Misplaced Pages

#459540

130-950: The two-year career-technical high school serves 11th and 12th grade students from 14 partner school districts. Twenty-four career training programs are offered to provide technical training in the areas of: Service and Business Technologies, Mechanical and Industrial Technologies, Agriculture Technologies, Construction Technologies, and College Tech Prep. High school students can also opt to remain within their communities and specialize in one of OHP's 52 Satellite Programs. Programs are available in all five counties OHP services, including Auglaize, Union, Champaign, Hardin, and Logan. Programs exist in Teaching Professions, Construction Trades, Health Technologies, Supply Chain Management, Aviation, and Business and Agriculture. The School of Adult and Continuing Education services adults looking for

260-563: A preliminary raid . Natives gathered nearly 2,000 warriors at Kekionga in anticipation of facing Scott's Kentuckians, but Scott instead turned northwest and targeted undefended Wea towns on the Wabash River, destroying Ouiatenon and Kethtippecanunk (Tippecanoe). St. Clair had hoped to start his campaign in July, but he was delayed by his illness as well as a shortage of recruits. In August, he sent Lieutenant Colonel James Wilkinson on

390-505: A Bellefontaine address. Several colleges and universities operate satellite campuses in the Bellefontaine area. These include: Bellefontaine has a public library, a branch of Logan County Libraries. The city is served by both print publishing and radio broadcasting. The Bellefontaine Examiner is the daily local newspaper. It is the latest in a series of newspapers which have been published in Bellefontaine since 1831. It has

520-455: A City Council meeting, prompting drag queens and supporters attending a later council meeting in support. In 2023, the opposing residents began pushing for a city ordinance that would classify drag performances as ‘adult entertainment,' making it one of the first municipalities in Ohio to do so. The Ohio Supreme Court unanimously ruled to remove the measure from the ballot when petitioners changed

650-729: A boundary and that hostilities had been officially suspended. Brant returned to the Maumee and reported to the Confederacy, and although he had some supporters, he was denounced for not insisting on the Ohio River boundary. A new delegation (without Brant) was sent to meet the commissioners on the Detroit River. This second meeting, held at British Indian agent Matthew Elliot's estate near Amherstburg , began on July 30. The Wyandot chief Carry-One-About (So-Wagh-da-Wunk) spoke for

780-606: A current daily circulation of approximately 9500 copies. Operating currently are WPKO , an FM radio station, WPKO HD2, a second FM radio station, and its sister station WBLL , an AM radio station. These stations are owned and operated by V-Teck Communications. Two Christian radio stations WKEN , an FM radio station operating on FM frequency of 88.5 and WSOH , an FM radio station operating on FM frequency of 88.9. These stations are owned and operated by Soaring Eagle Promotions, Inc. Northwest Indian War The Northwest Indian War (1785–1795), also known by other names,

910-590: A defense, made difficult because the Natives fired from cover, targeting officers and artillerymen. Lieutenant Colonel William Darke led a bayonet charge, temporarily creating an opening for the Natives to enter the American encampment. After three hours of fighting, St. Clair ordered a retreat, abandoning many wounded and most of the army's equipment. Among the wounded left behind was Major General Richard Butler , St. Clair's second-in-command, who Natives killed after

1040-509: A detachment of about 300 men to the site of St. Clair's defeat. There, his troops built Fort Recovery , buried the American dead still on the battlefield, and recovered three of the cannons lost there in 1791. In January 1794, the Confederacy sent a delegation to Fort Greenville to arrange the release of two Lenape women held by the Americans. A Lenape chief asked if Wayne was willing to hold peace talks. Wayne said he would only negotiate if

1170-465: A dilemma. He had to keep peace with the United States to avoid opening another front in the war with France while at the same time maintaining British influence among the Natives in case they were needed to help defend Upper Canada against the Americans. At Niagara, the U.S. commissioners were visited by a Native delegation led by Brant. Although Brant had been one of the principal organizers of

1300-583: A group of mostly minor chiefs signed the Treaty of Fort Harmar , which merely confirmed the terms of the previous disputed treaties. "I am persuaded their general confederacy is entirely broken," wrote St. Clair. Instead of breaking the Confederacy, St. Clair had discredited Natives willing to compromise and strengthened the influence of the militants. After the Fort Harmar treaty, violence between Natives and settlers escalated. Natives attacked flatboats on

1430-543: A new boundary, preserving everything west of the Muskingum River as Native land. When St. Clair dismissed the idea, Brant boycotted the negotiations and suggested others do the same. The Northwestern Confederacy was deeply divided. Those living closest to the Americans supported compromising. Those further away – the Miamis, Lenapes, and Shawnees around Kekionga – insisted upon the Ohio River boundary. In January 1789,

SECTION 10

#1732791343460

1560-500: A new career or the opportunity to refresh or renew their skills. Programs exist in Health Occupations, Business and Industry, HVAC, nursing and more. The school also offers Adult Basic Literacy Education and GED Training and testing. Students in both high school and adult programs have opportunities to earn college credits. The Ohio Hi-Point Career Center, located in the city of Bellefontaine , sits atop Campbell Hill ,

1690-429: A nine-member board to govern operations. The school did not open its doors to students, however, until September 1974, after voters approved a levy . New programs were added to the six original offerings, and 700 students enrolled when the school moved into its new main building in 1975. A $ 1.9 million addition to the main building in early 1995 brought more classroom space and a technology center. Later that same year,

1820-614: A reference point, the Greenville Treaty Line forced the northwest Native American tribes to cede southern and eastern Ohio and various tracts of land around forts and settlements in Illinois Country ; to recognize the U.S. rather than Britain as the ruling power in the Old Northwest; and to surrender ten chiefs as hostages until all American prisoners were returned. The Miami also lost private control of

1950-457: A second raid, which had originally been intended as a diversion in support of the main expedition. Wilkinson, with 500 mounted Kentucky militiamen, destroyed a Miami town on the Eel River . Wilkinson killed 9 Wea and Miami and captured 34 Miami as prisoners, including a daughter of Miami war chief Little Turtle. Many of the confederation leaders were considering terms of peace to present to

