of electricity between the Russian and Finnish power grids was completed near Vyborg in 1982. It consists of three bipolar HVDC back-to-back schemes with an operating voltage of 85 kV and a maximum transmission rate of 355 MW, so that the entire maximum transmission rate amounts to 1,420 MW. The Nord Stream 1 offshore pipeline runs from Vyborg compressor station at Portovaya Bay along

5376-401: The town had a population of nearly 28,000. The town was captured by the Red Army on 20 June 1944, but the Finnish forces, using war material provided by Germany, managed to halt the Soviet offensive at the Battle of Tali-Ihantala , the largest battle fought by any of the Nordic countries , in Viipuri Rural Municipality, which surrounded the town, during which the town was seriously damaged. In

5460-434: The transfer of Vyborg to Soviet control, and the whole Karelian Isthmus, and those places were emptied of their residents, to Soviet control. It was incorporated into the Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic on 31 March 1940. As the town was still held by the Finns, the remaining Finnish population, some 10,000 people, had to be evacuated in haste before the handover. Thus, practically the whole population of Finnish Vyborg

5544-409: The war with Sweden, finalized the transfer of the town and a part of Old Finland to Russia. The loss of Vyborg led Sweden to develop Fredrikshamn as a substitute port town. Another result of the loss of Vyborg was that its diocese was moved to Borgå , transforming the town into an important learning centre. In 1744, Vyborg became the seat of the Vyborg Governorate . In 1783, the governorate

5628-409: The war, Vyborg was a major Finnish town of culture. Even today, a few choirs cherish Vyborg singing traditions . These are, for example, the Wiipurilaisen osakunnan kuoro of the University of Helsinki and the Viipurin Lauluveikot male choir, with the latter founded in Vyborg in 1897. Vyborg is a municipal entity within the Vyborgsky District of the Leningrad Oblast . Its official name

5712-426: Was captured by Finnish troops. At first, the Finnish Army did not allow civilians into the town. Of the 6,287 buildings, 3,807 had been destroyed. The first civilians started to arrive in late September, and by the end of the year, Vyborg had a population of about 9,700. In December 1941, the Finnish government formally annexed the town, along with the other areas that had been lost in the Moscow Peace Treaty. However,

5796-436: Was captured by the White Guard in the Battle of Vyborg , on 29 April 1918. In April to May 1918, 360 to 420 civilians were murdered by White Guards during the Vyborg massacre . The city served as the starting point of the civil war, which later spread to the rest of Finland. Vyborg served as the seat of Viipuri Province . In the 1930 census, the administrative area of the city of Vyborg had 52,253 inhabitants. There were

5880-408: Was decided to form the Polish Legion in Finland to fight for Finnish independence from Russia (see also Finland–Poland relations ). The 1,700-strong Legion was then stationed in Viipuri. Following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the fall of the Russian Empire , Finland declared itself independent . During the Finnish Civil War , Viipuri was in the hands of the Finnish Red Guards until it

5964-438: Was established in 1995 as a consortium of four companies from Norway , Russia , Ukraine and the United States , managed by Boeing with participation from the other shareholders. The first rocket was launched in March 1999. On March 17, 2006, it was announced that Jim Maser , the President and General Manager of Sea Launch, would leave the company to join SpaceX as President and Chief Operating Officer. In June 2009,

6048-511: Was evacuated and the town was ceded to the Soviet Union . In 2010, Vyborg was conferred the status of " City of Military Glory " by Russian president Dmitry Medvedev . The city hosts the Russian end of the 1,222 km (759 mi) Nord Stream 1 gas pipeline, laid in 2011 and operated by a consortium led by Russia's Gazprom state hydrocarbons enterprise to pump 55 billion cubic meters (1.9 trillion cubic feet) of natural gas

6132-469: Was featured in the 1990 STV television series Rescue episode "Missing". Ocean Odyssey spent the next several years as a rusting hulk in the docks of Dundee , Scotland. Her availability prompted Boeing to establish the Sea Launch consortium, for which she was bought in 1993 by Kværner Rosenberg of Stavanger , Norway , and renamed LP Odyssey . From late 1995 to May 1997, Kværner extended

6216-820: Was fined US$ 10 million by the United States Department of State for technical violations of the Arms Export Control Act in handling of missile technology while dealing with its foreign Sea Launch partners. This is the largest civil penalty of its kind, although it could have been as much as US$ 102 million. The Sea Launch project was suspended for two months during the investigation. The Department of State found that between January 1994 and January 1998 Boeing illegally exported "defense articles" and "defense services", although no national security breaches were determined. The violations were uncovered by Boeing's internal investigation. At about

