Misplaced Pages

#331668

50-823: The Oghuz Yabgu State or Oghuz ili ( Old Turkic : Land of Oghuz ) was a Turkic state, founded by Oghuz Turks in 766, located geographically in an area between the coasts of the Caspian and Aral Seas . Oghuz tribes occupied a vast territory in Kazakhstan along the Irgiz , Yaik , Emba , and Uil rivers, the Aral Sea area, the Syr Darya valley, the foothills of the Karatau Mountains in Tien-Shan , and

100-804: A collective ethnic name. The original Oghuz areas were the southeastern regions of Central Asia . The beginning of the early Oghuz group formation is linked to the Western Zhetysu (often known, in Russian and other European languages, as Semirechye). The first reference to the Oghuz State is by the Arab geographer Yaqubi , who mentioned the Oghuz's wars against the Toquz Oghuz , Kimeks , and Karluks ; another geographer, Ibn al-Faqih, reported that

150-655: A hundred kilometres, but then it leaves Kyrgyzstan and flows into Kazakhstan , where it flows at the northern edge of the Moiynkum Desert , with lake Kokuydynkol close to its channel. In wet years it may reach the endorheic salt lake Akzhaykyn , located among the vast solonchaks of the Ashchykol Depression . The area of this river was originally home to the Iranian Sughds who spoke Soghdian , an Eastern Iranian language . During

200-614: A nasal in a word such as 𐰢𐰤 ( men , "I"). There are approximately 12 case morphemes in Old Turkic (treating 3 types of accusatives as one); the table below lists Old Turkic cases following Marcel Erdal ’s classification (some phonemes of suffixes written in capital letters denote archiphonemes which sometimes are dropped or changed as per (East) Old Turkic phonotactics ): Old Turkic (like Modern Turkic) had 2 grammatical numbers: singular and plural. However, Old Turkic also formed collective nouns (a category related to plurals) by

250-703: A privileged status. The discrepancy between the sources probably resulted from the Oghuz division into two exogamous parts, Buzuks and Uchuks belonging respectively to the right and the left wing of their army. Oghuz States also had the "Uruk" and "Aimags". The term "Uruk" designated tribal divisions. Clans and tribes united into larger tribal alliances, were known as "il" (the country). (approximately from 600 to 1042) Capital: Yangikent . Conquest of Khwarazm in 1042. 44°00′N 62°00′E  /  44.000°N 62.000°E  / 44.000; 62.000 Old Turkic Old Siberian Turkic , generally known as East Old Turkic and often shortened to Old Turkic ,

300-443: A separate suffix -(A)gU(n) e.g. tay agun uŋuz ‘your colts’. Unlike Modern Turkic, Old Turkic had 3 types of suffixes to denote plural: Suffixes except for -lAr is limitedly used for only a few words. In some descriptions, -(X)t and -An may also be treated as collective markers. -(X)t is used for titles of non-Turkic origin, e.g. tarxat ← tarxan 'free man' <Soghdian, tégit ← tégin 'prince' (of unknown origin). -s

350-490: Is a Central Asian ghost town Jankent . The state was ruled by the leader of the Oghuz Turks with the title Yabgu , which is similar to other Turkic ruling titles such as Khan and Kagan/Hakan, but initially with a status below Khagan. The army was commanded by Subaşı , "sü" meaning "army" (possibly from Late Old Chinese 戍 śwò "frontier guard") and "başı" "head > ruler". The Oghuz State played an important role in

400-585: Is a river in northern Kyrgyzstan and southern Kazakhstan . Of its total length of 1,067 kilometres (663 mi), the first 115 kilometres are in Kyrgyzstan, then for 221 kilometres the river serves as the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan and the last 731 kilometres are in Kazakhstan. It is one of the longest rivers in Kyrgyzstan and in Kazakhstan. It has a drainage basin of 62,500 square kilometres (24,100 sq mi). The Chüy Region ,

450-444: Is a similar suffix, e.g. ïšbara-s 'lords' <Sanskrit īśvara . -An is used for person, e.g. ärän 'men, warriors' ← är 'man', oglan ← ogul 'son'. Today, all Modern Turkic languages (except for Chuvash ) use exclusively the suffix of the -lAr type for plural. Finite verb forms in Old Turkic (i.e. verbs to which a tense suffix is added) always conjugate for person and number of the subject by corresponding suffixes save for