2080-580: A series of significant defeats, including the Harmar campaign (1790) and St. Clair's defeat (1791), which is among the worst defeats ever suffered in the history of the U.S. Army . It was also later discovered that the British had a frequent tactic of dressing up as Native Americans to participate in their battles. St. Clair's devastating loss destroyed most of the United States Army and left

2210-498: A skirmish known as Hartshorne's Defeat , leaving five settlers dead and eight missing. That autumn, the United States launched a major offensive against the Natives along the Maumee River. This punitive expedition was led by General Harmar, whose orders were to destroy Kekionga and the surrounding towns, killing any Natives who opposed him. His army, consisting of 1,100 militiamen and 320 regulars, departed Fort Washington on

2340-524: A small detachment of Mohawks, and a British company of Canadian militiamen dressed as Native Americans under William Caldwell . Odawa and Potawatomi, under Little Otter and Egushawa, occupied the center and initiated the attack against the Legion's scouts. Front elements of the Legion's columns initially collapsed under pursuing Native Americans. Wayne immediately committed his reserves to the center to halt their advance and divided his infantry into two wings,

2470-575: A statue of Bartholomew placed at its Main Street end; it became a pedestrian way. Since then one lane has been reopened for eastbound traffic. In 1979, Honda began manufacturing motorcycles in the nearby city of Marysville, Ohio . Since that time, Honda's operations in the Bellefontaine area have greatly expanded. Bellefontaine is a central location among Honda operations in Marysville, East Liberty , Russells Point , Anna , and Troy, Ohio . Honda

2600-576: A truce with the Northwestern Confederacy. Alarmed by the killing of the previous emissaries, he instead went to Vincennes and, in September 1792, negotiated a treaty with tribes of the lower Wabash River. Knox believed this treaty had weakened the Confederacy by 800 warriors, though the signers were not militant members of the Confederacy. In any event, the U.S. Senate ultimately rejected the treaty because it did not specify that only

2730-590: A year building, training, and acquiring supplies. After a methodical campaign up the Great Miami and Maumee river valleys in western Ohio Country, Wayne led his Legion to a decisive victory at the Battle of Fallen Timbers near the southwestern shore of Lake Erie (near modern Toledo, Ohio ) in 1794. Afterward, he went on to establish Fort Wayne at the Miami capital of Kekionga , the symbol of U.S. sovereignty in

SECTION 20

#1732791343460

2860-399: Is Sandusky , with 79,555 residents. The Bellefontaine micropolis is not as populous as these, but does have a greater population than some micropolitan statistical areas traditionally considered to be small regional cities. (Examples: El Dorado, Arkansas ; Clovis, New Mexico ; and Red Wing, Minnesota .) Though official definitions of micropolitan statistical areas did not exist until 2003,

2990-406: Is Bellefontaine's largest employer in the early 21st century. U.S. Route 68 intersects with State Routes 47 and 540 in Bellefontaine. U.S. Route 33 , a freeway that has interchanges with US 68 and SR 540, skirts the northern edge of the city. To European settlers, Campbell Hill was first known as Hogue's Hill, perhaps a misspelling of Solomon Hoge's surname, the person who first deeded

3120-535: Is a city in, and the county seat of, Logan County, Ohio , United States, located 48 miles (77 km) northwest of Columbus . The population was 14,115 at the 2020 census . It is the principal city of the Bellefontaine micropolitan area , which includes all of Logan County. The highest point in Ohio, Campbell Hill , is within the city limits. The name Bellefontaine means "beautiful spring" in French , and

3250-612: Is purported to refer to several springs in the area. However, locally, the original French pronunciation is not used, and it is pronounced "bell fountain." Around 1777, the Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket ( Weyapiersenwah ) built a settlement here, known as "Blue Jacket's Town". Blue Jacket and his band had previously occupied a village along the Scioto River , but the American Revolutionary War had reached

3380-519: Is too far south to experience lake effect snow from the Great Lakes region, however it does experience more snow than surrounding areas due to the city's elevation. Traditionally, Bellefontaine's elevation excludes it from tornadoes and floods that affect the majority of the Miami Valley . As of the census of 2000, there were 13,069 people, 5,319 households, and 3,436 families residing in

3510-590: The Kingdom of Great Britain in article 2 of the Treaty of Paris , which ended the American Revolutionary War . The treaty used the Great Lakes as a border between British territory and the United States. This granted significant territory to the United States, initially known as the Ohio Country and the Illinois Country , which had previously been prohibited to new settlements. However, numerous Native American peoples inhabited this region and were unaware of

3640-506: The Ohio Country . Blue Jacket and other American Indians who took up arms against the American revolutionaries relocated in order to be closer to their British allies at Detroit . After the United States gained independence, its forces continued warfare against former Indian allies of the British. Blue Jacket's Town was destroyed in Logan's Raid , conducted by Kentucky militia in 1786 at

3770-532: The Ohio Hi-Point Career Center . In 2012 local real estate developer Small Nation purchased and renovated the former J.C. Penney building. Since then, the organization invested over $ 33 million in renovating over 56 downtown buildings and attracting new businesses to the area. The investment into the properties created roughly 200 jobs in the city. In 2018, Bellefontaine was classified as an Opportunity Zone to further attract investors to

3900-834: The Penn Central 's Indianapolis - Cleveland remnant of the Southwestern Limited, ended in 1971, upon Amtrak taking up private companies' long distance passenger operations. The Bellefontaine City Schools operate one elementary school , one intermediate school, one middle school , and one high school in the area. These schools have a combined enrollment of 2,840. In addition, the Ohio Hi-Point Career Center , located atop Campbell Hill, offers both secondary and post-secondary education. Enrolled at Ohio Hi-Point are 505 students. The neighboring Benjamin Logan Local School District campus also has

4030-631: The Wabash River . Beset by logistical problems, mutiny, and desertion, Clark returned without accomplishing anything. In October, Logan led 790 Kentucky militiamen to the Shawnee towns along the Mad River . The towns were inhabited primarily by noncombatants because the warriors had scattered for the winter hunt. Logan's men burned the towns and food supplies, killing and capturing numerous Natives. Moluntha , an elderly Shawnee chief who had signed

