94-511: The ocelot ( Leopardus pardalis ) is a medium-sized spotted wild cat that reaches 40–50 cm (16–20 in) at the shoulders and weighs between 7 and 15.5 kg (15 and 34 lb) on average. It is native to the southwestern United States , Mexico , Central and South America , and the Caribbean islands of Trinidad and Margarita . Carl Linnaeus scientifically described it in 1758. Two subspecies are recognized. The ocelot
188-431: A bear. They gave the material to amateur naturalist Johann Karl Fuhlrott , who turned the fossils over to anatomist Hermann Schaaffhausen . The discovery was jointly announced in 1857, giving rise to paleoanthropology . Measurements were first made to compare the skulls of men with those of other animals. This wide comparison constituted the first subdivision of craniometric studies. The artist-anatomist Camper developed
282-440: A certain site and move to another walking at 0.8–1.4 km/h (0.50–0.87 mph) if unsuccessful. An ocelot typically prefers hunting in areas with vegetation cover, avoiding open areas, especially on moonlit nights, so as not to be seen by the prey. As a carnivore, it preys on small terrestrial mammals such as rodents , lagomorphs , armadillos , opossums , also fish, crustaceans, insects, reptiles and birds. It usually feeds on
376-554: A collaborator of Virchow, stated in the same congress that the people of Europe, be them German, Italian, English or French, belonged to a "mixture of various races", furthermore declaring that the "results of craniology" led to "struggle against any theory concerning the superiority of this or that European race" on others. Virchow later rejected measure of skulls as legitimate means of taxonomy. Paul Kretschmer quoted an 1892 discussion with him concerning these criticisms, also citing Aurel von Törok 's 1895 work, who basically proclaimed
470-430: A few horizontal streaks. Its round ears are marked with a bright white spot. Its fur is short, about 0.8 cm (0.31 in) long on the belly, but with about 1 cm (0.39 in) long guard hairs on the back. The body has a notably strong odor. Each ocelot has a unique color pattern, which can be used to identify individuals. Its eyes are brown, but reflect in a golden hue when illuminated. It has 28 to 30 teeth, with
564-502: A half of the body length, although with some exceptions, like the Lynx species and margay ( Leopardus wiedii ). Cat species vary greatly in body and skull sizes, and weights: Most cat species have a haploid number of 18 or 19. Central and South American cats have a haploid number of 18, possibly due to the combination of two smaller chromosomes into a larger one. Felidae have type IIx muscle fibers three times more powerful than
658-683: A long-range "yowl" in the mating season and a short-range "meow". Ocelots can mate any time during the year. The peak mating season varies geographically; in Argentina and Paraguay, peaks have been observed in autumn, in Mexico and Texas in autumn and winter. Estrus lasts four to five days and recurs every 25 days in a non-pregnant female. A study in southern Brazil showed that sperm production in ocelots, margays and oncillas peaks in summer. When mating, captive ocelots spend more time together, scent-mark extensively, and eat less. Breeding ocelots in captivity
752-490: A major threat over the years, as ocelots try to expand beyond their natural habitat to new areas and get hit by vehicles. In the Atlantic Forest in northeastern Argentina, it is affected by logging and poaching of prey species. The fur trade was a flourishing business in the 1960s and the 1970s that resulted in severe exploitation of felids such as the ocelot and the jaguar. In the 1960s, ocelot skins were among
846-408: A mother keeps a litter in a den for 13 to 64 days and shifts the young to two or three dens. The kitten's eyes open 15 to 18 days after birth. Kittens begin to leave the den at the age of three months. They remain with their mother for up to two years and then start dispersing and establishing their own territory. In comparison to other felids, ocelots have a relatively longer duration between births and
940-441: A narrow litter size. Captive ocelots live for up to 20 years. Throughout its range, the ocelot is threatened by loss and fragmentation of habitat. In Texas, the fertile land that supports dense cover and constitutes the optimum habitat for the ocelot is being lost to agriculture. The habitat is often fragmented into small pockets that cannot support ocelots well, leading to deaths due to starvation. Traffic accidents have emerged as
1034-539: A photograph of a seated person to corroborate her claim: Felidae Felidae ( / ˈ f ɛ l ɪ d iː / ) is the family of mammals in the order Carnivora colloquially referred to as cats . A member of this family is also called a felid ( / ˈ f iː l ɪ d / ). The 41 extant Felidae species exhibit the greatest diversity in fur patterns of all terrestrial carnivores. Cats have retractile claws , slender muscular bodies and strong flexible forelimbs. Their teeth and facial muscles allow for
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#17328012782131128-607: A powerful bite. They are all obligate carnivores , and most are solitary predators ambushing or stalking their prey. Wild cats occur in Africa , Europe , Asia and the Americas . Some wild cat species are adapted to forest and savanna habitats , some to arid environments, and a few also to wetlands and mountainous terrain. Their activity patterns range from nocturnal and crepuscular to diurnal , depending on their preferred prey species. Reginald Innes Pocock divided
