34-584: Ocklawaha may refer to: Ocklawaha, Florida , an unincorporated community Ocklawaha River , a river in Florida USS ; Ocklawaha (AO-84) , a World War II tanker of the United States Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ocklawaha . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change
68-417: A fan. Referral to an ophthalmologist is needed if slit-lamp examination shows impaction of solid particles of agent. Blowing the nose to get rid of the chemicals is recommended, as is avoiding rubbing of the eyes. There are reports that water may increase pain from CS gas, but the balance of limited evidence currently suggests water or saline are the best options. Some evidence suggests that Diphoterine ,
102-451: A hypertonic amphoteric salt solution, a first aid product for chemical splashes, may help with ocular burns or chemicals in the eye. Bathing and washing the body vigorously with soap and water can remove particles that adhere to the skin. Clothes, shoes and accessories that come into contact with vapors must be washed well since all untreated particles can remain active for up to a week. Some advocate using fans or hair dryers to evaporate
136-680: A letter sent to Arthur. The gang had rented the property under the pseudonym "Blackburn", claiming to be a mother and sons wanting to vacation in a country retreat. Agents surrounded the house at what is now 13250 East Highway C-25 on the morning of January 16, 1935. The FBI were not aware that Alvin Karpis and other gang members had left three days before, leaving only Fred and Ma in the house. The agents ordered them to surrender, but Fred Barker (and possibly "Ma" Barker) opened fire at 7 A.M.; both he and his mother were killed by federal agents after an intense shootout lasted for four-and-a-half hours. During
170-437: A manual setting to adjust the range of fire. The only way to adjust the projectile's range is to aim towards the ground at the correct angle. Incorrect aim will send the capsules away from the targets, causing risk for non-targets instead. A variety of protective equipment may be used, including gas masks and respirators . In riot control situations, protesters sometimes use equipment (aside from simple rags or clothing over
204-411: A means of improving trainees' tolerance to tear gas and encouraging confidence in the ability of their issued protective equipment to prevent chemical weapons exposure. Certain lachrymatory agents, most notably tear gas, are often used by police to force compliance. In some countries (e.g., Finland, Australia, and United States), another common substance is mace . The self-defense weapon form of mace
238-651: A reenactment of the event. FBI agents discovered the hideout of the Barker-Karpis Gang after Arthur "Doc" Barker (one of Ma Barker's sons) was arrested in Chicago on January 8, 1935. A map found in Arthur's possession indicated that other gang members were in Ocklawaha. The FBI soon located the house where the gang was staying after identifying references to a local alligator named "Gator Joe", mentioned in
272-754: A treaty that most states have signed. Police and civilian self-defense use is not banned in the same manner. Tear gas was used in combat by Italy in the Second Italo-Ethiopian War , by Japan in the Second Sino-Japanese War , by Spain in the Rif War and by the United States in the Vietnam War , and Israel Israel–Palestine conflict . Tear gas exposure is an element of military training programs, typically as
306-595: Is 18 miles (29 km) to the northwest, and Leesburg is the same distance to the south. According to the U.S. Census Bureau , the Ocklawaha CDP has a total area of 3.4 square miles (8.8 km ), of which 2.4 square miles (6.2 km ) are land and 1.0 square mile (2.6 km ), or 29.5%, are water. The water area is mainly in Lake Weir to the south, with the rest in Bowers Lake on the western edge of
340-593: Is an unincorporated community and census-designated place (CDP) in Marion County , Florida , United States. As of the 2020 census , the population was 1,508. The community is part of the Ocala Metropolitan Statistical Area . A post office was established at Ocklawaha in 1884. The area has its own postal district (32179) and post office. The community took its name from the nearby Ocklawaha River . In 1935, Ocklawaha
374-404: Is based on pepper spray which comes in small spray cans. Versions including CS are manufactured for police use. Xylyl bromide, CN and CS are the oldest of these agents. CS is the most widely used. CN has the most recorded toxicity. Typical manufacturer warnings on tear gas cartridges state "Danger: Do not fire directly at person(s). Severe injury or death may result." Tear gas guns do not have
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#1732775484022408-718: Is prohibited by various international treaties. During World War I , increasingly toxic and deadly lachrymatory agents were used. The short and long-term effects of tear gas are not well studied. The published peer-reviewed literature consists of lower quality evidence that do not establish causality. Exposure to tear gas agents may produce numerous short-term and long-term health effects, including development of respiratory illnesses, severe eye injuries and diseases (such as traumatic optic neuropathy, keratitis, glaucoma, and cataracts), dermatitis, damage of cardiovascular and gastrointestinal systems, and death, especially in cases with exposure to high concentrations of tear gas or application of