500-406: Is assimilated through the word through vowel harmony . Some vowels were considered to occur only in the initial syllable, but they were later found to be in suffixes. Length is distinctive for all vowels; while most of its daughter languages have lost the distinction, many of these preserve it in the case of /e/ with a height distinction, where the long phoneme developed into a more closed vowel than

550-649: Is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left. Variants of the script were found in Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east and the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated between the 8th and 10th centuries. Vowel roundness

SECTION 10

#1732766077332

600-619: Is not clear. His capital or winter camp was at Yangikent (=new-town) where the Syr Darya made its last split. Around 985 one of his commanders named Seljuk split off and moved to Jend south of the upper delta and converted to Islam. His followers became the Seljuks . The yabghu converted a little later. In 1034-35 yabghu Shah Malik Barani defeated the Seljuks and Turkomans of Khwarezm which caused many Turkomans to move south to Khorasan and

650-649: Is the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates during the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language. The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev . This writing system was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate . Additionally, a Yenisei variant

700-472: Is very close to Old Uyghur. East Old Turkic and West Old Turkic together comprise the Old Turkic proper, though West Old Turkic is generally unattested and is mostly reconstructed through words loaned through Hungarian . East Old Turkic is the oldest attested member of the Siberian Turkic branch of Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in

750-481: The Chui River valley (see map). The Oghuz political association developed in the 9th and 10th centuries in the basin of the middle and lower course of the Syr Darya and adjoining the modern western Kazakhstan steppes. The etymology of the name " Oghuz " is unclear. It was discussed many times in historical and philological literature. The term probably means "tribes", or the "tribal union", and then could turn into

800-693: The Ghaznavids , but two years later he was captured by the Seljuk forces and executed. Shahmalik Yabgu was the last ruler of the Oghuz State. Internal turmoil and conflict with the Seljuks weakened the Oghuz State. The weakened state fell under attacks by the Kipchak tribes from the Kimak Kaganate . Under the pressure of the Kipchaks, the two branches of the Oghuz people split, a significant part of

850-758: The Kangar Union and captured the lower course of the Syr Darya river and the Aral steppes, displacing the Kangars and Pechenegs . The nomadic tribes of the Syr Darya Kangars were forced to join the Oghuzes, and a part of them migrated to the west to the northern Black Sea region. The Oghuzes moved their capital to Yangikent and became known as Oghuz Yabgu State. The state was founded in Eni-Kent which

900-740: The Middle Ages , the area was strategically important. It was the setting of Suyab , the capital of the Western Turkic Khaganate and Balasagun , the capital of the Qara Khitai (Western Liao dynasty). The Chu River posed a risk of flooding for settlements located in the Chu Valley. In the winter of 1878, an ice gorge formed on the Chu River upstream from Tokmok , the administrative centre of Semirechye Province. This

950-763: The Turkic Ġuz Despite the similarity in name, Golden contends that the Toquz Oghuz ( Chinese : 九姓 Jĭu Xìng "Nine Surnames"), from whom emerged the Uyghurs , were not the same people as the Oghuz who founded the Oghuz Yabgu state in Transoxiana . because Istakhri and Muhammad ibn Muhmad al-Tusi kept the Toquz Oghuz and Oghuz distinct and Ibn al-Faqih mentioned "the infidel Turk-Oghuz, the Toquz-Oghuz, and

1000-595: The 11th century, Oghuz migration to Persia and the Near East began. The movement was led by the head of the Kınık tribe Tughril and Chaghri Beg , the grandchildren of Seljuk. This migrating group became, in time, the Seljuk Empire. In 1025 a part of the Seljuks settled in the territory of the modern Turkmenistan , centered on the city of Nysa . In 1034–1035, they were joined by Togrul bek's subjects. In 1038–1040,

1050-520: The 13th century. Old Turkic can generally be split into two dialects, the earlier Orkhon Turkic and the later Old Uyghur . There is a difference of opinion among linguists with regard to the Karakhanid language , some (among whom include Omeljan Pritsak , Sergey Malov , Osman Karatay and Marcel Erdal ) classify it as another dialect of East Old Turkic, while others prefer to include Karakhanid among Middle Turkic languages; nonetheless, Karakhanid