1222-655: A theory to measure the facial angle, for which he is chiefly known in later anthropological literature. Camper's work followed 18th-century scientific theories. His measurements of facial angle were used to liken the skulls of non-Europeans to those of apes. "Craniometry" also played a role in the foundation of the United States and the ideologies or racism that would become ingrained in the American psyche. As John Jeffries articulates in The Collision of Culture
1316-497: A tropical deciduous forest in Mexico. The composition of the diet varies by season; in Venezuela, ocelots were found to prefer iguanas and rodents in the dry season and then switch to land crabs in the wet season. In southeastern Brazil, ocelots have a similar prey preference as margays and oncillas. The oncillas focus on tree-living marsupials and birds while the margays are not as selective. Both male and female ocelots produce
1410-455: Is a rift between forensic and biological anthropologists in the use of race in craniometry, with biological anthropologists attempting to disprove any theory of biological race, compared to how many forensic anthropologists make factual inquiries based on societally-created racial categories. It was once intensively practised in physical anthropology in the 19th and the first part of the 20th century. Theories attempting to scientifically justify
1504-420: Is efficient at climbing, leaping and swimming. It prefers areas close to water sources with dense vegetation cover and high prey availability. It preys on small terrestrial mammals, such as armadillos , opossums , and lagomorphs . It is typically active during twilight and at night and tends to be solitary and territorial . Both sexes become sexually mature at around two years of age and can breed throughout
1598-407: Is extensively marked with solid black markings on a creamy, tawny, yellowish, reddish gray or gray background color. The spots on the head and limbs are small, but markings on the back, cheeks, and flanks are open or closed bands and stripes. A few dark stripes run straight from the back of the neck up to the tip of the tail. Its neck and undersides are white, and the insides of the legs are marked with
1692-612: Is notably larger and heavier, and has rosettes instead of spots and stripes. The ocelot ranges from the southwestern United States to northern Argentina, up to an elevation of 3,000 m (9,800 ft). In the United States , it occurs in Texas and Arizona, and is extirpated from Louisiana and Arkansas . Ocelots fossils were found in Florida . It inhabits tropical forests, thorn forests , mangrove swamps and savannas . In
1786-403: Is often difficult. The female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens after a gestation period of two to three months. Dens are usually located in dense vegetation. A newborn kitten weighs 200–340 g (7.1–12.0 oz). The kitten is born with spots and stripes, though on a gray background; the color changes to golden as the ocelot grows older. A study in southern Texas revealed that
1880-819: Is one of the founding works of the group of studies that segregates society based on "race", in contrast to Boulainvilliers ' (1658–1722) theory of races. Henri de Boulainvilliers opposed the Français (French people), alleged descendants of the Nordic Franks , and members of the aristocracy , to the Third Estate , considered to be indigenous Gallo-Roman people who were subordinated by the Franks by right of conquest . Gobineau, meanwhile, made three main divisions between races, based not on colour but on climatic conditions and geographic location, and which privileged
1974-411: Is still a major threat to ocelot survival. Another threat has been the international pet trade ; this typically involves capturing ocelot kittens by killing their mothers; these cats are then sold to tourists. Though it is banned in several countries, pet trade survives; in some areas of Central and South America, ocelots are still sold in a few local markets. The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on
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#17328012782132068-785: Is the oldest known cat that occurred after the Eocene–Oligocene extinction event about 33.9 million years ago ; fossil remains were excavated in France and Mongolia's Hsanda Gol Formation . Fossil occurrences indicate that the Felidae arrived in North America around 18.5 million years ago . This is about 20 million years later than the Ursidae and the Nimravidae , and about 10 million years later than
2162-609: Is the oldest known pantherine cat dated to the late Messinian to early Zanclean ages about 5.95 to 4.1 million years ago . A fossil skull was excavated in 2010 in Zanda County on the Tibetan Plateau . Panthera palaeosinensis from North China probably dates to the Late Miocene or Early Pliocene . The skull of the holotype is similar to that of a lion or leopard. Panthera zdanskyi dates to
2256-518: Is very large, various populations are decreasing in many parts of its range. The association of the ocelot with humans dates back to the Aztec and Incan civilizations; it has occasionally been kept as a pet . The name "ocelot" comes from the Nahuatl word ōcēlōtl ( pronounced [oːˈseːloːt͡ɬ] ), which generally refers to the jaguar , rather than the ocelot. Another possible origin for