Ohio Hi-Point Career Center - Misplaced Pages Continue

4160-537: The War of 1812 . Fort Detroit was abandoned one year later as American forces advanced towards it, and Fort Miami was abandoned in 1814 and eventually demolished. Most of the western U.S. forts were also abandoned after 1796; Fort Washington, the last, was moved across the Ohio River to Kentucky in 1804 to make room for a growing settlement at Cincinnati ; it became the Newport Barracks . General Wayne supervised

4290-480: The American supply lines, cutting off Wayne's Legion. Recently arrived Three Fire leaders, whose warriors comprised most of the army, favored attacking a convoy near Fort Recovery. They prevailed in the council, and so on June 30 warriors ambushed the convoy then rushed the fort, but they were driven off by American musket fire and artillery. The attack's failure discouraged the Three Fires contingent, who accused

4420-792: The British away. Seeking to avoid further hostilities, the British issued the Royal Proclamation of 1763 , creating a boundary line between colonists and Native lands. In 1768, British officials negotiated the Treaty of Fort Stanwix with the Iroquois , who claimed sovereignty over the Ohio Country. The treaty moved the boundary line further west and opened territory south of the Ohio River to colonial settlement. While colonial elites like George Washington organized land companies and secured grants, immigrants began pouring into

4550-492: The British ceding land or the results of the war with the newly formed United States. The British maintained a robust military presence and continued policies that supported their Native allies. With the encroachment of European-American settlers west of the Appalachian Mountains after the war, a Huron -led Confederacy formed in 1785 to resist the usurpation of Indian lands, declaring that lands north and west of

4680-560: The British in the western theater of the American Revolutionary War, seeking to drive out American settlers. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris that ended the war, Great Britain ceded the region to the United States, making no mention of Native land rights. The Native nations technically remained at war with the United States, and Richard Butler argued to them that the British had "cast you off, and given us your country." Mohawk leader Joseph Brant , who had fought in

4810-459: The Confederacy was prepared to accept U.S. terms. Knox agreed to send treaty commissioners to the 1793 council and suspend all offensive operations until that time, angering General Wayne, who had hoped to launch the next American invasion in 1793. Following the Glaize meeting, Red Pole began an extensive tour of the south, an unsuccessful attempt to enlist more Chickamauga Cherokees and Creeks in

4940-405: The Confederacy, with Buckongahelas (Lenape) and Kekewepelethy in attendance. The Confederacy presented its ultimatum: the Ohio River was the only acceptable boundary, and forts and settlers north of the river must be removed. The commissioners replied that since lands north of the Ohio had already been sold and settled by Americans, those lands could not be returned. The Native delegates returned to

5070-529: The Confederacy. Among the attendees at the conference were representatives from the Iroquois, Shawnees, Delawares (Lenapes) , Wyandots, Three Fires ( Ojibwe , Odawa , and Potawatomi ), as well as a few Cherokees and Creeks . In the following years, U.S. states relinquished their claims in the region to the federal government, which intended to pay debts from the Revolution by selling lands north of

5200-420: The Confederacy. Meanwhile, on November 6, Little Turtle and about 200 Miamis and Shawnees attacked a supply convoy near Fort St. Clair, killing six Americans and depriving them of the packhorses needed to supply the forts. "It is a most disagreeable and humiliating position to remain with our hands tied whilst the enemy is at liberty to act upon the offensive," wrote Wayne to Knox. While General Wayne awaited

5330-540: The Fort Finney treaty, was executed by one of Logan's men. After the destruction of their towns, Shawnee refugees were invited by the Miamis to settle along the Wabash. The towns around Kekionga , the Miami capital, were now inhabited by many of the most militant members of the Northwestern Confederacy. The next meeting of the Confederacy had been scheduled to be held in the Shawnee towns, but with their destruction,

Ohio Hi-Point Career Center - Misplaced Pages Continue

5460-426: The Iroquois could no longer assist the Confederacy in the fighting that was sure to follow and the Iroquois must now "remove our people from among the Americans." Upon learning that negotiations had failed, Wayne advanced, reaching Fort Jefferson on October 13 with 2,600 men. On October 17, an Odawa war party under Little Otter attacked a supply convoy south of Fort Jefferson, killing fifteen and capturing ten. Wayne

5590-678: The Kekionga portage since the Northwest Ordinance passed by Congress guaranteed free use of necessary portages in the region. Fort Lernoult and Fort Miami were abandoned by the British in 1796 as a condition of the Jay Treaty. After two decades of efforts to take Detroit, U.S. forces under Colonel Hamtramck occupied Fort Lernoult the next day. The U.S. renamed Fort Lernoult to Fort Detroit and abandoned Fort Miami in 1799. The British re-captured Fort Detroit and Fort Miami during

5720-627: The Mad River & Lake Erie Railroad built the first railroad to Bellefontaine. This began its reputation as a railroading town. In the 1890s the Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago and St. Louis Railway (also called the Big Four Railroad) built a main terminal in the city. This terminal boasted the largest roundhouse between New York and St. Louis . Though railroading hit hard times and the industry went through radical restructuring in

5850-475: The Maumee and Auglaize Rivers , where the principal Shawnee chief Kekewepelethy had already settled. This move had been encouraged by British Indian agent Alexander McKee since the new towns would be closer to the trade and military support offered by the British at Detroit. This cluster of towns, known as "The Glaize," would become the headquarters of the Native Confederacy for the duration of

5980-463: The Maumee to confer with the council. Brant once again argued for compromise, but he lost out to the militants, who had the support of Alexander McKee. On August 13, the Confederacy sent a written declaration to the U.S. commissioners, signed by representatives of all the nations except the Iroquois. Sugden (2000) said this document was "the defiant and frank sentiments of proud, undefeated peoples, asserting their independence and sovereignty and rebutting

6110-462: The Native nations and between the Confederacy and the British; it was the last time the Northwestern Confederacy gathered a large military force to oppose the United States. Wayne's army encamped for three days in sight of Fort Miami, which was under the command of British Major William Campbell . When Campbell asked the meaning of the encampment, Wayne replied that the answer had already been given by

