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30-442: Originally, open pits and cubic reservoirs were used for industrial oil storage. The vertical cylindrical steel reservoir  [ ru ] structure was pioneered by Russian engineer Vladimir Shukhov during his work for Branobel oil company. He published an article "Mechanical structures in oil industry" (" Механические сооружения нефтяной промышленности ") in 1883, mathematically proving that cylindrical shape would require

60-682: A refinery which are stored in the terminal are in their final form suitable for delivery to customers. Blending of products may be undertaken, and additives may be injected into products, but there is usually no manufacturing plant on site. Modern terminals have a high degree of site automation. Marine oil terminals have jetties to provide a deep water mooring for tankers. Jetties have loading/unloading arms for transferring cargo to/from ship to shore. Facilities for vapor recovery may be provided. Some oil terminals receive crude oil production from offshore installations. Crude oil received by pipeline may have been ‘spiked’ with natural gas liquids (NGL), and

90-533: A safety standpoint, EHS involves creating organized efforts and procedures for identifying workplace hazards and reducing accidents and exposure to harmful situations and substances. It also includes training of personnel in accident prevention, accident response, emergency preparedness, and use of protective clothing and equipment. From a health standpoint, EHS involves creating the development of safe, high-quality, and environmentally friendly processes, working practices and systemic activities that prevent or reduce

120-574: A Russian-American entrepreneur, Alexander Veniaminovich Bari who also worked on the organization of the Fair. In 1877 Shukhov returned to Russia and joined the drafting office of the Warsaw– Vienna railroad. Within several months, Shukhov's frustration with standard and routine engineering made him abandon the office and join a military-medical academy. On his coming to Russia in 1877, Bari persuaded Shukhov to give up his medical education and to assume

150-952: A lasting legacy to the Constructivist architecture of early Soviet Russia. As a leading specialist of metallic structures ( hyperboloid structures , thin-shell structures , tensile structures ), he may be compared with Gustave Eiffel . Shukhov's innovative and exquisite constructions still grace many towns across the former Russian Empire : (in English) (in German) (in French) (in Italian) (in Russian) Health, Safety and Environment Environment, health and safety ( EHS ) (or health, safety and environment – HSE –, or safety, health and environment – SHE –)

180-600: A passionate hobby – photography. The photographic works of Shukhov opened new trends ahead of their flourishing of fine art photography . He made photos in various genres: reporting , city landscape , portrait , constructivism . About two thousand photos and negatives made by Shukhov have survived until this day. After the October Revolution Shukhov decided to stay in the Soviet Union despite having received alluring job offers from all around

210-427: A vapor space above the product, which breathes in or out as the product is removed or the tank is filled. Some tanks may be fitted with internal heating coils using hot water or steam to keep the contents warm. This reduces the viscosity of the product to ease transfer and pumping. Terminals may also have Horton spheres which are used to store liquefied petroleum gases such as propane and butane (see left foreground of

240-411: Is an interdisciplinary field focused on the study and implementation of practical aspects environmental protection and safeguard of people's health and safety, especially in an occupational context. It is what organizations must do to make sure that their activities do not cause harm. Commonly, quality - quality assurance and quality control - is adjoined to form HSQE or equivalent initialisms. From

270-422: Is known as live crude. Such oil needs to be processed or stabilised to remove the lighter fractions such as ethane , propane and butane to produce a dead or stabilised crude that is suitable for storage and transport. Such oil terminals may include processing facilities to treat the oil to achieve an oil Reid vapor pressure (RVP) of 10 to 12 psi (70 to 82 kPa). The process facilities include oil heaters to warm

300-413: Is stored prior to being discharged into aircraft fuel tanks. Fuel is transported from the depot to the aircraft either by road tanker or via a hydrant system. The storage tanks at an oil terminal may include fixed roof tanks , internal floating roof tanks and external floating roof tanks . Floating roof tanks are generally used for more volatile products to reduce evaporation loss. Fixed roof tanks have

