17-531: Aesculus glabra , commonly known as Ohio buckeye , Texas buckeye , fetid buckeye , and horse chestnut is a species of tree in the soapberry family ( Sapindaceae ) native to North America. Its natural range is primarily in the Midwestern and lower Great Plains regions of the United States, extending southeast into the geological Black Belt of Alabama and Mississippi. It is also found locally in
34-470: A family of flowering plants in the order Sapindales known as the soapberry family . It contains 138 genera and 1,858 accepted species. Examples include horse chestnut , maples , ackee and lychee . The Sapindaceae occur in temperate to tropical regions, many in laurel forest habitat, throughout the world. Many are laticiferous , i.e. they contain latex , a milky sap , and many contain mildly toxic saponins with soap -like qualities in either
51-555: A nectar disc between the petals and stamens, their filaments are often hairy. The most frequent number is eight, in two rings of four. The gynoecium contains two or three carpels , sometimes up to six. The usually single style has a lobed stigma. Most often they are pollinated by birds or insects , with a few species pollinated by wind . Ripe fruits may be fleshy or dry. They may be nuts , berries , drupes , schizocarps , capsules ( Bridgesia ), or samaras ( Acer ). The embryos are bent or coiled, without endosperm in
68-499: A swollen base and lacks stipules . Some genera and species have laurel forest foliage due to convergent evolution . The flowers are small and unisexual , or functionally unisexual, though plants may be either dioecious or monoecious. They are usually found in cymes grouped in panicles . They most often have four or five petals and sepals (petals are absent in Dodonaea ). The stamens range from four to 10, usually on
85-452: Is divided into four subfamilies, Dodonaeoideae (about 38 genera), Sapindoideae (about 114 genera), Hippocastanoideae (5 genera) and Xanthoceroideae (1 genus). The largest genera are Serjania (about 220 species), Paullinia (about 180 species), and Allophylus (about 200 species) in the tropical Sapindoideae and Acer (about 110 species) in the temperate Hippocastanoideae. The largely temperate genera formerly separated in
102-452: Is mixed with sweet oil or mutton tallow for earaches. They also grind the nuts and use them to poison fish in streams. Native Americans blanched buckeye nuts, extracting the tannic acid for use in making leather. The nuts can also be dried, turning dark as they harden with exposure to the air, and strung into necklaces similar to those made from the kukui nut in Hawaii . The Ohio buckeye
119-543: Is the source of Indian macassar oil . Saponins extracted from the drupe of Sapindus species are effective surfactants and are used commercially in cosmetics and detergents . Sapindales See text Sapindales / s æ p ɪ n ˈ d eɪ l iː z / is an order of flowering plants . Well-known members of Sapindales include citrus ; maples , horse-chestnuts , lychees and rambutans ; mangos and cashews ; frankincense and myrrh ; mahogany and neem . The APG III system of 2009 includes it in
136-495: Is the state tree of Ohio , and its name is an original term of endearment for the pioneers on the Ohio frontier. Subsequently, "buckeye" came to be used as the nickname and colloquial name for people from Ohio. Ohio State University adopted " Buckeyes " officially as its nickname in 1950, and also uses the name for its sports teams. It came to be applied to any student or graduate of the university. Buckeye candy , made to resemble
153-543: The clade malvids (in rosids , in eudicots ) with the following nine families: The APG II system of 2003 allowed the optional segregation of families now included in the Nitrariaceae. In the classification system of Dahlgren the Rutaceae were placed in the order Rutales, in the superorder Rutiflorae (also called Rutanae). The Cronquist system of 1981 used a somewhat different circumscription, including
170-589: The extreme southwest of Ontario , on Walpole Island in Lake St. Clair . It is found in a variety of natural habitats, including streambanks, upland mesic forests , and along the margins of old fields. It is typically found in calcareous areas. The leaves are palmately compound with five leaflets 8–16 cm (3– 6 + 1 ⁄ 2 in) long and broad. The flowers are produced in panicles in spring, red, yellow to yellow-green, each flower 2–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) long with
187-911: The families Aceraceae ( Acer , Dipteronia ) and Hippocastanaceae ( Aesculus , Billia , Handeliodendron ) were included within a more broadly circumscribed Sapindaceae by the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . Recent research has confirmed the inclusion of these genera in the Sapindaceae. The Sapindaceae include many species of economically valuable tropical fruit , including the lychee , longan , pitomba , guinip/mamoncillo , korlan , rambutan , pulasan , and ackee . Other products include guaraná , soapberries , and maple syrup . Some species of maple and buckeye are valued for their wood, while several other genera, such as Koelreuteria , Cardiospermum , and Ungnadia , are popular ornamentals . Schleichera trijuga
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#1732782583148204-621: The foliage and/or the seeds, or roots. The largest genera are Serjania , Paullinia , Allophylus and Acer . Plants of this family have a variety of habits, from trees to herbaceous plants to lianas . The leaves of the tropical genera are usually spirally alternate, while those of the temperate maples ( Acer ), Aesculus , and a few other genera are opposite. They are most often pinnately compound , but are palmately compound in Aesculus , and simply palmate in Acer . The petiole has
221-553: The following families: The difference from the APG III system is not as large as may appear, as the plants in the families Aceraceae and Hippocastanaceae stay in this order at APG III (both included in family Sapindaceae). The species now composing the family Nitrariaceae in APG III also belonged to this order in the Cronquist system as part of the family Zygophyllaceae, while those now in the family Kirkiaceae were present as part of
238-463: The nut "hetuck", which means "buck eye". The markings of the nut resembled the eyes of a deer . Aesculus glabra has little use as a timber tree due to its soft, light wood. Although occasionally seen in cultivation, the large, copiously produced fruits make it generally undesirable as a street tree. Extracts from A. glabra have shown anti-cancer properties. The Lenape carry the nuts in their pockets for rheumatism , and an infusion of ground nuts
255-578: The seed, and frequently with an aril . The Sapindaceae are related to the Rutaceae , and both are usually placed in an order Sapindales or Rutales , depending on whether they are kept separate and which name is used for the order. The most basal member appears to be Xanthoceras . Some authors formerly maintained some or all of Hippocastanaceae and Aceraceae , however this resulted in paraphyly . The former Ptaeroxylaceae , now placed in Rutaceae, were sometimes placed in Sapindaceae. The family
272-650: The stamens longer than the petals (unlike the related yellow buckeye , where the stamens are shorter than the petals). The fruit is a round capsule 4–5 cm ( 1 + 1 ⁄ 2 –2 in) diameter, containing one nut -like seed , 2–3 cm ( 3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 4 in) in diameter, brown with a whitish basal scar. The inedible seeds contain tannic acid and are poisonous to cattle and humans. The young foliage, shoots, and bark are also poisonous to some degree. However, Native Americans reportedly did eat buckeye fruit after boiling it to extract tannin. The name stems from Native Americans, who called
289-687: The tree's nut, is made by dipping a ball of peanut butter fudge in milk chocolate , leaving a circle of the peanut butter exposed. These are a popular treat in Ohio, especially during the Christmas and college football seasons. Buckeyes (the nuts) are a recurring motif in Bill Watterson 's comic, Calvin and Hobbes , often as one of Calvin's tools of torment. Watterson himself grew up in Chagrin Falls, Ohio , an eastern suburb of Cleveland . Sapindaceae The Sapindaceae are
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