6240-472: The Natives recalled their war parties and released all American prisoners within the next thirty days. Back at the Glaize, militant leaders, surprised that talks had been initiated without authorization from the Confederacy, debated the proposal. The militants prevailed, and the matter was dropped. In February 1794, Lord Dorchester told an Iroquois delegation in Quebec that Great Britain could be at war with

6370-439: The Natives, including John Hardin and Major Alexander Truman, veterans of the earlier campaigns; they were both killed and scalped. In June, about 50 warriors attacked Fort Jefferson, killing and capturing fifteen soldiers. It was during this time that Kentucky was officially admitted to the uniUnion a state. Rufus Putnam , who had led the settlement of Marietta, was commissioned as a brigadier general and tasked with arranging

6500-462: The Northwestern Confederacy, he was now suspected by the more militant members because of his willingness to negotiate with the Americans and because the Iroquois had not participated in the war. Nevertheless, Brant spoke for the delegation, asking if the commissioners were authorized to create a new boundary line and inquiring why Wayne's army was preparing for war while peace negotiations were underway. The commissioners assured Brant they could negotiate

6630-473: The Ohio River and raided into Kentucky, killing, capturing, and torturing settlers in an attempt to stem the tide of immigrants. Americans responded with counter raids, such as one led by Major John Hardin , who in August 1789 led 220 Kentucky militiamen to the Wabash region, where they killed eight Shawnees, including women and children. In 1790, George Washington, recently inaugurated as the first President of

SECTION 50

#1732791343460

6760-428: The Ohio River on September 30. A diversionary force led by Major Jean François Hamtramck invaded from Vincennes , though it turned back before joining with Harmar. Native scouts monitored the slow progress of Harmar's northward march. The Natives had scattered for their annual winter hunt, but Blue Jacket , the principal Shawnee war chief, and Little Turtle , his Miami counterpart, dispatched messengers calling for

6890-541: The Ohio River to American settlers. American officials refused to recognize the Native Confederacy and instead pursued a policy of divide and rule . They informed the Natives their lands had been taken by right of conquest and sought to confirm this in a series of treaties in which the Americans dictated the terms. Some Native leaders buckled to the pressure and ceded land at Fort Stanwix (1784), Fort McIntosh (1785), and Fort Finney (1786). Hardline and militant Natives remained committed to defending their lands north of

7020-475: The Ohio River was the only acceptable boundary, and American forts north of the river must be destroyed. The council also agreed to meet with the Americans in 1793. When Red Jacket reported the council decision to an American official in November, he omitted the Confederacy's demands about the Ohio River boundary and the destruction of the forts. As a result, the Americans were given an erroneous impression that

7150-641: The Ohio River were Indian territory. Four years after the start of the British-supported Native American military campaign, the Constitution of the United States went into effect; George Washington was sworn in as president , which made him the commander-in-chief of U.S. military forces. Accordingly, Washington directed the United States Army to enforce U.S. sovereignty over the territory. The U.S. Army, mainly consisting of untrained recruits and volunteer militiamen, suffered

7280-586: The Ohio River. On January 2, 1791, Wyandots and Lenapes attacked Big Bottom on the Muskingum River, killing eleven settlers. Soon after, Shawnees and Wyandots led by Blue Jacket unsuccessfully laid siege to Dunlap's Station on the Great Miami River. At both locations, a war club was left behind, a Native means of announcing a declaration of war . Although these raids were limited in success, Sword (1985) argues they "significantly altered

7410-590: The Ohio River. Shawnees and Lenapes sent out messages calling for war. After many raids and counter-raids along the Ohio River boundary, in 1786, the Kentucky militia launched the first major frontier military action since the end of the Revolutionary War. Generals George Rogers Clark and Benjamin Logan headed a two-pronged invasion of Native land. In September, Clark led 1,200 militiamen north along

7540-592: The Revolution as a British ally, was stunned to learn that "England had sold the Indians to Congress." In 1783, he took the lead in forming the Northwestern Confederacy , the "most ambitious pan-tribal confederacy yet." At the Wyandot town of Junquindundeh (modern Fremont, Ohio ), Brant argued that Native lands were held in common by all tribes, and so no land could be ceded without the consent of

7670-817: The Shawnees fought and lost Lord Dunmore's War in 1774 with only a few Mingo allies, and they were compelled to assent to the Ohio River boundary between the colonies and Native lands. To better control the frontier, in 1774, the British Parliament passed the Quebec Act , which placed the entire region under the jurisdiction of the Province of Quebec , nullifying colonial land claims. American colonists who hoped to own or settle these lands were outraged, contributing to their decision to declare independence from Britain in 1776. Many Natives allied with

7800-419: The Shawnees of insufficient support. They went home, depriving Blue Jacket of about half his army, which returned to the Glaize. After the battle, Little Turtle and Tarhe (Wyandot) made trips to Detroit to ask the British for support, as Blue Jacket had done on previous occasions, but the commander, Lieutenant Colonel Richard G. England , told the Natives he could not fight the Americans without orders. On

7930-485: The U.S. commissioners appointed to meet with the Native Confederacy – arrived at Fort Niagara at the western end of Lake Ontario, traveling by way of the Great Lakes to avoid the fates of John Hardin and Alexander Truman the previous year. Niagara was one of the forts still occupied by the British in defiance of the 1783 Paris treaty, but John Graves Simcoe , the British lieutenant governor of Upper Canada , housed

SECTION 60

#1732791343460

8060-660: The United States , and Secretary of War Henry Knox decided to attack the Native Confederacy to secure the Northwest Territory for American occupation. Because many Americans distrusted the idea of a professional " standing army ," Congress kept the United States Army small and relied upon state-run militias for defense. In 1790, Congress expanded the army's single regiment, the First American Regiment , from 700 to 1,216 men. For

8190-564: The United States and Great Britain negotiated the Jay Treaty, which required British withdrawal from the Great Lakes forts while opening up some British territory in the Caribbean for American trade. The treaty also encoded free trade and freedom of movement for Native Americans living in territories controlled by either the United States or Great Britain. The Jay Treaty was ratified by the United States Senate in 1795 and