330-594: The Crimean War . For a while, Grigory served as Mayor of Graivoron and later as an administrator in Warsaw . In 1864 Vladimir entered Saint Petersburg gymnasium from which he graduated with distinction in 1871. During his high school years he showed mathematical talents, once demonstrating to his classmates and teacher an original proof of the Pythagorean theorem . The teacher praised his skills but he failed

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360-750: The International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). It involves eight fundamental features which ensure plant and product safety, occupational health and environmental protection, but which also try to demonstrate by image-building campaigns that the chemical industry acts in a responsible manner. Being an initiative of the ICCA, it is restricted to the chemical industry. Since the 1990s, general approaches to EHS management that may fit any type of organisation have appeared in international standards such as: The Valdez Principles, that have been formulated to guide and evaluate corporate conduct towards

390-630: The Novodevichy Cemetery . His many honours included the Lenin Prize (1929) and the title of Hero of Labour (1932). Vladimir Shukhov is often referred as the Russian Edison for the sheer quantity and quality of his pioneering works . He was one of the first to develop practical calculations of stresses and deformations of beams , shells and membranes on elastic foundation. These theoretical results allowed him to design

420-793: The Imperial Moscow Technical School, but Shukhov decided to seek a job in the engineering industry instead. In May 1876 Shukhov went to Philadelphia , to work on the Russian pavilion at the Centennial Exposition , the first official World's Fair in the United States, and to study the inner workings of the American construction and engineering industries. During his stay in the US, Shukhov came to know

450-447: The above Kowloon oil depot). The design, construction, operation and maintenance of an oil terminal must be in accordance with local, national, regional and international codes, standards, and legal and statutory requirements. Relevant standards include: Maintaining health, safety and environment (HSE) requires operators of a depot to ensure that products are safely stored and handled. There must be no leakages (etc.) which could damage

480-404: The first Russian oil tanker, new types of oil tanker barges, and a new type of oil reservoirs. The same principle of the shell on an elastic foundation allowed him to theoretically calculate the optimal diameter, wall thickness and fluid speed for fluid pipelines. Shukhov's projects were instrumental in constructing: Shukhov made important contributions to the chemical industry: Shukhov also left

510-710: The first formal EHS management approach in 1985 as a reaction to several catastrophic accidents (like the Seveso disaster of July 1976 and the Bhopal disaster of December 1984). This worldwide voluntary initiative, called " Responsible Care ", started by the Chemistry Industry Association of Canada (formerly the Canadian Chemical Producers' Association - CCPA), operates in about 50 countries, with central coordination provided by

540-488: The grade for violating the textbook's guidelines. After graduating from the gymnasium, Shukhov entered the Imperial Moscow Technical School , in which his teachers included Pafnuty Chebyshev , Aleksey Letnikov , and Nikolay Zhukovsky . In the beginning of the year 1876 Shukhov graduated from school with distinction and a Gold Medal. Chebyshev offered him a job as a lecturer in mathematics at

570-413: The health.....[as per the] paradigm of SHEQ, ....raising up the importance of environment to the 'safety of people as a prime consideration'". It is because "Safety First" is called in for the commitment to transform the safety culture of countries. Quality is "fitness for purpose", and without it, each and every endeavour will be futile. Abbreviations used include: The chemical industry introduced

600-475: The implications of which must be communicated to executive management so the company can implement suitable measures. Organizations based in the United States are subject to EHS regulations in the Code of Federal Regulations , particularly CFR 29, 40, and 49. Still, EHS management is not limited to legal compliance and companies should be encouraged to do more than is required by law, if appropriate. Notwithstanding

630-486: The individual importance of these attributes, the various institutions and authors have accented the acronyms differently. Successful HSE programs also include measures to address ergonomics, air quality , and other aspects of workplace safety that could affect the health and well-being of employees and the overall community. Another researcher transformed it as SHE in 1996, while exploring the "concept of 'human quality' in terms of living standards that must follow later than