442-461: Is unclear how effective these remedies are. In particular, vinegar itself can burn the eyes and prolonged inhalation can also irritate the airways. Vegetable oil and vinegar have been reported as helping relieve burning caused by pepper spray, Kräuter suggests the usage of baking soda or toothpaste, stating that they trap the particles emanating from the gas near the airways that are more feasible to inhale. A small trial of baby shampoo for washing out
476-707: The 2019 Hong Kong protests , frontline protesters became adept at extinguishing tear gas: they formed special teams that sprang into action as soon as it was fired. These individuals generally wore protective clothing, including heat-proof gloves, or covered their arms and legs with cling film to prevent the painful skin irritation. Canisters were sometimes picked up and lobbed back at police or extinguished straight away with water, or neutralized using objects such as traffic cones. They shared information about models of 3M respirator filters which had been found to be most effective against tear gas, and where those models could be purchased. Other volunteers carried saline solutions to rinse
510-500: The 2019–20 Chilean protests various people have had complete and permanent loss of vision in one or both eyes as result of the impact of tear gas grenades. The majority (2116; 93.8%) of protestors who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (USA) reported physical (2114; 93.7%) or psychological (1635; 72.4%) health issues experienced immediately after (2105; 93.3%) or days following (1944; 86.1%)
544-525: The cornea can lead to a permanent loss in visual acuity . Frequent or high levels of exposure carry increased risks of respiratory illness. Venezuelan chemist Mónica Kräuter studied thousands of tear gas canisters fired by Venezuelan authorities since 2014. She concluded that the majority of canisters used the main component CS gas , but that 72% of the tear gas used was expired. She noted that expired tear gas "breaks down into cyanide oxide, phosgenes and nitrogens that are extremely dangerous". In
578-547: The lacrimal gland in the eye to produce tears. In addition, it can cause severe eye and respiratory pain, skin irritation, bleeding, and blindness. Common lachrymators both currently and formerly used as tear gas include pepper spray (OC gas), PAVA spray ( nonivamide ), CS gas , CR gas , CN gas (phenacyl chloride), bromoacetone , xylyl bromide , chloropicrin (PS gas) and Mace (a branded mixture). While lachrymatory agents are commonly deployed for riot control by law enforcement and military personnel, its use in warfare
612-544: The affected area when possible. Immediate removal of contact lenses has also been recommended, as they can retain particles. Decontamination is by physical or mechanical removal (brushing, washing, rinsing) of solid or liquid agents. Water may transiently exacerbate the pain caused by CS gas and pepper spray but is still effective, although fat-containing oils or soaps may be more effective against pepper spray. Eyes are decontaminated by copious flushing with sterile water or saline or (with OC) open-eye exposure to wind from
646-572: The area. As with all non-lethal or less-lethal weapons , there is a risk of serious permanent injury or death when tear gas is used. This includes risks from being hit by tear gas cartridges that may cause severe bruising, loss of eyesight, or skull fracture, resulting in immediate death. A case of serious vascular injury from tear gas shells has also been reported from Iran, with high rates of associated nerve injury (44%) and amputation (17%), as well as instances of head injuries in young people. Novel findings suggest that menstrual changes are one of
680-455: The body of Herman Barker. The FBI agents who were involved in the shootout were: Ocklawaha is located in southeastern Marion County at 29°02′33″N 81°55′46″W / 29.0425°N 81.9294°W / 29.0425; -81.9294 (29.0425, -81.9294), on the north shore of Lake Weir . It is bordered to the east by Silver Springs Shores East . Ocala , the Marion county seat ,
714-411: The community. [REDACTED] Florida portal [REDACTED] Media related to Ocklawaha, Florida at Wikimedia Commons Tear gas Tear gas , also known as a lachrymatory agent or lachrymator (from Latin lacrima ' tear '), sometimes colloquially known as " mace " after the early commercial self-defense spray , is a chemical weapon that stimulates the nerves of
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#1732775484022748-448: The exposure. The majority (1233; 54.6%) of respondents who reported exposure to tear gas during the 2020 protests in Portland, Oregon (US) have also reported receiving or planning to seek medical or mental healthcare for their tear gas-related health issues. It has been shown that health issues associated with the exposure to tear gas are often require medical attention. TRPA1 ion channels expressed on nociceptors have been implicated as
782-475: The eyes of those affected. Similarly, Chilean protesters of Primera Línea had specialized individuals collecting and extinguishing the tear gas grenades. Others acted as tear gas medics, and another group, the "shield-bearers," protected the protesters from the direct physical impact of the grenades. There is no specific antidote to common tear gases. At the first sign of exposure or potential exposure, masks are applied when available. People are removed from