2350-672: The Amazon River . A 2010 study of morphological features noted significant differences in the size and color of the Central and South American populations, suggesting they could be separate species. In 2013, a study of craniometric variation and microsatellite diversity in ocelots throughout the range recognized three subspecies: L. p. albescens from the Texas–Mexico border, L. p. pardis from Central America and L. p. pseudopardalis from South America, though L. p. mitis may comprise
2444-551: The Amazon rainforest , it prefers habitats with availability of prey and water, and tends to avoid other predators. It favors areas with dense forest cover and water sources, far from roads and human settlement, avoiding steep slopes and highly elevated areas. In areas where ocelots coexist with larger predators such as cougars and humans, they tune their active hours to avoid them, and seek dense cover to avoid competitors. It can adapt well to its surroundings; as such, factors other than
2538-490: The Ancient Greek kephalê , head, and dolikhos , long and thin), "brachycephalic" (short and broad) and "mesocephalic" (intermediate length and width). A similar classification was the vertical cephalic index , the categories of which were "chamaecranic" (low-skulled), "orthocranic", (medium high-skulled), and "hypsicranic" (high-skulled). These terms were then used by Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), one of
2632-644: The Canidae . In the Early Miocene about 20 to 16.6 million years ago , Pseudaelurus lived in Africa. Its fossil jaws were also excavated in geological formations of Europe's Vallesian , Asia's Middle Miocene and North America's late Hemingfordian to late Barstovian epochs. In the Early or Middle Miocene, the saber-toothed Machairodontinae evolved in Africa and migrated northwards in
2726-761: The Feliformia . All members of the cat family have the following characteristics in common: The colour, length and density of their fur are very diverse. Fur colour covers the gamut from white to black, and fur patterns from distinctive small spots, and stripes to small blotches and rosettes . Most cat species are born with spotted fur, except the jaguarundi ( Herpailurus yagouaroundi ), Asian golden cat ( Catopuma temminckii ) and caracal ( Caracal caracal ). The spotted fur of lion ( Panthera leo ), cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) and cougar ( Puma concolor ) cubs change to uniform fur during their ontogeny . Those living in cold environments have thick fur with long hair, like
2820-583: The Gelasian about 2.55 to 2.16 million years ago . Several fossil skulls and jawbones were excavated in northwestern China. Panthera gombaszoegensis is the earliest known pantherine cat that lived in Europe about 1.95 to 1.77 million years ago . Living felids fall into eight evolutionary lineages or species clades . Genotyping of the nuclear DNA of all 41 felid species revealed that hybridization between species occurred in
2914-667: The IUCN Red List because of its wide distribution in the Americas. Ocelot hunting is banned in Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Costa Rica, French Guiana, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago , the United States, Uruguay, and Venezuela; hunting is regulated in Peru. As of 2013, the global population was estimated at more than 40,000 mature individuals. Ocelot populations were stable in some Amazon basin areas as of 2013. As of 2012,
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3008-772: The Late Miocene . With their large upper canines , they were adapted to prey on large-bodied megaherbivores . Miomachairodus is the oldest known member of this subfamily. Metailurus lived in Africa and Eurasia about 8 to 6 million years ago . Several Paramachaerodus skeletons were found in Spain. Homotherium appeared in Africa, Eurasia and North America around 3.5 million years ago , and Megantereon about 3 million years ago . Smilodon lived in North and South America from about 2.5 million years ago . This subfamily became extinct in
3102-551: The Late Pleistocene . Results of mitochondrial analysis indicate that the living Felidae species descended from a common ancestor , which originated in Asia in the Late Miocene epoch. They migrated to Africa, Europe and the Americas in the course of at least 10 migration waves during the past ~11 million years. Low sea levels and interglacial and glacial periods facilitated these migrations. Panthera blytheae
3196-597: The US Fish and Wildlife Service failed to acknowledge the ocelot population in Texas as a distinct population segment worthy of listing as endangered. The US Fish and Wildlife Service, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department and The Nature Conservancy are among agencies actively involved in ocelot conservation efforts, such as the protection and regeneration of vegetation in the Rio Grande Valley . Much of
3290-724: The ancient Egyptians were not African , but were White . His two major monographs were the Crania Americana (1839), An Inquiry into the Distinctive Characteristics of the Aboriginal Race of America and Crania Aegyptiaca (1844). Based on craniometry data, Morton claimed in Crania Americana that the Caucasians had the biggest brains, averaging 87 cubic inches, Indians were in the middle with an average of 82 cubic inches and Negroes had
3384-591: The anthropologist John Michael found Morton's original data to be more accurate than Gould describes, concluding that "[c]ontrary to Gould's interpretation... Morton's research was conducted with integrity." In 2011, physical anthropologists at the University of Pennsylvania, which owns Morton's collection, published a study that concluded that almost every detail of Gould's analysis was wrong and that "Morton did not manipulate his data to support his preconceptions, contra Gould." They identified and remeasured half of