SECTION 20

#1732766077332

1100-408: The 3rd person, in which case person suffix is absent. This grammatical configuration is preserved in the majority of Modern Turkic languages, except for some such as Yellow Uyghur in which verbs no longer agree with the person of the subject. Old Turkic had a complex system of tenses, which could be divided into six simple and derived tenses, the latter formed by adding special (auxiliary) verbs to

1150-474: The Chu River and its tributaries. According to the Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology, in 2004–08 the water pollution index of the Chu River in the Chu Valley ranged from 0.25 to 0.7 units, which is interpreted as Class II ("Clean water"). The only exception was a monitoring point downstream of Vasilyevka village where the water pollution index ranged from 0.4 to 1.2 units and water quality

1200-474: The Kopet Dagh. In 1041 Shah Malik conquered Khwarezm after a three-day battle. The Seljuks drove him out in 1043. He fled and was later killed, his 'state' perhaps disappearing. The economic base of society was private ownership of livestock. Little is known about the old farming communities in the oases, river valleys, and wetlands. The cities continued to be populated by traders and artisans. The title of

1250-526: The Oghuz confederation shifted from the Issyk Kul area to the lower course of the Syr Darya under pressure of the refugees of the Sary Turgesh tribe. Zuev also notes two parallel passages: one from Venus' Secret Classic ( Taibo Yinjing 太白陰經) which mentioned the 三屈 "Three Qu " (< MC * kɨut̚ ), and the other from al-Masʻudi 's Meadows of Gold and Mines of Gems , which mentioned the three hordes of

1300-644: The Oghuz were possibly led by a core group of Toquz Oghuz clans or tribes. In 766, after Karluks overran the Türgesh Khaganate in Zhetysu (southeastern modern Kazakhstan), Karluk tribes formed a Khanate centered there under the rule of a Yabgu , and they occupied and transferred their capital to Suyab . By that time the bulk of the Uch-Karluk ( Three Karluks ) confederation had left the Altai , and

1350-532: The Oghuzes along with the Kimeks and Toguz Oghuzes were the "kings" (malik), and were revered among the Turks. In Zhetysu the old Oghuz capital was Guziya. The Chinese sources, dated to the 7th and 8th centuries, located the 姑蘇 Gūsū (a Western Turkic tribe not belonging to the "Ten Arrows" Union) consistently in the vicinity of Issyk Kul – Talas; Yury Zuev (1960) links these Gusu to the Oghuz Turks. The center of

1400-593: The Oghuzes went to Eastern Europe , and the Seljuk Oghuzes left toward Asia Minor . Another part of the Oghuzes fell under the rule of the Karahanids and Seljuk rulers of Khorasan . The remnants of those Oghuz defeated by the Kipchaks subsequently dissolved among the Turkic-speaking tribes of Dasht-e-Kipchak . The Oghuz tribes contributed to the formation of many of today's Turkic peoples . In

1450-529: The Qarluq" Even so, Golden notes the confusion in Latter Göktürks and Uyghurs , where Oghuz apparently referred to Toquz Oghuz or another tribal grouping, who were also named Oghuz without a prefixed numeral; this confusion is also reflected in al-Marwazi , who listed 12 Oghuz tribes, who were ruled by a "Toquz Khaqan" and some of whom were Toquz-Oghuz, on the border of Transoxiana and Khwarazm. At most,

1500-589: The Seljuks fought against Ghaznavids and captured Nishapur . Subsequently, they were able to create a huge state, which consisted of Asia Minor , Persia, and parts of the Caucasus and Central Asia. The Oghuz il state existed for three centuries. Another Turkic group, Kipchaks and Kimeks of the Kimek Kaganate , ended the state by the 12th century. By that time, Selçuk Bey and his Kınık (tribe) headed to Persia to found their own Muslim state, which in

1550-716: The comparatively flat Chüy Valley , within which lie the Kyrgyz capital Bishkek and the Kazakh city of Shu . Much of the Chu's water is diverted into a network of canals, such as the Great Chüy Canal , to irrigate the fertile black soils of the Chüy Valley for farming, on both the Kyrgyz and Kazakh sides of the river. As the Chu flows through the Chüy Valley, it forms the border between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan for more than