8320-425: The United States and wish to remain so." By remaining neutral in the conflict, the British confirmed they no longer regarded the Natives in the Northwest Territory as allies to be supported in wartime. Harmar's expedition had ended in defeat, with a total of 183 killed and missing. The Miamis, on the other hand, had lost nearly a tenth of their military manpower. Harmar's military career was over, and his campaign

8450-400: The United States could purchase Native lands. Beginning in late September 1792, the Natives held a large council at the Glaize with representatives from numerous tribes, with a reported 3,600 warriors in attendance. Delegates from the Iroquois, including Red Jacket , came to present the peace offer from the United States. Red Jacket advised the Confederacy to accept the Muskingum River as

8580-486: The United States vulnerable. The British refused to leave the ceded land and continued their influence in Native American politics. Washington was also under congressional investigation and compelled to raise a bigger army quickly. He chose Revolutionary War veteran General Anthony Wayne to organize and train a proper fighting force. Wayne took command of the new Legion of the United States late in 1792 and spent

8710-457: The United States within the year and that Native lands lost to the Americans would be restored. Dorchester ordered Simcoe to build a fort on the Maumee to defend Detroit from the advancing Americans. In April, Simcoe constructed Fort Miami and garrisoned it with 120 soldiers and an artillery detachment. Dorchester's words and actions caused an uproar in the United States; the construction of Fort Miami on what Americans regarded as their territory

8840-482: The United States, but when they received news of Wilkinson's raid, they readied for war. Wilkinson's raid thus had the opposite effect. In September, St. Clair's men erected a supply depot, Fort Hamilton , twenty-three miles north of Fort Washington on the Great Miami. The army finally left Fort Hamilton on October 4 with about 2,300 men. In mid-October, they stopped to build a second depot, Fort Jefferson . As

8970-428: The age of 18 living with them, 41.1% were married couples living together, 15.9% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 36.8% were non-families. 30.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 12.1% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.44 and the average family size was 3.01. The median age in

9100-408: The area now constituting the Bellefontaine micropolis grew in population by 8.7 percent between 1990 and 2000. Bellefontaine has an elected mayor and city council style of government. Bellefontaine City Council Members serve 2 year terms. The city has 4 wards and 3 At-Large seats. The Logan County Historical Society and museum was first housed in the McBeth School, built in 1919 as the last of

9230-433: The area. Neighboring areas have begun using Bellefontaine as a model to attract more investment in their own towns. In 2022, Bellefontaine was named one of Ohio's Best Hometowns by Ohio Magazine for its downtown redevelopment efforts, thriving sense of community and appreciation for preserving local history. In 2022, Bellefontaine's Christmas parade included a drag queen and over 60 residents opposed their appearance at

9360-407: The army to more than 5,000 men. Major General "Mad" Anthony Wayne was chosen as the new commander. Congress also passed two militia acts that authorized the president to call out the militia, which had previously been under the control of the states. Washington and Knox engaged in diplomacy while the American army was being readied, hoping to buy time to prepare and appease Americans opposed to

9490-440: The arrival of a reinforcement of Kentucky militiamen. In late June, Wayne was joined by about 100 Chickasaws and Choctaws , who had come from the south to fight against their traditional enemies in the Northwestern Confederacy. On June 27, forty-five Choctaws and ten scouts led by William Wells , Wayne's principal scout, skirmished with a large body of Natives advancing from the Glaize. Wells reported to Wayne that Fort Recovery

9620-505: The attack was called off. Disappointed with the lost opportunity, Blue Jacket headed for Detroit, seeking British help in opposing the next inevitable American invasion. "We now, Father, call for your assistance," he said. The British commander at Detroit was noncommittal. When Blue Jacket's request was relayed to Guy Carleton (Lord Dorchester) , the Governor General of British North America , he replied, "We are at peace with

9750-405: The average family size was 3.01. In the city the population was spread out, with 28.1% under the age of 18, 10.0% from 18 to 24, 29.1% from 25 to 44, 19.9% from 45 to 64, and 12.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females, there were 90.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 86.4 males. The median income for a household in the city

9880-583: The ballot language after circulating petitions. According to the 2010 census, the city has a total area of 10.04 square miles (26.0 km ), all land. The city of Bellefontaine is at the convergence of the humid subtropical (Köppen Cfa ) and humid continental (Köppen Dfa ) climate zones according to the Köppen climate map. The region is characterized by four distinct seasons. Winters are cool to cold with mild periods, and summers are generally hot and muggy, with significant precipitation year-round. The city

10010-430: The banks of the Wabash, near modern-day Fort Recovery, Ohio . Just before dawn on November 4, a Native force of more than 1,000 warriors led by Little Turtle and Blue Jacket launched a surprise attack. Their first target was the militia, which had camped on the north side of the river. The militia retreated in panic across the river, confusing the American camp. The Americans, finding themselves surrounded, tried to organize

10140-481: The battle. Fort Jefferson was too small to shelter the retreating Americans, so most fled back to Fort Washington. The battle was a lopsided victory for the Natives. The Americans reported a loss of 630 soldiers killed and around 250 wounded; an additional 30 camp followers , mostly women, were also killed. Native losses were comparatively slight, with 21 killed and 40 wounded. Historian Colin Calloway states it

10270-608: The battlefield to regroup at nearby Fort Miami but found the fort doors locked by the British garrison. (Britain and the United States were by then reaching a close rapprochement to counter Jacobin France in the French Revolution .) The entire battle lasted little more than an hour. The Legion had significant casualties, with 33 men killed and 100 wounded. The Confederacy had between 19 and 40 warriors killed and an unknown number wounded. The battle fostered distrust between

10400-399: The boundary between the United States and Native territory. The Shawnee orator Red Pole spoke on behalf of the Confederacy. Red Pole denounced the Iroquois for meeting privately with the Americans to discuss further land cessions. "We do not want compensation" from the Americans, said Red Pole. "We want restitution of our country." After much debate, the council endorsed Red Pole's position:

10530-435: The cash-poor government granted tracts of land to veterans in payment for their services during the war. The Treaty of Greenville defined lands to be held by European Americans as separate from those to be held by natives but it was poorly administered in the area and whites frequently encroached on native lands. Bellefontaine was platted by European Americans in 1820 and incorporated by the legislature in 1835. In 1837,