3478-412: The dental formula 3.1.2–3.1 3.1.2.1 . It has a bite force quotient at the canine tip of 113.8. Only one ocelot is known to possess albinism , and the appearance of such a trait in ocelots is likely an indication of deforestation . With a head-and-body length ranging from 55 to 100 cm (22 to 39 in) and a 30 to 45 cm (12 to 18 in) long tail, the ocelot is the largest member of
3572-516: The great horned owl , as well as feral dogs , feral pigs and snakes. Studies have found that adult ocelots are vulnerable to predation by both cougars and jaguars , with decreasing water sources in Guatemala causing predatory encounters with the latter. Ocelots have been observed to follow scent trails in search for prey, walking at a speed of about 0.3 km/h (0.2 mph). Alternatively, an ocelot may wait for prey for 30 to 60 minutes at
3666-458: The snow leopard ( Panthera uncia ) and the Pallas's cat ( Otocolobus manul ). Those living in tropical and hot climate zones have short fur. Several species exhibit melanism with all-black individuals, cougars are notable for lacking melanism but leucism and albinism are present in cougars along with many other felids. In the great majority of cat species, the tail is between a third and
3760-438: The " Java Man ", the first specimen of Homo erectus to be discovered, demonstrated mankind's deep ancestry outside Europe. Samuel George Morton (1799–1851), one of the inspirers of physical anthropology , collected hundreds of human skulls from all over the world and started trying to find a way to classify them according to some logical criterion. Influenced by the common theories of his time, he claimed that he could judge
3854-624: The " Pithecometra principle ", which stated that man and ape were descended from a common ancestor. Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919) became famous for his now outdated " recapitulation theory ", according to which each individual mirrored the evolution of the whole species during his life. Although outdated, his work contributed then to the examination of human life. These researches on skulls and skeletons helped liberate 19th-century European science from its ethnocentric biases. In particular, Eugène Dubois ' (1858–1940) discovery in 1891 in Indonesia of
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3948-406: The "Aryan" race. In 1873, Paul Broca (1824–1880) found the same pattern described by Samuel Morton's Crania Americana by weighing brains at autopsy . Other historical studies alleging a Black-White difference in brain size include Bean (1906), Mall, (1909), Pearl, (1934) and Vint (1934). Furthermore, Georges Vacher de Lapouge 's racial classification ("Teutonic", "Alpine" and "Mediterranean")
4042-479: The 15th century onward made measurements of heads and skulls with a view to attaining greater accuracy in their representation of those parts of the human frame. Bernard Palissy and Albrecht Dürer were pioneers in such researches. Swedish professor of anatomy Anders Retzius (1796–1860) first used the cephalic index in physical anthropology to classify ancient human remains found in Europe. He classified brains into three main categories, "dolichocephalic" (from
4136-530: The African population in American society through craniometry helped greatly in the efforts to scientifically prove they were inferior. The ideologies set forth by this new "American School" of thought were then used to justify maintaining an enslaved population to sustain the increasing number of slave plantations in the American South during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. In the 19th century
4230-644: The Ancient Mexicans , archaeologist Zelia Nuttall described a statue depicting an ocelot or another felid excavated in Mexico City and its relation to the Aztec deity Tezcatlipoca . She argued that the sculpture depicted an ocelot, writing, According to the well-known myth, Tezcatlipoca, when cast down from heaven by Quetzalcoatl , "fell into the water where he transformed himself into an ocelot" and arose to kill certain giants. Moreover, she described
4324-623: The Anglo-American hegemony present in America during the eighteenth and nineteenth century helped establish "The American School of Craniometry" which helped establish the American and Western concept of race . As Jeffries points out the rigid establishment of race in eighteenth-century American society came from a new school of sciences which sought to distance Anglo-Saxons from the African American population. The distancing of
4418-785: The Felidae around 8 million years ago ( mya ). The ocelot is estimated to have diverged from the margay ( Leopardus wieldii ) between 2.41 and 1.01 mya. The relationships of the ocelot within the Felidae is considered as follows: Serval ( Leptailurus serval ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Margay ( L. wieldii ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Pampas cat ( L. colocolo ) Geoffroy's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Canada lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Cougar ( P. concolor ) The ocelot's fur
4512-600: The Pantherinae and Felinae, with the Acinonychinae subsumed into the latter. Pantherinae includes five Panthera and two Neofelis species , while Felinae includes the other 34 species in 12 genera . The first cats emerged during the Oligocene about 25 million years ago , with the appearance of Proailurus and Pseudaelurus . The latter species complex was ancestral to two main lines of felids:
4606-504: The Slavic countries". Between these, Vacher de Lapouge identified the " Homo europaeus " (Teutonic, Protestant, etc.), the " Homo alpinus " ( Auvergnat , Turkish , etc.), and finally the " Homo mediterraneus " ( Napolitano , Andalus , etc.). " Homo africanus " (Congo, Florida) was even excluded from the discussion. Vacher de Lapouge became one of the leading inspirations of Nazi antisemitism and Nazi ideology . His classification
4700-616: The aforementioned are not significant in its choice of habitat. It shares a large part of its range with the jaguar, jaguarundi , margay, oncilla and cougar. The ocelot is usually solitary and active mainly during twilight and at night. Radio collared individuals in the Cocha Cashu Biological Station in Peru rested during the day and became active earliest in the late afternoon; they moved between 3.2 and 17 hours until dawn and then returned to their dens. During
4794-420: The basis of the external shape of the skull. Cranioscopy was later renamed to phrenology ( phrenos : mind, logos : study) by his student Johann Spurzheim (1776–1832), who wrote extensively on the "Drs. Gall and Spurzheim's physiognomical System". Physiognomy claimed a correlation between physical features (especially facial features) and character traits. It was made famous by Cesare Lombroso (1835–1909),
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#17328012782134888-406: The brain than men. More direct measurements involve examinations of brains from corpses, or more recently, imaging techniques such as MRI , which can be used on living persons. Such measurements are used in research on neuroscience and intelligence . Brain volume data and other craniometric data are used in mainstream science to compare modern-day animal species, and to analyze the evolution of
4982-543: The cats in the extant subfamilies and a group of extinct "saber-tooth" felids of the subfamily Machairodontinae , which range from the type genus Machairodus of the late Miocene to Smilodon of the Pleistocene. The "false saber-toothed cats", the Barbourofelidae and Nimravidae , are not true cats but are closely related. Together with the Felidae, Viverridae , hyenas and mongooses , they constitute
5076-422: The controversial founders of theories in this area and a theoretician of eugenics , who in L'Aryen et son rôle social (1899 – "The Aryan and his social role") divided humanity into various, hierarchized, different "races", spanning from the "Aryan white race, dolichocephalic", to the "brachycephalic" "mediocre and inert" race, best represented by the population of "France, Spain, Italy, all of Asia, and most of
5170-546: The course of evolution within the majority of the eight lineages. Modelling of felid coat pattern transformations revealed that nearly all patterns evolved from small spots. Traditionally, five subfamilies had been distinguished within the Felidae based on phenotypical features: the Pantherinae , the Felinae , the Acinonychinae, and the extinct Machairodontinae and Proailurinae . Acinonychinae used to only contain
5264-458: The cranium (the main part of the skull ), usually the human cranium . It is a subset of cephalometry , measurement of the head, which in humans is a subset of anthropometry , measurement of the human body . It is distinct from phrenology , the pseudoscience that tried to link personality and character to head shape, and physiognomy , which tried the same for facial features. Today, physical and forensic anthropologists use craniometry to study
5358-464: The daytime, it rests on trees, in dens below large trees or other cool, sheltered sites on the ground. It is agile in climbing and leaping, and escapes predators by jumping on trees. It is also an efficient swimmer. It scent-marks its territory by spraying urine. The territories of males are 3.5–46 km (1.4–17.8 sq mi) large, while those of females cover 0.8–15 km (0.31–5.79 sq mi). Territories of females rarely overlap, whereas
5452-479: The evolution of human populations, determining the origin of ancient remains such as the Kennewick Man , or helping law enforcement to identify the race of the deceased. Forensic anthropologists can correctly identify the perceived social race of an individual with rates from 81-99% accuracy depending on the craniometric data, the number of variables used, the populations, and the type of analysis. There
5546-421: The extant Felidae into three subfamilies: the Pantherinae , the Felinae and the Acinonychinae, differing from each other by the ossification of the hyoid apparatus and by the cutaneous sheaths which protect their claws. This concept has been revised following developments in molecular biology and techniques for the analysis of morphological data. Today, the living Felidae are divided into two subfamilies:
5640-438: The failure of craniometry. Craniometry was also used in phrenology , which purported to determine character, personality traits, and criminality on the basis of the shape of the head and thus of the skull. At the turn of the 19th century, Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1822) developed "cranioscopy" (Ancient Greek kranion : skull, scopos : vision), a method to determine the personality and development of mental and moral faculties on
5734-408: The following cladogram: Sunda clouded leopard (N. diardi) Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Tiger (P. tigris) Snow leopard (P. uncia) Jaguar (P. onca) Lion ( P. leo ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Serval (L. serval) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Caracal ( C. caracal ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Craniometry Craniometry is measurement of