Oghuz Yabgu State - Misplaced Pages Continue

1600-729: The contemporaneous ancestor of Modern Uyghur was the Chagatai literary language . East Old Turkic is attested in a number of scripts, including the Old Turkic script , the Old Uyghur alphabet , the Brahmi script , and the Manichaean script . The Turkic runiform alphabet of Orkhon Turkic was deciphered by Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. The Old Turkic script (also known variously as Göktürk script, Orkhon script, Orkhon-Yenisey script)

1650-449: The elected ruler was Yabgu . The power was hereditary within a ruling clan. The heir to the throne was called Inal , they were brought up by an Atabek tutor. Elections of Yabgu were conducted at the tribal assemblies. The rulers were chosen by the codex of unwritten rules of customary law – "tore", from the most powerful clans. The power of the supreme ruler was limited by the council of the largest military-tribal aristocracy. The wives of

1700-609: The future would become the Great Seljuq Empire , and a part of the state population moved eastward to the N.Pontic areas. The above is mostly an account of the Oghuz as a whole. 'State' is misleading for a group of loosely organised tribes. Bregel has the following for one group. When the Oghuz drove the Pechenegs out of the Syr Darya delta a leader from the Barani clan took the title of yabghu. How far his power extended

1750-483: The lake or draining it, it turns towards the northwest. In the 1950s an old riverbed called Ketmaldy (also Buugan) linked the Chu River and Issyk Kul. During floods part of Chu water would reach the lake, but such outflow has not been seen since the construction of the Orto-Tokoy Reservoir . After passing through the narrow Boom Gorge ( Russian : Боомское ущелье , Boomskoye ushchelye ), the river enters

1800-470: The military and political history of Eurasia. In 965 the Oghuz State allied with Kievan Rus in a war against the Khazar Kaganate . In 985 the alliance with Kievan Rus defeated Volga Bulgaria , which increased the political power of the Oghuz State. At the turn of the 10th–11th centuries, popular uprisings broke out against excessive taxation in the state. The revolts became especially strong in

1850-528: The modern Yellow Uyghur , Lop Nur Uyghur and Khalaj (all of which are endangered); Khalaj, for instance, has (surprisingly) retained a considerable number of archaic Old Turkic words despite forming a language island within Central Iran and being heavily influenced by Persian . Old Uyghur is not a direct ancestor of the modern Uyghur language , but rather the Western Yugur language ;

1900-589: The northernmost and most populous administrative region of Kyrgyzstan, is named after the river; so are Chüy Avenue , the main street of the Kyrgyz capital of Bishkek and the city of Shu in Kazakhstan's Jambyl Region . The Chu is formed by the confluence of the rivers Joon Aryk and Kochkor , in the Kochkor District of the Naryn Region . After approaching within a few kilometres of Lake Issyk-Kul (near Balykchy ), without either flowing into

1950-584: The remaining tribes and sedentary population of the Kangar Union that submitted to the Oghuz Yabgu. The Oghuz State was heterogeneous in ethnic terms. In urban and rural areas lived Turkic and Horezmian-speaking populations. The reformation of the Oghuz ethnic community was a complex and lengthy process. According to the 11th-century treatise Dīwān Lughāt al-Turk by Karakhanid scholar Mahmud Kashgari (b. 1005 - d. 1102), Oghuz confederation had originally consisted of 24 tribes, though two Khalaj tribe left

2000-479: The rulers bore the title "Khatun" and played a significant role in the court life. Yabgu was assisted by regional rulers titled Kul-Eerkins . An important place was occupied by warlords. A head of the army was called Subashi , from su – army and bash – head. The Subashi was supported by a military council, and actively interfered in political events. The Oghuz States were subdivided into uruks and aimaks . The term uruk designated tribal divisions, and aimak

2050-486: The second half of the 10th century, during the rule of Ali Yabgu . The split between the ruling Oghuzes and Seljuk branch of Oghuzes turned out to be detrimental to the state. The upheaval was used by the Seljuk branch, who led an uprising and took Jend , but soon they were forced to leave the Jend area. During the reign of the last Oghuz Yabgu Shahmalik the state rebounded. In 1041 Shahmalik Yabgu conquered Khorezm from