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660-1016: The least amount of steel, modelling structural stresses specific to oil storage. Shukhov also developed construction methods, including tables that allowed to calculate required amount of steel and components depending on the reservoir size and type. By 1890, 130 vertical cylindrical reservoirs using Shukhov design were built in Russia. Oil terminals may be located close to, or be part of, oil refineries ; or be located in coastal locations where marine tankers can discharge or load cargo. Some terminals are connected to pipelines from which they draw or discharge their products. Terminals can also be served by rail, barge and road tanker (sometimes known as "bridging"). Oil terminals are also located near cities from which road tankers transport products to petrol stations or other domestic, commercial or industrial users. In many oil terminals there are no facilities for processing or other product transformation on site. The products from

690-535: The mathematics for their analysis. Shukhov is particularly reputed for his original designs of hyperboloid towers such as the Shukhov Tower . Vladimir Shukhov was born in Russian family, in a town of Graivoron , Belgorod uezd , Kursk Governorate (in present-day Belgorod Oblast ) into a petty noble family. His father Grigory Ivanovich Shukhov was a minor government official, promoted for his efforts in

720-618: The office of Chief Engineer in a new company specializing in innovative engineering. Shukhov worked with Bari at this company until the October Revolution . He also brought in Leonid Leibenson . Their works revolutionized many areas of civil engineering, ship engineering, and oil industry. The thermal cracking method, the Shukhov cracking process , was patented by Vladimir Shukhov in 1891. Shukhov always found time for

750-411: The oil which then routed to separator vessels. In the separators the lighter fractions flash off from the oil and are further processed to separate them into their individual components. The now stabilised oil can be routed to storage and then sold or sent for further processing. Most airports also have their own dedicated oil depots (usually called "fuel farms") where aviation fuel ( Jet A or 100LL )

780-539: The risk of harm to people in general, operators, or patients. From an environmental standpoint, EHS involves creating a systematic approach to complying with environmental regulations, such as managing waste or air emissions all the way to helping site's reduce the carbon footprint . The activities of an EHS working group might focus on: Regulatory requirements play an important role in EHS discipline and EHS managers must identify and understand relevant EHS regulations,

810-509: The soil or the water table . Fire protection is a primary consideration, especially for the more flammable products such as petrol (gasoline) and Jet A1 aviation fuel . The Buncefield incident occurred in December 2005. A petrol tank overflowed and spilt petrol down the outside of the tank which created a flammable fuel air mixture. This exploded and damaged and set fire to adjoining tanks and burnt for several days destroying much of

840-569: The terminal. The ownership of oil depots falls into three main categories: The owners may also provide "hospitality" or "pick up rights" at the facility to other companies. Vladimir Shukhov Vladimir Grigoryevich Shukhov ( Russian : Влади́мир Григо́рьевич Шу́хов ; 28 August [ O.S. 16 August] 1853 – 2 February 1939) was a Russian and Soviet engineer- polymath , scientist and architect renowned for his pioneering works on new methods of analysis for structural engineering that led to breakthroughs in industrial design of

870-644: The world's first hyperboloid structures , diagrid shell structures , tensile structures , gridshell structures, oil reservoirs , pipelines , boilers , ships and barges . He is also the inventor of the first cracking method . Besides the innovations he brought to the oil industry and the construction of numerous bridges and buildings, Shukhov was the inventor of a new family of doubly curved structural forms. These forms, based on non-Euclidean hyperbolic geometry , are known today as hyperboloids of revolution. Shukhov developed not only many varieties of light-weight hyperboloid towers and roof systems, but also

900-520: The world. Many signal Soviet engineering projects of the 1920s were associated with his name. In 1919 he framed his slogan: We should work independently from politics. The buildings, boilers, beams would be needed and so would we . In the later 1930s during the Great Purge he retired from engineering work but was not arrested or persecuted. Shukhov died on 2 February 1939 in Moscow and was buried at

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