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#17328012782135828-508: The foundation of all subsequent work. Pieter Camper invented the "facial angle", a measure meant to determine intelligence among various species. According to this technique, a "facial angle" was formed by drawing two lines: one horizontally from the nostril to the ear; and the other perpendicularly from the advancing part of the upper jawbone to the most prominent part of the forehead . Camper claimed that antique statues presented an angle of 90°, Europeans of 80°, Black people of 70° and
5922-524: The founder of anthropological criminology , who claimed to be able to scientifically identify links between the nature of a crime and the personality or physical appearance of the offender. The originator of the concept of a " born criminal " and arguing in favor of biological determinism , Lombroso tried to recognize criminals by measurements of their bodies. He concluded that skull and facial features were clues to genetic criminality, and that these features could be measured with craniometers and calipers with
6016-866: The genus Acinonyx but this genus is now within the Felinae subfamily. The following cladogram based on Piras et al. (2013) depicts the phylogeny of basal living and extinct groups. † Proailurus bourbonnensis † Proailurus lemanensis † Proailurus major † Pseudaelurus quadridentatus † Pseudaelurus cuspidatus † Pseudaelurus guangheesis † Machairodontinae [REDACTED] † Hyperailurictis intrepidus † Hyperailurictis marshi † Hyperailurictis stouti † Hyperailurictis validus † Hyperailurictis skinneri † Sivaelurus chinjiensis † Styriofelis turnauensis † Styriofelis romieviensis Felinae [REDACTED] † Miopanthera lorteti † Miopanthera pamiri Pantherinae [REDACTED] The phylogenetic relationships of living felids are shown in
6110-733: The genus Leopardus and recognized nine subspecies as valid taxa based on the colors and spot patterns of skins. In 1941, Pocock reviewed dozens of ocelot skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum and regrouped them to nine different subspecies, also based on their colors and spots. Later authors recognized 10 subspecies as valid. In 1998, results of a mtDNA control region analysis of ocelot samples indicated that four major ocelot groups exist, one each in Central America, northwestern South America, northeastern South America and southern South America south of
6204-424: The genus Leopardus . It typically reaches 40–50 cm (16–20 in) at the shoulder. The weight of females ranges between 7 and 12 kg (15 and 26 lb) and of males between 8 and 18 kg (18 and 40 lb). Its footprint measures nearly 5 cm × 5 cm (2.0 in × 2.0 in). The ocelot can be confused with the margay ( Leopardus wiedii ) and the oncilla ( L. tigrinus ), though
6298-611: The intellectual capacity of a race by the cranial capacity (the measure of the volume of the interior of the skull). After inspecting three mummies from ancient Egyptian catacombs, Morton concluded that Caucasians and other races were already distinct three thousand years ago. Since the Bible indicated that Noah's Ark had washed up on Mount Ararat , only a thousand years ago before this, Morton claimed that Noah's sons could not possibly account for every race on Earth. According to Morton's theory of polygenism , races have been separate since
6392-439: The kill immediately, but removes bird feathers before. It typically preys on animals that weigh less than 1 kg (2.2 lb), but rarely targets large ungulates such as deer, sheep and peccaries , as well as anteaters , New World monkeys and iguanas . It requires 600–800 g (21–28 oz) of food every day to satisfy its energy requirements. Primates prevail in the diet of ocelots in southeastern Brazil and iguanas in
6486-848: The most highly preferred in the US, reaching an all-time high of 140,000 skins traded in 1970. This was followed by prohibitions on commercial trade of spotted cat skins in several range states such as Brazil and the US, causing ocelot skins in trade to plummet. In 1986, the European Economic Community banned import of ocelot skins, and in 1989, the ocelot was included in Appendix I of the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora . However, hunting of ocelots for skins has continued and
6580-486: The muscle fibers of human athletes. The family Felidae is part of the Feliformia , a suborder that diverged probably about 50.6 to 35 million years ago into several families. The Felidae and the Asiatic linsangs are considered a sister group , which split about 35.2 to 31.9 million years ago . The earliest cats probably appeared about 35 to 28.5 million years ago . Proailurus
6674-620: The name is the Latin ocellatus ("having little eyes" or "marked with eye-like spots"), in reference to the cat's spotted coat. Other vernacular names for the ocelot include cunaguaro (Venezuela), gato onza (Argentina), gato tigre (Panama), heitigrikati (Suriname), jaguatirica , maracaja (Brazil), manigordo (Costa Rica, Panama and Venezuela), mathuntori , ocelote , onsa , pumillo , tiger cat (Belize), tigrecillo (Bolivia) and tigrillo (Colombia, Ecuador, Guatemala, and Peru). Felis pardalis
6768-470: The names of notable contributors to the literature of craniometry quickly increased in number. While it is impossible to analyse each contribution, or even record a complete list of the names of the authors, notable researchers who used craniometric methods to compare humans to other animals included T. H. Huxley (1825–1895) of England and Paul Broca. By comparing skeletons of apes to man, Huxley backed up Charles Darwin 's theory of evolution and developed