Oghuz Yabgu State - Misplaced Pages Continue

2100-402: The short counterpart. Old Turkic is highly restrictive in which consonants words can begin with: words can begin with /b/, /t/, /tʃ/, /k/, /q/, /s/, /ɫ/ and /j/, but they do not usually begin with /p/, /d/, /g/, /ɢ/, /l/, /ɾ/, /n/, /ɲ/, /ŋ/, /m/, /ʃ/, or /z/. The only exceptions are 𐰤𐰀 ( ne , "what, which") and its derivatives, and some early assimilations of word-initial /b/ to /m/ preceding

2150-413: The simple tenses. Some suffixes are attested as being attached to only one word and no other instance of attachment is to be found. Similarly, some words are attested only once in the entire extant Old Turkic corpus. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as denominal noun suffixes. The following have been classified by Gerard Clauson as deverbal suffixes. Chu River The Chu

2200-755: The supremacy in Zhetysu passed to the Karluk tribes. After the Oghuz confederation lost a struggle with the Karluks for leadership in the Turgesh Kaganate, a significant part of Zhetysu Oghuzes migrated to the Karatau Mountains foothills and the valley of the Chu River in the Issyk Kul basin. At the beginning of the 9th century the Oghuz confederation, in alliance with Karluks and Kimaks destroyed

2250-537: The union early, leaving 22, whom Kashgari named. Sharaf al-Zaman al-Marwazi (fl. 1056/57–1124/25 CE), a near-contemporary of Kashgari, mentioned only 12 Oghuz tribes. Later sources like Rashid-al-Din , Abu al-Ghazi Bahadur , and Selçukname omitted Charuklug from Kashgari's list, added Kizik, Karkin, and Yaparli, and divided the 24 tribes neatly into two 12-tribe group" Buzuks or Bazouk (Turkic and Turkmen : Bozoklar - Grey Arrows), and Uchuks (Turkic and Turkmen : Üçoklar - Three Arrows). The Buzuk wing had

2300-411: Was a Siberian Turkic language spoken around East Turkistan and Mongolia . It was first discovered in inscriptions originating from the Second Turkic Khaganate , and later the Uyghur Khaganate , making it the earliest attested Common Turkic language . In terms of the datability of extant written sources, the period of Old Turkic can be dated from slightly before 720 AD to the Mongol invasions of

2350-481: Was an Oghuz yayla (summer village). Oghuz il extended from "Issyk Kul and Almalyk , in the south, to Sairam , in the west, to the city of Yangikent , which stands at the mouth of the river Syr ( Syr-darya ), and to the Kara-Kum (desert)". The capital of the Oghuz il was variously spelt Eni-Kent , Yangikent , Djanikand , Yenikent , Yanikand , all meaning New City , and also in Arabic literature al-Kariya al-Hadisa and in Persian literature Deh-i Hay; presently it

2400-461: Was an administrative district. The clans and tribes united into larger tribal alliances were known as il (country). By the end of the 10th century formed a formal administrative apparatus and a system of regular taxes. The main religion was the traditional Tengrism . The powerbase of the Oghuz State were semi-nomadic and nomadic tribes of Zhetysu and Siberia: Yughra , Charuk , Khalaj , Kimek , Karluk , Imur , Bayandur , Kai , and

2450-447: Was assessed as Class II(Clean)/Class III ("Moderately polluted"). According to the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet), the water pollution index of the Shu (Chu) River in the Jambyl Region of Kazakhstan amounted to 2.01 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2008, and 1.83 (Class III, "Moderately polluted") in 2009. Such water quality parameters as biochemical oxygen demand , nitrites , copper , and phenols exceeded

2500-436: Was followed by severe flooding that damaged the town and the province's capital was moved to Pishpek (Bishkek). The river flow is regulated by the dam at Orto-Tokoy Reservoir in Kyrgyzstan built in 1957 and the dam at Tasotkel Reservoir in Kazakhstan built in 1974. The Kyrgyz State Agency for Hydrometeorology and the Kazakhstan Hydrometeorological Service (Kazhydromet) operate a number of water quality monitoring stations on

#331668