10660-591: The city was 34.8 years. 27.1% of residents were under the age of 18; 9.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.3% were from 25 to 44; 24.7% were from 45 to 64; and 12.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.4% male and 51.6% female. Bellefontaine is the center of the Bellefontaine Micropolitan Statistical Area , as defined by the U.S. Census Bureau. This micropolis consists solely of Logan County, Ohio . The 2000 census found 46,005 people in

10790-729: The city. Bellefontaine had been part of the New York Central Railroad 's St. Louis - Indianapolis - Cleveland corridor of passenger trains. Up to 1966, the New York Central ran the Southwestern Limited (St. Louis - New York City via Cleveland) through Bellefontaine. The city was also a crossing point for the New York Central's Detroit - Cincinnati trains. The last of these ( Ohio Special southbound, Michigan Special northbound) ended in 1958 or 1959. The final train running through Bellefontaine,

10920-429: The city. The population density was 1,491.3 inhabitants per square mile (575.8/km ). There were 5,722 housing units at an average density of 652.9 per square mile (252.1/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 90.82% White , 5.13% African American , 0.15% Native American , 0.93% Asian , 0.04% Pacific Islander , 0.53% from other races , and 2.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.12% of

11050-462: The commissioners at his residence. Despite his cordiality, Simcoe had been working to undermine U.S. influence among the Natives. After the recent Native victories, he had hoped Great Britain would support the creation of a Native buffer state between the United States and Canada, an idea the Americans opposed. With the outbreak of war in Europe between France and Great Britain in 1793, Simcoe faced

11180-480: The course of frontier history," demonstrating that American settlement north of the Ohio River could not proceed until the United States defeated the Natives. Other Native attacks followed in the coming months. In response to Harmar's defeat, Congress expanded the U.S. Army to two regiments in March 1791. Washington appointed Arthur St. Clair, governor of the Northwest Territory, as major general in command. St. Clair

11310-415: The crops. On October 19, Hardin led 180 men on a reconnaissance mission to discover a Native war party thought to be nearby. About 16 miles from Kekionga, Hardin's scattered men were ambushed and routed by about 150 Shawnee and Potawatomi warriors. Soon after, the Natives received additional reinforcements of Odawas, Sacs , and Foxes . On October 21, Harmar declared that his objective—the destruction of

11440-575: The duration of the war, the Americans would use combined operations of militiamen and regulars , with a U.S. Army officer in overall command. On April 20, 1790, the First American Regiment participated in its first offensive against Native Americans when General Josiah Harmar joined Kentucky General Charles Scott in an attack on the Shawnee village of Chalawgatha. The following month, Native Americans retaliated by attacking settlers near Limestone (modern-day Maysville, Kentucky ) in

11570-408: The first American settlement north of the river. He was instructed to negotiate new treaties without surrendering any lands ceded in previous treaties, acquire more land if possible, and work to undermine the Native Confederacy. In 1788, St. Clair invited Natives to Fort Harmar near Marietta, instead of a neutral site preferred by the Natives. Brant sent St. Clair a message asking if he would accept

11700-695: The four elementary schools to be built in Bellefontaine at the turn of the century. The building was sold at public auction in 1957 to the Church of God . In 1971 McBeth School was purchased by the Logan County Historical Society for use as the Logan County Historical Museum. The historical society eventually grew out of the 3-story building and moved to its current home closer to Downtown. McBeth School has been adapted for use as an apartment building. Today

11830-530: The heart of Indian Country and within sight of the British. The defeated tribes were forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio , in the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. In the same year, the Jay Treaty arranged for cessions of British Great Lakes outposts on the U.S. territory. The British would briefly retake this land during the War of 1812 . In the French and Indian War (1754–1760), France and Great Britain fought for control of

11960-596: The highest point in Ohio , at 1,549 feet (472 m) above sea level. Because this is now a school campus, the highest point is accessible to the public during the week. Many of the original buildings still remain and have been renovated to house career training programs or office space. Ohio Hi-Point became a school district in 1970, when local and state officials created the Ohio Hi-Point Vocational-Technical District, and appointed

12090-404: The land in 1830. In 1898, the land was sold to Charles D. Campbell, in whose name Campbell Hill is now known. Campbell sold the hill and surrounding land to August Wagner. In 1950, the family of August Wagner deeded Campbell Hill and the surrounding 57.5 acres to the U.S. government . The government stationed the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron on the hill in 1951. This military unit

12220-540: The late 20th century, and the Big Four terminal ceased operations in 1983, Bellefontaine remains a landmark on America's railways. The city is now just a thoroughfare for CSX. In 1891, Bellefontaine became the location of the first concrete street in America. George Bartholomew invented a process for paving using Portland cement , which until then had been used in stone construction. A small section of Main Street, on

12350-590: The location was moved to the Wyandot village of Brownstown on the Detroit River . Joseph Brant spoke to a gathering that included Miamis and other members of the Wabash Confederacy . On December 18, 1786, the Confederacy, calling themselves the "United Indian Nations," sent a letter to the U.S. Confederation Congress declaring the recent treaties invalid because they had not been conducted with

12480-465: The micropolis, making it the 260th most populous such area in the United States. Among all U.S. statistical areas ( CBSAs ), the Bellefontaine micropolis ranks 622nd. In Ohio , the Bellefontaine micropolis is the 37th most populous CBSA, and the 21st most populous micropolitan statistical area. By comparison, the least populous metropolitan area in the United States, Carson City, Nevada , has 52,457 residents. The least populous metropolitan area in Ohio

12610-412: The militia. As they approached Kekionga, Wyllys divided his men, hoping to surround and trap the Natives. Instead, the Natives again ambushed the Americans and defeated them piecemeal, the survivors barely regrouping with Harmar's army. Blue Jacket and Little Turtle hoped to strike again at Harmar's retreating army, but a lunar eclipse the following night was regarded by many Natives as an ill omen, and