816-421: The house wearing a bulletproof vest. Woodbury reported that there was no one inside alive. It was believed that Fred and Ma were killed by heavy gunfire while FBI Agents McDade and Muzzey fired tear gas . It remains unknown whether Ma Barker fired a gun during the shootout—or if Ma Barker was directly involved with any criminal activity. She certainly knew that her sons were criminals. Both bodies were found in
850-445: The link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ocklawaha&oldid=933025154 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Ocklawaha, Florida Ocklawaha (also spelled Oklawaha )
884-606: The most commonly reported health issues in women. While the medical consequences of the gases themselves are typically limited to minor skin inflammation , delayed complications are also possible. People with pre-existing respiratory conditions such as asthma are particularly at risk. They are likely to need medical attention and may sometimes require hospitalization or even ventilation support . Skin exposure to CS may cause chemical burns or induce allergic contact dermatitis . When people are hit at close range or are severely exposed, eye injuries involving scarring of
918-597: The mouth) such as swimming goggles and adapted water bottles, as well as covering as much skin as possible. Activists in United States, the Czech Republic, Venezuela and Turkey have reported using antacid solutions such as Maalox diluted with water to repel effects of tear gas attacks, with Venezuelan chemist Mónica Kräuter recommending the usage of diluted antacids as well as baking soda . There have also been reports of these antacids being helpful for tear gas, and for capsaicin-induced skin pain. During
952-602: The same front bedroom. Fred was killed after being shot 14 times; including three times in the head. Ma appeared to have died from a single bullet wound in the skull. According to the FBI's account, a Tommy gun was found lying in her hands. Other sources say that it was lying between the bodies of Ma and Fred. Their bodies were put on public display, and then stored unclaimed until October 1, 1935, when relatives had them buried at Williams Timberhill Cemetery in Welch, Oklahoma , next to
986-501: The shootout, Fred almost killed FBI Special Agent James Campbell "Doc" White (who was taking cover behind a tree)—at the same time, Special Agent in Charge Earl "E.J." Connelley shot and wounded Fred in the neck. Allegedly, many local people came to watch the events unfolding, even holding picnics during the gunfire. Gunfire from the house finally stopped at 11:30 A.M., and the FBI ordered local estate handyman Willie Woodbury to enter
1020-540: The site of action for CS gas , CR gas , CN gas (phenacyl chloride), chloropicrin and bromoacetone in rodent models. During World War I , various forms of tear gas were used in combat and tear gas was the most common form of chemical weapon used. None of the belligerents believed that the use of irritant gases violated the Hague Convention of 1899 which prohibited the use of "poison or poisoned weapons" in warfare. Use of chemical weapons escalated during
1054-842: The spray, but this has not been shown to be better than washing out the eyes and it may spread contamination. Anticholinergics can work like some antihistamines as they reduce lacrymation and decrease salivation, acting as an antisialagogue , and for overall nose discomfort as they are used to treat allergic reactions in the nose (e.g., itching, runny nose, and sneezing). Oral analgesics may help relieve eye pain. Most effects resulting from riot-control agents are transient and do not require treatment beyond decontamination, and most patients do not need observation beyond 4 hours. However, patients should be instructed to return if they develop effects such as blistering or delayed-onset shortness of breath. Vinegar, petroleum jelly , milk and lemon juice solutions have also been used by activists. It
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1088-505: The tear gases in enclosed spaces. Tear gas generally consists of aerosolized solid or liquid compounds ( bromoacetone or xylyl bromide ), not gas. Tear gas works by irritating mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, mouth and lungs. It causes crying, sneezing, coughing, difficulty breathing, pain in the eyes, and temporary blindness. With CS gas , symptoms of irritation typically appear after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and commonly resolve within 30 minutes of leaving (or being removed from)
1122-477: The war to lethal gases, after 1914 (during which only tear gas was used). The US Chemical Warfare Service developed tear gas grenades for use in riot control in 1919. Use of tear gas in interstate warfare, as with all other chemical weapons , was prohibited by the Geneva Protocol of 1925: it prohibited the use of "asphyxiating gas, or any other kind of gas, liquids, substances or similar materials",
1156-477: Was the scene of a shootout between federal agents and Barker-Karpis Gang member Fred Barker . The agents fired about 500 bullets into the house, with roughly 250 shots fired in return, according to the after-action report of Special Agent in Charge Earl "E.J." Connelley. The fight ended in the deaths of Fred Barker and his mother Kate "Ma" Barker . Each year, the Ocklawaha Chamber of Commerce puts on
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