6862-529: The notion of polygenism . Charles Darwin opposed Nott and Glidon in his 1871 The Descent of Man , arguing for a monogenism of the species. Darwin conceived the common origin of all humans (the single-origin hypothesis ) as essential for evolutionary theory . Furthermore, Josiah Nott was the translator of Arthur de Gobineau 's An Essay on the Inequality of the Human Races (1853–1855), which
6956-454: The ocelot is noticeably larger and heavier with a shorter tail. Though all three have rosettes on their coats, the ocelot typically has a more blotched pattern; the oncilla has dark spots on its underbelly unlike the other two. Other differences lie in the facial markings, appearance of the tail and fur characteristics. The ocelot is similar in size to a bobcat ( Lynx rufus ), though larger individuals have occasionally been recorded. The jaguar
7050-559: The ocelot population in Argentina's subtropical regions was estimated to consist of 1,500 to 8,000 mature individuals. It has been recorded in oil palm landscapes and big cattle ranches in the Colombian Llanos and inter- Andean valleys. In Texas and northeastern Mexico, ocelot populations have reduced drastically; as of 2014, the population in Texas was estimated to be 50–80 individuals. The reduced numbers have led to increased inbreeding and low genetic diversity . Despite this,
7144-701: The ocelot population in the southern part of South America. In 2017, the Cat Classification Task Force of the IUCN Cat Specialist Group noted that up to four subspecies can be identified, but recognized only two as valid taxa. These two taxa differ in morphological features and are geographically separated by the Andes : Results of a phylogenetic study indicate that the Leopardus lineage genetically diverged from
7238-477: The orangutan of 58°, thus displaying a hierarchic view of mankind, based on a decadent conception of history. This scientific research was continued by Étienne Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire (1772–1844) and Paul Broca (1824–1880), founder of the Anthropological Society in 1859 in France. In 1856, workers found in a limestone quarry the skull of a Neanderthal man, thinking it to be the remains of
7332-499: The other hand, craniometry was also used as evidence against the existence of a " Nordic race " and also by Franz Boas who used the cephalic index to show the influence of environmental factors. Charles Darwin used craniometry and the study of skeletons to demonstrate his theory of evolution first expressed in On the Origin of Species (1859). Quite separately, certain artists from
7426-702: The poorest and least educated areas of Africa against Asians from the wealthiest and most educated areas of Asia and areas with colder climates which generally induce larger cranium sizes in evolution. According to Zack Cernovsky , from one of Rushton's own study it emerges that the average cranial capacity for North American blacks is similar to the average for Caucasians from comparable climatic zones. Per Cernovsky, people from different climates tend to have minor differences in brain size, but these do not necessarily imply differences in intelligence; for instance, though women tend to have smaller brains than men they also have more neural complexity and loading in certain areas of
7520-788: The reintroduction effort is taking place on private lands. NatureServe considers the ocelot apparently secure globally, but critically imperiled in Texas and Arizona. The American Zoo and Aquarium Association established a Species Survival Plan for the ocelot populations in Brazil. In 2006, the captive population in North American zoos consisted of 16 ocelots representing six founders and their offspring. Some litters were produced using artificial insemination . The Emperor Valley Zoo in Trinidad keeps foremost confiscated and trapped ocelots. Ocelots have been associated with humans since
7614-464: The results developed into quantitative research. A few of the 14 identified traits of a criminal included large jaws , forward projection of jaw, low sloping forehead; high cheekbones , flattened or upturned nose; handle-shaped ears; hawk-like noses or fleshy lips ; hard shifty eyes; scanty beard or baldness; insensitivity to pain; long arms, and so on. After being a main influence of US white nationalists , William Ripley's The Races of Europe (1899)
7708-625: The same East Asian → European → African pattern. However, in the same article Beals explicitly warns against using the findings as indicative of racial traits, "If one merely lists such means by geographical region or race, causes of similarity by genogroup and ecotype are hopelessly confounded". Rushton's findings have also been criticized for questionable methodology, such as lumping in African-Americans with equatorial Africans, as people from hot climates generally have slightly smaller crania. Rushton also compared equatorial Africans from
7802-413: The segregation of society based on race became popular at this time, one of their prominent figures being Georges Vacher de Lapouge (1854–1936), who divided humanity into various, hierarchized, different " races ", spanning from the " Aryan white race, dolichocephalic " (from the Ancient Greek kephalê , head, and dolikhos , long and thin), to the " brachycephalic " (short and broad-headed) race. On