12740-593: The morning of August 20, the Legion broke camp and marched toward the Maumee River near modern Toledo, Ohio , where the Confederacy had set an ambush. The Legion had been reduced to about 3,000 soldiers and militia, with many soldiers defending the supply trains and forts. Blue Jacket had selected a battlefield where a tornado had felled hundreds of trees, creating a natural defensive barrier. Here he placed confederation forces of about 1,500 warriors: Blue Jacket's Shawnees, Delawares led by Buckongahelas, Miamis led by Little Turtle, Wyandots led by Tarhe and Roundhead , Mingos,

12870-465: The museum includes the Orr mansion, former home of the local Orr family; as well as an extension to the mansion that includes history exhibits from around the county. The Mansion portion of the building has been completely restored by the historical society. Day-to-day operations in the museum and The Logan County Historical Society are supported by a Logan County tax levy and donations received from visitors to

13000-496: The museum. The Bellefontaine Regional Airport is located about 5 miles from the downtown business district. The airport replaced the Bellefontaine Municipal Airport in 2002 and is one of 2 new airports opened to the public in Ohio in the past 30 years. U.S. 68 passes north-south through Bellefontaine. U.S. 33 passes through the north side of Bellefontaine. Ohio State Route 47 passes through

13130-649: The outcome of the peace negotiations, he prepared his army known as the Legion of the United States at Legionville , a camp on the Ohio River near Pittsburgh . Wayne believed the previous expeditions had failed due to a lack of discipline, so he thoroughly trained his troops, flogging soldiers for infractions and hanging deserters. By May 5, 1793, the Legion had relocated to a camp near Fort Washington, where Wayne awaited word to begin his invasion. In mid-May, Benjamin Lincoln , Beverley Randolph , and Timothy Pickering –

13260-640: The outset of the Northwest Indian War . The expedition was led by Benjamin Logan , namesake of Logan County. Blue Jacket and his followers relocated further northwest to the Maumee River . Beginning in the 1800s, American Revolutionary War veterans and others from Virginia and elsewhere began settling in the area of Blue Jacket's Town. Bellefontaine is on or near the edge of the Virginia Military District , where

13390-405: The population. There were 5,319 households, of which 34.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.7% were married couples living together, 14.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.4% were non-families. 30.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.43 and

13520-416: The pretensions of those who would dispossess and humble them." The Confederacy offered a solution: the U.S. should use the money it would spend on buying land and fighting a war and instead pay the settlers to relocate south of the Ohio River. These terms were unacceptable to the Americans, and the commissioners replied that "the negotiation is therefore at an end." Back on the Maumee, Brant bitterly announced

13650-426: The region of Fort Deposit and burned Alexander McKee's trading post within sight of Fort Miami before withdrawing. Wayne's Legion finally arrived at Kekionga on September 17, 1794. Wayne personally selected the site for a new U.S. fort. Wayne wanted a strong fort built, capable of withstanding possible attacks by Indians and more specifically heavy British artillery, along with their forces from Fort Detroit. The fort

13780-419: The region south of the Great Lakes known as the Ohio and Illinois countries. Indigenous tribes of the region fought on both sides of the conflict, aligning themselves with the imperial power best suited to their economic and political needs. In the 1763 Treaty of Paris that ended the war, France ceded the region to the British. That year, a confederation of Natives launched Pontiac's War , an effort to drive

13910-406: The region. Natives (primarily Shawnees and Cherokees ) who used present-day Kentucky as their hunting grounds had not been consulted in the treaty and denied that the Iroquois had the right to sell the land. In the early 1770s, the Shawnees worked to create a new Native confederacy to resist colonial occupation, but British officials successfully used the Iroquois to isolate them. As a result,

14040-493: The right commanded by Wilkinson and the other by Hamtramck. The Legion's cavalry secured the right along the Maumee River. General Scott provided a brigade of mounted militia to guard the open left flank while the rest of the Kentucky militia formed a reserve. Once contact had been established, U.S. scouts identified the location of Confederacy warriors, and Wayne ordered an immediate bayonet charge. Legion dragoons also charged and attacked with sabers. Blue Jacket's warriors fled from

14170-653: The school's name was changed from Ohio Hi-Point Joint Vocational School to Ohio Hi-Point Career Center. For many years the highest point in Ohio served as home to the Bellefontaine Air Force Station . Personnel of the 664th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron manned the site during the 1950s and 60s, during the peak of the Cold War , watching for attacks coming over the pole from Russia . Bellefontaine, Ohio Bellefontaine ( / b ɛ l ˈ f aʊ n t ən / bel- FOWN -tən )

14300-490: The slow march toward Kekionga continued, the expedition was plagued with food shortages, plummeting morale, and frequent desertions. On October 31, St. Clair sent the First Infantry Regiment southward to prevent deserters from plundering the supply convoy, depriving his army of 300 of its best troops and leaving him with about 1,400 people, including noncombatants. On November 3, St. Clair's army camped on

14430-399: The sound of their muskets and the retreat of the Indians. The next day, Wayne rode alone to Fort Miami and slowly inspected the fort's exterior walls. The British garrison debated whether to engage Wayne, but in the absence of orders and being already at war with France, Campbell declined to fire the first shot at the United States. The Legion, meanwhile, destroyed Indian villages and crops in

14560-529: The surrender of British posts in the Northwest Territory and personally selected the construction site of Fort Wayne in Kekionga to secure his Legion's victory. Wayne died during a return trip to Pennsylvania from a military post in Detroit on December 15, 1796, one year after the ratification of the Treaty of Greenville. Wayne's second in command, General Wilkinson, was named the new commander of U.S. forces. It

14690-436: The towns—had been fulfilled, and so the army would return to Fort Washington. The expedition had destroyed five Miami towns and 20,000 bushels of their corn. They marched south, but the following day, Harmar agreed to allow a detachment of 400 men to return to Kekionga and attack any Natives who might reoccupy the town. This raid was led by Major John P. Wyllys, a regular army officer, with Hardin serving under him and commanding

14820-499: The war. After St. Clair's defeat, the U.S. Congress launched an investigation of the disaster. Although St. Clair remained territorial governor, he was forced to resign his military position. President Washington urged Congress to raise an army capable of defeating the British-backed Northwestern Confederacy and defending its borders. In March 1792, Congress passed a bill increasing the size of