6300-408: Was launched on March 27, 1999, and the first commercial satellite on October 9, 1999. Sea Launch has launched 36 rockets with 32 successes and 1 partial success as of March 2019. The first failure, of a Hughes -built communications satellite owned by ICO Global Communications , occurred on the second commercial launch on March 12, 2000, and was blamed on a software error that failed to close a valve in

6384-663: Was moored at the Slavyanka Shipyard after customs procedures. The launch platform Odyssey arrived at the shipyard on March 30. In August 2020, Deputy Prime Minister Yuri Borisov told the media on the sidelines of the Army-2020 forum that the floating spaceport Sea Launch, currently based at Russia’s Slavyanka port in the Primorye Territory, will be restored. The news release indicated it would require about 35 billion rubles (roughly $ 470 million) to restore

6468-638: Was mostly criticized by the island nation of Kiribati . The project was criticized in 1997 by International Transport Workers' Federation (ITWF) for registering its ocean vessels in Liberia . In May 1999 Sea Launch reached an agreement with the ITWF, which allows crew members to use ITWF inspectors. In Russia, since 2014, a criminal investigation has been ongoing against the former president of RSC Energia , Vitaly Lopota. Investigators accuse him of illegally repaying Sea Launch’s debts and purchasing its shares to

6552-651: Was on April 28, 2008, (04.28.2008) when a Zenit-3SLB launched Spacecom Ltd's AMOS-3 spacecraft from LC 45/1 (launch pad) at Baikonur. Advantages of equatorial launch site: Advantages of ocean-based over a conventional land-based launch platform: Sea Launch LLC was awarded the Space Foundation 's Space Achievement Award in 2000. Vyborg Vyborg ( / ˈ v iː b ɔːr ɡ / ; Russian : Выборг , IPA: [ˈvɨbərk] ; Finnish : Viipuri , IPA: [ˈʋiːpuri] ; Swedish : Viborg , IPA: [ˈvǐːbɔrj] )

6636-567: Was resettled elsewhere in Finland. The town became the administrative center of Vyborgsky District . The evacuees from Finnish Karelia came to be a vociferous political force, and their wish to return to their homes was an important motive when Finland sought support from Nazi Germany against the Soviet Union. As a result, Finland fought with Nazi Germany as a co-belligerent during the Second World War . On 29 August 1941, Vyborg

6720-441: Was sold to S7 Group , the parent company of S7 Airlines . Since then she has been moved to a port on the east coast of Russia, along with the other ship. The platform was completed in 1983 for Ocean Drilling & Exploration Company (ODECO) by Sumitomo Heavy Industries . It drilled its first exploratory hole about 40 miles (64 km) south of Yakutat for ARCO Alaska, Inc. The rig cost about US$ 110 million to build during

6804-467: Was the seat of Vyborg Governorate until it was incorporated into the newly established Grand Duchy of Finland , an autonomous part of the Russian Empire . Finland declared its independence from Russia in 1917, after which Vyborg became its second-most significant city after Helsinki, and represented internationally as its most multicultural city. During World War II , Vyborg's population

6888-532: Was to assemble the launcher on a purpose-built ship Sea Launch Commander in Nimitz Rd., Long Beach, California , USA. The assembled spacecraft was then positioned on top of the self-propelled Odyssey floating launch platform and moved to the equatorial Pacific Ocean for launch, with the Sea Launch Commander serving as tracking, command & telemetry (TCT) center. The movable system means

6972-670: Was transformed into the Vyborg Viceroyalty and in 1801 back into Vyborg Governorate. In 1802, the Vyborg Governorate was renamed the Finland Governorate. One of the largest naval battles in history, the Battle of Vyborg Bay , was fought in Vyborg Bay on 4 July 1790. After the rest of Finland was ceded to Russia in 1809, Emperor Alexander I incorporated the town and the governorate into

7056-431: Was used for the first time in 2004 when Arianespace's Ariane 5 had to reschedule a group of launches for reliability reasons. In 1999, shortly after the company was founded, the Sea Launch consortium claimed that their launch-related operating costs would be lower than a land-based equivalent due in part to reduced staff requirements. The platform and command ship have 310 crew members. The first demonstration satellite

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