7896-557: The skulls used in Morton's reports, finding that in only 2% of cases did Morton's measurements differ significantly from their own and that these errors either were random or gave a larger than accurate volume to African skulls, the reverse of the bias that Gould imputed to Morton. Morton's followers, particularly Josiah C. Nott and George Gliddon in their monumental tribute to Morton's work, Types of Mankind (1854), carried Morton's ideas further and backed up his findings which supported
7990-475: The smallest brains with an average of 78 cubic inches. Stephen Jay Gould (1941–2002), an American paleontologist , evolutionary biologist and historian of science , studied these craniometric works in The Mismeasure of Man (1981) and claimed Samuel Morton had fudged data and "overpacked" the skulls with filler in order to justify his preconceived notions on racial differences. A subsequent study by
8084-453: The start. Morton claimed that he could judge the intellectual capacity of a race by the skull size. A large skull meant a large brain and high intellectual capacity, and a small skull indicated a small brain and decreased intellectual capacity. Morton collected hundreds of human skulls from all over the world. By studying these skulls he claimed that each race had a separate origin. Morton had many skulls from ancient Egypt, and concluded that
8178-638: The territory of a male includes those of two to three females. Social interaction between sexes is minimal, though a few adults have been observed together even in non-mating periods, and some juveniles interact with their parents. Data from camera trapping studies confirm that several ocelot individuals deposit scat in one or several communal sites, called latrines . Ocelots can be aggressive in defending their territory, fighting even to death. The population density of ocelots has been observed to be high in areas with high rainfall, but tends to decrease with increasing latitude; highest densities have been recorded in
8272-451: The time of the Aztec and Incan civilizations, who depicted ocelots in their art and mythology. Representations of ocelots appear in every artistic medium, from Moche ceramics to murals, architectural details, and landscape features. Ocelot bones were made into thin, pointed instruments to pierce ears and limbs for ritual bloodletting . Several figurines depicting ocelots and similar felids are known. In her 1904 work A Penitential Rite of
8366-513: The tropics. In 2014, the ocelot population density in Barro Colorado Island was estimated to be 1.59–1.74/km (4.1–4.5/sq mi), greater than 0.984/km (2.55/sq mi) recorded in northwestern Amazon in Peru in 2010, which was the densest ocelot population recorded thus far. Potential predators of the ocelot in Texas include the cougar , coyote and American alligator , while ocelot kittens are vulnerable to raptors , such as
8460-435: The year; peak mating season varies geographically. After a gestation period of two to three months, the female gives birth to a litter of one to three kittens. They stay with their mother for up to two years, after which they leave to establish their own home ranges . The ocelot is listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List and is threatened by habitat destruction , hunting , and traffic accidents. While its range
8554-815: Was eventually rewritten in 1939, just before World War II , by Harvard physical anthropologist Carleton S. Coon . J. Philippe Rushton , psychologist and author of the controversial work Race, Evolution and Behavior (1995), reanalyzed Gould's retabulation in 1989, and argued that Samuel Morton, in his 1839 book Crania Americana , had shown a pattern of decreasing brain size proceeding from East Asians to Europeans to Africans. In his 1995 book Race, Evolution, and Behavior , Rushton alleged an average endocranial volume of 1,364 cm for East Asians , 1,347 for white caucasians and 1,268 for black Africans . Other similar claims were previously made by Ho et al. (1980), who measured 1,261 brains at autopsy, and Beals et al. (1984), who measured approximately 20,000 skulls, finding
8648-1002: Was mirrored in William Z. Ripley in The Races of Europe (1899). In 1784, Louis-Jean-Marie Daubenton , who wrote many comparative anatomy memoirs for the Académie française , published the Mémoire sur les différences de la situation du grand trou occipital dans l'homme et dans les animaux (which translates as Memoir on the Different Positions of the Occipital Foramen in Man and Animals ). Six years later, Pieter Camper (1722–1789), distinguished both as an artist and as an anatomist, published some lectures containing an account of his craniometrical methods. These laid
8742-502: Was re-used by William Z. Ripley (1867–1941) in The Races of Europe (1899), who even made a map of Europe according to the alleged cephalic index of its inhabitants. In Germany, Rudolf Virchow launched a study of craniometry, which gave surprising results according to contemporary theories on the " Aryan race ", leading Virchow to denounce the " Nordic mysticism " in the 1885 Anthropology Congress in Karlsruhe . Josef Kollmann ,
8836-484: Was the scientific name proposed for the ocelot by Carl Linnaeus in 1758. The genus Leopardus was proposed by John Edward Gray in 1842 for several spotted cat skins in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London . Several ocelot specimens were described in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, including: In 1919, Allen reviewed the specimens described until 1914, placed them into
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