14950-609: The war. In March 1792, fifty Iroquois leaders met with U.S. officials in Philadelphia, where they were asked to attend an upcoming council of the Northwestern Confederacy and present U.S. peace terms. The U.S. also tried approaching the Northwestern Confederacy directly, which proved to be difficult since the Americans continued to occupy forts north of the Ohio River. In March 1792, Wilkinson constructed Fort St. Clair to improve communications and logistics between Forts Hamilton and Jefferson. The next month, Knox sent emissaries to

15080-428: The warriors to regroup. They collected about 600 men to oppose Harmar's army. This was not enough men to face the largest army most of them had ever seen, so they evacuated the noncombatants from the towns on October 14 and watched for an opportunity to strike. Harmar's advance detachment under John Hardin reached Kekionga on October 15 and spent the next few days looting and burning Native towns, as well as destroying

15210-482: The west side of the Logan County Courthouse , was the first to be paved using that process. When that proved successful, Court Avenue , which runs along the south side of the courthouse, was paved with concrete. While Main Street is now paved with asphalt, Court Avenue has retained its original concrete pavement for more than 100 years. At its centennial, the street was closed to vehicular traffic and

15340-528: The whole Confederacy. They called for a new treaty conference in the spring of 1787. Until that time, the Natives suggested that each party should keep its people on their side of the Ohio River. In July 1787, the U.S. Confederation Congress created the Northwest Territory north of the Ohio River in preparation for widespread, organized American settlement of the region. Arthur St. Clair , appointed as territorial governor, moved to Marietta ,

15470-401: Was "the biggest victory Native Americans ever won and proportionately the biggest military disaster the United States ever suffered." The Natives, short on food after the destruction of their crops, scattered to hunt before winter set in. Little Turtle and Blue Jacket decided to abandon Kekionga, which had proven to be vulnerable to American raids, and relocate their towns at the confluence of

15600-416: Was $ 37,189, and the median income for a family was $ 43,778. The per capita income for the city was $ 20,917. About 19.9% of families and 23.6% of the population were below the poverty line , including 38.9% of those under the age of 18 and 10.9% of those ages 65 and older. As of the census of 2010, there were 13,370 people, 5,415 households, and 3,420 families residing in the city. The population density

15730-442: Was 1,331.7 inhabitants per square mile (514.2/km ). There were 6,115 housing units at an average density of 609.1 per square mile (235.2/km ). The racial makeup of the city was 90.1% White , 4.3% African American , 0.2% Native American , 1.2% Asian , 0.5% from other races , and 3.7% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population. There were 5,415 households, of which 35.2% had children under

15860-551: Was an armed conflict for control of the Northwest Territory fought between the United States and a united group of Native American nations known today as the Northwestern Confederacy . The United States Army considers it the first of the American Indian Wars . Following centuries of conflict for control of this region, the land comprising the Northwest Territory was granted to the new United States by

15990-458: Was compelled to use more troops to guard his supply line. Given these problems, Wayne decided to halt major operations and build Fort Greenville north of Fort Jefferson. "I am at a loss to determine what the savages are about, and where they are," he wrote to Knox in November. The Natives were having their own logistical problems, with many warriors scattering for the winter hunt. The Legion wintered at Fort Greenville, but on December 23, Wayne led

16120-435: Was considered an act of aggression. In May, Chief Justice John Jay was dispatched to England to negotiate a resolution to the crisis. The Native Confederacy, encouraged by British actions, sent out messengers to recruit additional warriors. At Fort Greenville, Wayne was delayed by supply problems, but the construction of Fort Miami compelled him to accelerate his schedule. Eager to begin operations, he impatiently awaited

16250-572: Was finished by October 17 and could withstand a 24-pound cannon. It was named Fort Wayne and placed under the command of Hamtramck, who had been commandant of Fort Knox in Vincennes. The fort was officially dedicated October 22, the fourth anniversary of Harmar's defeat, and the day is considered the founding of the modern city of Fort Wayne, Indiana . That winter, Wayne also reinforced his line of defensive forts with Fort St. Marys , Fort Loramie , and Fort Piqua . Within months of Fallen Timbers,

16380-402: Was in danger of imminent attack. The Native army marching toward Fort Recovery numbered 1,200 warriors, the most significant force the Confederacy had yet fielded. Unlike the Americans, the Natives did not have an overall commander. Instead, military decisions were made by a council of leading chiefs and warriors. Blue Jacket urged the council to bypass Forts Recovery and Greenville and attack

16510-450: Was ordered to mount another punitive expedition to the Maumee River, where he was to build a fort as a means of "awing and curbing the Indians in that quarter." To augment the regular army, St. Clair was authorized to use mounted militia units to raid Native villages to deter attacks on American settlements. In May 1791, while St. Clair gathered his army, he dispatched Brigadier General Charles Scott with 750 mounted Kentucky militiamen on

16640-644: Was regarded as a "national embarrassment" that needed to be avenged. "The general impression upon the result of the late expedition," Knox wrote to Harmar, "is that it has been unsuccessful; that it will not induce the Indians to peace, but on the contrary encourage them to a continuance of hostilities, and that, therefore, another and more efficient expedition must be undertaken." After Harmar's campaign, Natives rebuilt their villages around Kekionga, although some relocated to other locations. Natives did not typically go to war in winter, but they followed up their victory over Harmar with raids on American settlements north of

16770-566: Was responsible for monitoring for possible aerospace attacks from the Soviet Union during the Cold War . The 664th AC&WS and similar military units were eventually superseded by the North American Aerospace Defense Command (or NORAD). The base in Bellefontaine was closed in 1969. The Ohio Hi-Point Vocational-Technical District opened a school atop the hill in 1974. The school is now known as

16900-410: Was used by Wayne as evidence that Great Britain would no longer support the Confederacy. The Jay Treaty and U.S. relations with Great Britain remained as political issues in the 1796 United States presidential election in which John Adams beat Jay Treaty opponent Thomas Jefferson . The United States also negotiated the Treaty of Greenville in 1795. Utilizing St. Clair's defeat and Fort Recovery as

#459540